At the time of the Muhua Lijing Central Plains, a large number of leaders of the Han landlord armed forces were annexed to the Mongols. On behalf of the Great Khan, Muhuali and his successors followed the official system of the Jin Dynasty, appointing them to the official positions of marshal, overseer, envoy of jiedu, envoy of solicitation, government yin, county order, general manager, and control, and used them to establish their rule in the Central Plains. From the 1320s onwards, they formed a local feudal force on the autocratic side, also known as the Han Dynasty. Their power continued into the 1960s.
1. The Han Dynasty Princes of the Autocratic Side
At the time of Genghis Khan's death in 1227, there were more than forty Han Chinese princes of all sizes in Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi. The small shihou held one state and one county, and the larger shihou "crossed the state and connected the counties" and controlled several states. At that time, famous princes such as Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, and Li Quan all covered an area of 2,000 or 3,000 miles and led tens of thousands of troops, just like the tang dynasty's feudal towns.
The official positions of the Han Dynasty princes were hereditary. When the father dies and the son succeeds, the brother will eventually reach, and the father and brother can also pass on the official position to the children. Many of the princes of the world held important positions. In the fan country under their jurisdiction, they combined military and civilian financial power. They are both military and administrative officers. They may set up their own offices and appoint subordinate officials. They often appoint their clansmen, subordinates, or staff members, and obey them. They can set their own taxes for collection, "generous and fast, each according to their own wishes". The judicial power is also in their hands, and their words are the law, so that they can "kill themselves, and if they have little intention, they will follow with the sword and saw." Thus, each lineage formed an autonomous, fragmented sphere of influence.
2. The working people under the rule of the Han Dynasty
In their own sphere of influence, the Han Dynasty tried to maintain the traditional agricultural production and feudal production relations in the Central Plains. They originally had a dependent population of soldiers and farmers. After forming their spheres of influence, they further recruited the scattered population in the midst of war and distributed them to land, houses, cattle and agricultural tools, and restored agricultural production in the territory. They repaired the grain and even used force to protect the harvest. In the midst of widespread destruction, agricultural production in various Han dynasties gradually recovered and was maintained. But at the same time, the working population dependent on the princes had to bear heavy taxes and labor.
Because the Mongol rulers had many needs and an indefinite system of conscription, the princes "arbitrarily entrusted them with their conscription", so the solicitation was harsh. The princes often advocated "ploughing and fighting", soldiers should be planted, and farmers should also be "prepared for thieves". As soon as the war was needed, shihou also sent a large number of peasants to the expedition in response to the call of the Mongol rulers. These dependent populations could not be moved away at will, and the princes even had the right to kill them. Obviously, judging from the development process of feudal society in the Central Plains, the status of peasants in the sphere of influence of the princes has declined.
3. Neo-Confucians cultivated by the Han Dynasty
In addition to gathering a large number of peasants, the Han Dynasty also used many prisoners of war and captives as slaves under the influence of the Mongolian nomadic nobles. The number of exorcisms was often as high as a few hundred or thousand, which was used to cope with the military and errand of the Mongol rulers, and was also used for agricultural labor in peacetime. Their status was lower than that of ordinary peasants, and they had no freedom to do so. However, under the constraints of the feudal production relations in the Central Plains, after serving for a period of time, the princes also "left them as good" and transformed them into a general dependent population.
In order to implement effective feudal rule in their own sphere of influence and to preserve the traditions of feudal civilization in the Central Plains, the knowledgeable princes opened shogunates one after another, and Yanna was a scholar who was scattered everywhere. In the process of the decline of the Jin Dynasty, except for a few of the remaining Jin Yuanshi doctors who retired to the backwoods of the poor countryside, a considerable number of people successively threw themselves into the Shihou curtain and became the staff of the Shihou.
Shihou relied on these staff to govern the localities and raise students. They gathered together to honor and nurture Confucianism, pay attention to the history of scriptures, and promote the Meiji Tao. The "Xiumin Sages" who were preserved in the shogunate of the Marquis of Shihou later entered Kublai Khan's royal residence one by one, and made great contributions to The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Kublai Khan. Many of the new Confucians they trained later became officials of the Yuan court.
Fourth, the intensification of contradictions, the Yuan court finally took the abdication of Shihou
In the Mongol conquest war, the Han Dynasty contributed a lot. Many historical sources have recorded the process of following the Great Khan in his conquest of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. Shi Tianze took it as an example: "Since the death of the Jin Dynasty, the years have been in the Song Dynasty, and the Gongwei has not been there."' Shi Tianze had followed Kuo on his expedition against the Southern Song Dynasty, and during the Möngke Khan period, Shi Shi had stationed his main military forces in Tang, Deng and other regions, and by the time of the Yuan Dynasty, he had also participated in the Northern Expedition against Ali Buge, suppressed Li Xuan's rebellion, and conquered the Southern Song Dynasty. The same was true of other Han Chinese princes, who had been involved in military conquests since the surrender of the Great Mongol State.
The Han Dynasty not only fulfilled the obligation to assist the army, but also advised the peasants to teach the peasants, appease the displaced people, and actively develop social production in the areas under their jurisdiction, which was conducive to the stability of the rule of the Great Mongolian State in the era of war and turmoil.
As a tool for the Mongol Khanate to indirectly rule the Central Plains, the Han Dynasty princes played a positive role in stabilizing social order at the end of the Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. However, as a hereditary prince on the divided side, as the rule of the Great Mongol State gradually deepened, the contradiction between the incarnation of the human hereditary prince and the surrender of the feudal lord and even the Khan's court became more and more prominent.
Taking tax payment as an example, Wokoutai Khan Yi Weinian (1235) conducted an inventory of the number of households, the purpose of which was to compile a household register of hidden households in various places, so as to prepare for the next division of the Propylene, but also to determine the content of the tax system in the Central Plains. Under such circumstances, the Han Dynasty Had to release the hidden population and "indulge in more than a thousand slaves and become a citizen."
Although the Han dynasty princes released slaves one after another, there was still a phenomenon of concealing the population and underreporting the number of households. The tax system of the Great Mongolian State stipulates that the people of the ministry must not only pay taxes to the state, but also pay five silk households in the feudal households. The act of hiding the population of the Han dynasty caused the vested interests of the Mongol nobles to suffer. Coupled with the fact that the Han Dynasty Marquis enjoyed the power of "knights and officials, life and death, and their own births", it is not surprising that there is a contradiction between the surrender of the emperor and the Han Dynasty Marquis.
As the contradictions continued to intensify, the Yuan court finally took the initiative to depose Shihou. However, the author believes that the removal of the Marquis of shihou was not a temporary intention, but began from the suppression and division of the shihou forces during the Great Mongolian period, until the end of the deposing of the shihou by the ancestors of the Yuan dynasty, which also reflects the difference between the imperial court's policy of surrendering the feudal lord and the Han shihou.
The formation of the Han Dynasty was undoubtedly greatly influenced by the early Mongol feudal system. It can also be said that the Han Dynasty is the product of the combination of the early Mongolian feudal system and the feudal production relations in the Central Plains under special conditions. The form of feudal division of the shihou was a regression in the process of the development of the feudal society in the Central Plains, but it was precisely this form of "dividing the land and passing it on to the generations" that was easily accepted by the Mongol rulers who "split the land and divided the people". At the same time, it was in this form of regression that agricultural production in the Central Plains was restored and maintained, thus preserving the main material basis of the feudal civilization in the Central Plains and restricting the Mongolian nomadic nobles from causing greater destruction in the Central Plains.