Wang Shuhua: Born to the Sea, Xingxing by Salt Video Shooting: Cao Junjie, Jiang Tsunami, Editor: Wu Ruoning Packaging: Zhou Pinglang (03:05)
Today I would like to introduce you to the history and monuments of Nanhui. Nanhui is a young city, because its history is relatively short, its historical foundation is very simple, that is, 8 words: "Born to the sea, prosperous because of salt." The historical trajectory is also very simple: "Chenglu in the Tang Dynasty, Hongwu built the city, Yongzheng built the county, the county was withdrawn, and the two districts were merged." ”
The age of Nanhui Chenglu is relatively short, the Tang Dynasty was just Chenglu, the Ming Dynasty was built in 1386 (the nineteenth year of Ming Hongwu), to the Qing Dynasty in 1725 (Yongzheng III) to establish Nanhui County, in 2001 with the approval of the State Council, Nanhui County was abolished, and Nanhui District was established, and in 2009, the two districts merged and Nanhui District was merged into Pudong New Area.
According to the research, because the water of the Yangtze River flows into the sea in the east, it is supported by the tide of the sea, and it is twisted south to meet the water of the Qiantang River, so it is called the South Confluence. The continuous sedimentation of the entrainment after the merger of the two rivers formed land after several years. To this day, the land of Nanhui is still extending to the East China Sea.
Nanhui is a city first, and then a market town. The Ming Dynasty Wokou continued to harass the coast of the East China Sea, and the emperor Zhu Yuanzhang asked for the construction of a city along the coast of the East China Sea, so he ordered Tang He, who had already returned to his hometown at that time, to build 59 cities along the coast of Zhejiang, and NanhuiCheng was one of them. Nanhui City is a very distinctive square city, there are 4 dry city gates, the east gate is guanhai gate, the implication is that out of the city can see the sea, at that time the sea is not far from the south hui city, the south gate is called Yingxun Gate, the west gate is called Tingchao Gate, and the north gate is called Arch Pole Gate. Because the water system of Nanhui is relatively developed, there are also 2 water gates, also called Water Pass, one called Jing Customs, and one called Tongji Pass. At that time, the castle was not a town, but a military facility, called "Shou Yu Nan Hui Zui Zhonghou Qianhushou".
The Qing Dynasty established Nanhui County in 1725 (the third year of Yongzheng). At that time, Nanhui County was different from the current Nanhui County, with a relatively large area, west to the Huangpu River, east to the East China Sea, south to the border of Fengxian, and north to the border of Baoshan, so nanhui at that time also included most of the area of the current Pudong New Area, and now The Zhangjiang, Chuansha, and Duhang of Minhang District in Pudong New Area are under the jurisdiction of Nanhui County.
Nanhui County is born to the sea. Because Nanhui is located on the coast of the East China Sea, in order to resist typhoons and tides and defend their homeland, the people of Nanhui built sea ponds along the extended coastline. A total of 13 sea ponds were built in nanhui, 5 were built during the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and then 8 more.
The Ancient Han Haitang built during the Tang Dynasty was the first artificial river channel in Shanghai. Because the earliest coastline in the Shanghai area is a coastline naturally formed by many shells after impact. In the Tang Dynasty, in 713 (the first year of the new century), the ancient Han Haitang was built from the yellow peach in Baoshan to Nanhui through Pudong New Area, and finally to Zhejiang. This pond also indicates that the western part of Nanhui has begun to become landlocked. In 1975, the yanqiao ruins of the Tang and Song dynasties were found in this sea pond, and the excavated cultural relics include Song Dynasty yellow glazed pottery vases, Longquan kiln blue glazed porcelain bowls, Jianyao ink glazed porcelain cups, Cizhou kiln system white glazed black flower porcelain plates and other ceramic remnants, and two brick ancient wells were also found, proving that this place was already inhabited in the Tang Dynasty. In 1979, a Tang Dynasty wooden boat was found during the excavation of the Chuanyang River, but it was very badly decayed when it was excavated, and some coins, pebbles and other cultural relics were also found. The ship is already on display at the Chongming Museum.
