Author: Chen Erhu
(Yuan Chonghuan)
1. Yuan Chonghuan, who was executed by Ling Chi
In the third year of Chongzhen at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1630 AD), Yuan Chonghuan, who had meritorious service in yubian, was executed by the Chongzhen Emperor Ling Chi for two crimes: first, he killed Mao Wenlong, a general who resisted Hou Jin; second, he had an improper relationship with Hou Jin and was suspected of betrayal and rebellion.
As a result, both the courtiers and the people of the capital hated him to the bone and cursed this traitor.
On the day of Ling Chi, the people were indignant and constantly threw rotten vegetable heads and rotten eggs at Yuan Chonghuan.
And Yuan Chonghuan calmly died, mouthing a desperate poem:
A lifetime of career is empty, and half a lifetime of merit is in a dream.
After death, there is no fear of brave generals, and loyal souls still guard Liaodong.
(Chongzhen Emperor)
A knife cut on Yuan Chonghuan's body, Yuan Chonghuan had no fear, in the face of angry faces, revealing a magnificent righteousness, when "the skin and bones have been exhausted, the cries between the heart and lungs are endless, half a day is over, and then open the five internal organs, cut off the inches and sell." The people bought it, and the shochu was swallowed raw, and the blood flowed on the teeth and cheeks", this face is a little scary, unbearable to see.
Why did the people from the Chongzhen Emperor hate Yuan Chonghuan to such an extent that they rushed to buy his five abdomen and six internal organs for wine and vegetables? Why was Yuan Chonghuan able to die in awe of righteousness and speak zhi poetry? This is a contradictory and bloody scene, it is really a bit confusing, the contrast is too big.
Who is Yuan Chonghuan? What did he do? A traitor to the letter? Or did Chongzhen destroy the Great Wall and kill his loyalists?
Let's sort out Yuan Chonghuan's deeds.
Second, Yuan Chonghuan Ning's great victory
Yuan Chonghuan, character element, Guangdong Shijie people, born in 1584, jinshi and the first embarked on the career path, since childhood with great ambition, distinctive, intelligent and eloquent.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming court was politically corrupt and full of flames, and Chongzhen succeeded to the throne very much wanted to revive the mountains and rivers and exert himself to govern, but he was self-conscious, did not use people well, did not distinguish between loyalty and adultery, had more than enough courage, and lacked ability, and deepened social contradictions.
In the fifth year of the Ming Dynasty (1625 AD), the tang dynasty party dispute, the Zhenfu Liaodong Nengchen Sun Chengzong was framed and dismissed, and Gao Di, who was attached to the eunuch, went to Liaoyang to pass through Liaodong.
Gao Di withdrew the defenders of Important Passes such as Jinzhou, Youtunwei, and Dalinghe, and abandoned the military stronghold of 400 kilometers outside the Pass.
At that time, Yuan Chonghuan mao proposed himself to the border pass of Liaodong to guard ningyuan city (宁遠城, in present-day Zhangwu County, Liaoning), resolutely opposed the withdrawal of troops, and vowed to coexist and die with Ningyuan city. As a result, Ningyuan became an isolated city standing outside the Pass, with a total of about 20,000 defenders in the city, and there were no Ming troops around to support.
Later, in the face of a golden opportunity, on the fourteenth day of the first month of the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626 AD), he reorganized his soldiers and horses, led a large army to brave the bitter cold wind, surrounded by Zhu Belle and his generals, almost poured out of the nest, and unified an army of 130,000 people, claiming that 200,000 men and women directly attacked Ningyuan City, determined to win.
Invincible all the way, xiajinzhou, Keling River, taking the Xingxing Mountain, Nalian Mountain, Zhanta Mountain, haohao slaughtered to the city of Ningyuan, sent someone to Yuan Chonghuan to hand a letter of persuasion, promised high-ranking officials a generous position, shared wealth, if not surrendered, set foot on the far city of Ningyuan.
Yuan Chonghuan had long been prepared to defend the city, replying: "The city is in the people, the city is dead", vowing to defend Ningyuan City to the death, and the soldiers are also united in their hearts and are with the city.
(Ming Army)
Nurhaci was furious when he saw that Yuan Chonghuan would not surrender, and vowed to capture Ningyuan City. He personally commanded the Eight Banners disciples to attack the city, for a time the horns were in the sky, the killing sound was deafening, and the boundless Eight Banners soldiers and horses flocked up, at the same time, the head of Ningyuan City was also a golden drum, the cannon sounded undulating, one shell after another exploded in the Eight Banners Army, the smoke of gunfire was everywhere, and the fierce battle lasted from early morning to midnight, and the battle continued unceasingly.
The next day, the offensive of the Eight Banners soldiers and horses did not decrease, wave after wave, still no progress, the attack and defense lasted for several days, Ningyuan City was like a copper wall, no matter what way the hundreds of thousands of troops could not be broken, Nurhaci helplessly ordered the collection of troops, withdrew from the siege, it is said that the reason for the withdrawal of troops is nurhaci in the command of the city during the artillery wounds, had to retreat, and later the artillery wounds worsened, a generation of tyrants then died.