Yuanlongquan kiln appliqué dragon phoenix lid jar excavated in 1975
In the eighth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1172), the Ligu Pond was built, starting from Nanxiaokou in The former Chuansha County in the north, passing through Nanhui, Fengxian and Jinshan to Zhapu in Zhejiang, thus proving that half of the area of Nanhui had become land. We found some artifacts in this pond. In 1975, the Yuan Dynasty Longquan kiln Dragon Phoenix Lid Jar was excavated in the former SanzaoWailu Village in Nanhui. After expert demonstration, this is a specially fired artifact for the imperial palace, which is now in the Collection of the Shanghai Museum and is rated as a national second-class cultural relic. In 1980, a Ming Dynasty epitaph was found in Jiangqiao Village, Nanhui Tanzhi, written by Wenlin Lang Xu Xianzhong of Fenghuazhi County, Ningbo, Zhejiang, and the Hanlin Academy was waiting to recruit Shi Zuolang and Guoshi Changzhou Wenzheng Ming Seal. The epitaph describes that the tomb owner used acupuncture to save the eyes of a farmer, and we also found three acupuncture needles next to the epitaph. This proves that during the Ming Dynasty, China's acupuncture has been used in the folk, so the discovery of this epitaph has played an important role in the study of traditional Chinese medicine in medicine, and now this Ming Dynasty epitaph is exhibited at the China Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Qin Gong Tang was built in 1733
In the Ming Dynasty, the coastline moved east again, so a sea pond was built on the seashore, called Waihan Haitang, also known as Qingong Pond. This sea pond was built in the tenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1584), and its direction is also from the Nanqiaokou in Pudong, passing through Nanhui Zhuqiao, Huinan, Datuan and Lihutang after intersecting, and entering the territory of Fengxian, which also indicates that more than half of the area of Nanhui has become land. Why is this Sea Pond built in the Ming Dynasty named after Qin Lian, a Zhixian who took office during the Qing Yongzheng period? In 1732, shortly after Qin Lian took office, Nanhui was invaded by a huge tide, and many parts of haitang were destroyed. Haitang must be repaired, because it involves the lives and safety of ordinary people, but he has just taken office and has no money, what to do? So he adopted the method of "work for endowment" to build the sea pond. It meant that the laborers who came to build the pond were exempted from taxation, and many peasants were mobilized in this way to build the pond.
However, in the process of construction, there are many problems, when building the sea pond, it is often washed down once, and the construction can not be successful. Therefore, Qin Lian led everyone to use their brains and came up with a solution with their experience and wisdom. He ordered the migrant workers to sprinkle chaff into the sea at high tide, and when the tide fell, they left traces of crooked chaff on the beach, so the migrant workers built a sea pond according to the traces of the grain bran, and since then the pond has not been washed down. A section of the pond that has survived until now can still be faintly seen at that time.
During the Qianlong and Guangxu years of the Qing Dynasty, Penggongtang and Ligongtang were built, and the Nanhui area was basically landed during this period. In December 1978, when excavating the Dazhi River on Nanhui Huang Road, an ancient ship of the Song Dynasty was found. Divided into 9 cabins by 8 compartment plates, the ship is a coastal transport vessel with bottles, clay pots, fragments of clay jars and reed mats, as well as complete Song Dynasty porcelain bowls. Therefore, Nanhui came into being to the sea, and later built sea ponds along each extended coastline, and many monuments of historical, artistic and scientific value were found in these sea ponds.
Another source of Nanhui's survival and development is "thriving on salt". Nanhui is located on the coast of the East China Sea, and the people at that time established salt works on the seashore. Five generations later, during the Liang Kaiping period, the Huating Salt Prison established the Pudong Salt Works, and the salt industry in Nanhui began to develop. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Xiasha Salt Field was opened, and the scale of the Xiasha Salt Field was relatively large, and the "Two Zhejiang Provinces Transshipment Salt Envoy Si Songjiang Branch" was established in Hesha (later known as Xiasha). During the Yuan Dynasty, due to the eastward movement of the Xiasha salt field, the Salt Transport Division moved to Nanxiasha and renamed "Nanxiasha" to "Xinchang". At this time, the salt industry had reached its peak stage, and the salt tax was the first of the 27 salt farms in the two Zhejiang provinces. It is conceivable that the salt works in Xiasha are large in scale and high in quality. In the late Ming Dynasty, the salt fields were also seriously threatened by the woes and changes in hydrological and geographical conditions. Therefore, salt production was greatly reduced, and after the Qing Dynasty, there were few salt farms, and the salt industry gradually declined.
"Boiling Bo Tu" is China's most complete preserved historical document of sea salt production process, with pictures and texts to record the process procedures of the Xiasha Salt Field at that time, the whole book has a total of 52 pictures, but 5 pictures have been lost, and now only 47 processes of the map and poetry are preserved, compiled in the Ming Dynasty's "Yongle Classic" and the Qing Dynasty's "Qing Ding Siku Quanshu".
Nanhui is born to the sea, gather sand into land, defend the sea and build ponds, and stand at the head of the tide; Nanhui is prosperous because of salt, boiling sea boiling waves, Yingcheng Xingzhen, Shangjia spokes. Contemporary Nanhui, riding on the east wind of reform and development, reclaims the sea for land, dripping water into a lake; seize the opportunity of the merger of the two districts, build Nanhui New City, and build the spirit of the city. We also hope to see the modern and intelligent marine first-class cities rise in the east in the future.
(The author Wang Shuhua is the former director of the Preparatory Office of Shanghai Nanhui Museum, and this article is based on the author's speech "Nanhui - To the Sea: From a Water Town to a First-Class Coastal City" at the end of the lecture series in Modu and Xincheng on December 23, 2021, and has been reviewed by the author.) Compiled by The Paper's intern Wu Ruoning. ）