Yuan Chonghuan won the great victory of Ning yuan, and the Chongzhen Emperor was very happy, and promoted him to the post of Shangshu of the Bingbu and the right deputy capital Of the Imperial History, overseeing Ji and Liao, and the defense of Liaodong, because of his high position and authority, he was naturally pushed to the cusp of the storm.
in Nurhaci
3. Death of Yuan Chonghuan
In November of the second year of Ming Chongzhen (1629 AD), emperor Taiji of Later Jin led an army to attack the Ming Dynasty, this time did not choose to march from Shanhaiguan and other places, but crossed Jizhou to the west, directly approaching the capital, but the Chongzhen Emperor was frightened, and even sent people to Qinwang, Yuan Chonghuan also hurriedly led his troops to support the capital, although in the end Emperor Taiji withdrew his troops and returned, which made those officials who had a deep grudge with Yuan Chonghuan dissatisfied, and they all believed that Yuan Chonghuan had let Emperor Taiji enter the customs, slandering him for colluding with Houjin, "all the people were suddenly attacked by soldiers, and resentment arose", causing Chongzhen's dissatisfaction and suspicion.
At the same time, the eunuchs Wei Zhongxian yudang Wang Yongguang, Yuan Hongpin, Gao Jie, and others had long hated Yuan Chonghuan to the bone, and took the opportunity to jointly play Yuan Chonghuan's murder of the general Mao Wenlong, privately negotiating peace with Houjin and other crimes (yuan Chonghuan had previously eliminated the disobedient general Mao Wenlong), pushing Yuan Chonghuan to a place of perdition.
The Chongzhen Emperor was originally suspicious, and linked Yuan Chonghuan's ability to kill Mao Wenlong, the sudden appearance of the Emperor Taiji outside the capital, and other things, this Yuan Chonghuan was clearly a traitorous minister, a traitor, and a traitor, so Yuan Chonghuan was punished with conspiracy to make money; the crime of unauthorized peace talks, the crime of beheading the marshal with the money, and the long drive of the enemy was executed by Ling Chi, and his family was exiled for three thousand miles.
(Huang Taiji)
After Jin Nurhaci and Emperor Taiji had both made moves with Yuan Chonghuan, did not get cheap, and had always been worried about the existence of Yuan Chonghuan, "Yuan does not die, it is difficult for Jin to enter", and now, the Ming Dynasty has committed suicide and killed its main opponents, so that the Ming Dynasty "kills itself, the side of things benefit no one, the Ming side decides"!
At that time, the righteous soldier Cheng Benzhi wrote to Chongzhen: "Chonghuan died unjustly, and Ben Zhiyi was not born alone." Emperor Fu begged the emperor to accept his subjects in prison, and He and Chonghuan were beheaded in the city", which shows that at that time, there was still a day to distinguish between right and wrong, and Yuan Chonghuan was uneven.
However, Chongzhen this person complains about others and does not complain about himself, that is, he killed Yuan Chonghuan by mistake, and he also thinks that the killing is right, Yuan Chonghuan is guilty, once said: "The king of the country is not the king of the country, the subjects are the ministers of the country", putting all the responsibility on the ministers, washing themselves, such a Chongzhen emperor, not the country is strange.
Fourth, Qing Qianlong rehabilitated Yuan Chonghuan
Yuan Chonghuan's generation of famous Jin generals after the resistance, died unjustly, has been misunderstood by people, saddled with infamy, the deceived people do not know the true image, in order to spread false rumors, Yuan Chonghuan became a sinner of the Ming Dynasty, all kinds of crimes, can not be cleared.
In the blink of an eye, the Ming Dynasty came to power, the Manchu Qing Dynasty came to power, and during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it was the Qing Emperor Qianlong who gave Yuan Chonghuan a correct name, so that people knew the true image of the facts, and the soul of the unjustly killed hero was stable.
Qianlong said in the Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty: "Yesterday, after reading the History of Ming, Inspector Yuan Chonghuan, although he was in difficulty with my dynasty, he was still able to be loyal to what he did. At that time, the Lord was dim and dark, and could not help his sorrows, so that his body was reopened, and he was deeply compassionate. ”
(Qianlong Emperor)
At this point, I can't help but thank Qianlong for justifying the name of Yuan Chonghuan, who was wrongfully killed, it was Chongzhen who was faint and incompetent, and a group of people in the DPRK and The Middle School were able to bury daming and bury the Ming Dynasty and let Yuan Chonghuan die unjustly.
Yuan Chonghuan was upright all his life, devoted himself to serving the Ming Dynasty, never scrupulously and compromised, so he committed a lifelong crime against villains, and his righteous heart encountered bad luck and was tragically delayed.
Think about the times and now, those who use despicable means, use filthy tricks, and use acts of selling their souls may have gained wealth or power, but for the sake of this power and this wealth, they think about the whole person day and night, and they are even more restless, worried, and afraid, and can not live forever, and finally leave a name for eternity.
Uphold dignity, do justice, and let us remember people who deserve to be remembered.
(Daming Robbery)
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