Tough, very tough, they are petite children on horseback, living by water and grass, nomadic for a living, and the farming culture of the Central Plains has repeatedly clashed, what is the conflict?
One: The Xiongnu entered the Central Plains
The Central Plains is a good place, the Central Plains people want it, the Xiongnu also want it, and what do they want to do? Good discussion must not be given, and there is no way to give without giving? And so the war came.
Since the history of letters, the conflict between the Xiongnu and the Central Plains has not stopped, the Shang Dynasty has, the Zhou Dynasty has, the Spring and Autumn Warring States period is especially so, after Qin Shi Huang unified the world, in order to resist the Xiongnu, protect farming, send Meng Tian to unify the army, build the Great Wall, retake the frontier area of the conflict between the two sides, Hetao, and set up counties to hold on, at that time some results were achieved, however, because Qin Shi Huang neglected to transform the economic and cultural aspects of the Hetao area, the good situation created by Meng Tian in ten years did not last long.
At the end of the Qin Dynasty, there was a war, the Xiongnu took advantage of the gap to go south, and then took the River Loop back, the Great Wall defense system was missing a link, and from then on, the two sides began to fight uninterruptedly, until the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the situation changed.
Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty learned the lessons of Qin Shi Huang, and on the one hand sent Wei Qing and Huo to dispatch troops to rely on the Great Wall to launch military means to retake Hetao; on the other hand, he carried out emigration and tun tian in the Hetao area, built water conservancy, vigorously promoted farming, and used both military and economic hands to turn the Hetao, which was rich in water and grass, and the arable and pastoral Hetao into a thoroughly agricultural area.
The nature of the Hetao region changed, and there was a strong Han Dynasty as a guarantee, the Xiongnu had nothing to do, about a few decades later, the main force was divided from the north and south, the Northern Xiongnu all the way to the west, the Southern Xiongnu 51 BC, under the leadership of Hu Han Evil Shan Yu, submitted to the Han Court, and was placed by the Han Xuan Emperor in the area around the north and south of the Great Wall.
At this point, what about the main xiongnu force to the north, the south to the south, and the grassland in the middle? A small tribe under the main force took advantage of the situation to rise, and after many twists and turns, unified the grassland, and later generations called it Xianbei.
Since the rise of Xianbei, there have been repeated conflicts with the Central Plains, but they have not been on a large scale, until the Western Jin Dynasty, there was a "rebellion of the Eight Kings", the world was turbulent, after moving south to the Xiongnu, Liu Yuan took advantage of the situation to rise up, divided and merged the state, and finally became a tail that could not be lost, at the time of chaos, the Xianbei on the northern grasslands also saw the opportunity, so they fought under the leadership of Tuoba Bu, and then after repeated repetitions, in 385 AD, The Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue established the state, the following year changed the name of the country to "Wei", and northern Wei came from this, and by 423 AD, the Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao unified the north For thousands of years, the Xiongnu's wish to enter the Central Plains was finally realized, and what would they do after it was realized?
Two: Encourage corruption and the death of children and nobles
In the early days of the Xiongnu, they were mainly based on the state, that is, there was no fixed place, tribes or tribal alliances acted together, where the tent was planted, where is a country, the Spring and Autumn Warring States period was particularly the problem of the Xiongnu, which is the reason, however, after a long period of contact with the Central Plains, they gradually accepted the concept of the city-state system in the Central Plains, during the qin Zhaoxiang king period, the Qin state attacked and occupied more than forty cities in Yiqu in one fell swoop is the best example.
It can be seen from this that the influence of the Central Plains on the Xiongnu is still very deep, and now the Xiongnu, specifically, Xianbei has realized the dream of the ancestors to enter the Central Plains for thousands of years, and like the Central Plains, has established a powerful dynasty and has won the world, then how to permanently consolidate the fruits of victory and pass the world to the world.
No dynasty wants to die in the second dynasty, and the Northern Wei Dynasty is naturally no exception. The long-term stability of the dynasty must be guaranteed, however, these four words are easy to say and very complex to do, but they are very complex technical work.
After the Northern Wei Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue established himself, he was very troubled by these four words, fortunately, he was a wise and knowledgeable monarch, and soon after, he found a way to solve the problem, a total of two, that is, to encourage corruption and the death of the noble mother, respectively, to solve the country's prosperity and strength, and the orderly inheritance of the country, these two dynasties have to face, the basic problems, then, how did these two methods come from?
Encouraging corruption: To put it bluntly, it is still a clash of cultures, Xianbei lives on the grasslands, is mainly nomadic, and after entering the Central Plains, he must suddenly take charge of a big agricultural country, the basis of an agricultural country is farming, it is land, and all wealth comes from the land.
But Xianbei, unfamiliar with the land, unfamiliar with farming, not familiar with what to do, after entering the Central Plains, still maintain the tradition of nomadism, let many land grow grass, abandoned, so that the dynasty lost the source of wealth, can not collect taxes, the imperial court has no money, no money, no money to do?
Is the emperor okay, or can he look like a fat man and follow the official who works with the emperor? On the one hand, many people need money, on the other hand, the imperial court has no money, there is no money to distribute the officials' money, and the officials are willing to serve him in a down-to-earth manner?
Don't expect all officials to be honest And Honest Bao Zheng, in fact, once in a while to the Song Dynasty, you will be surprised to find that Bao Zheng is actually not poor, his Feng Lu is very high, Bao Zheng is like this, other is not as good as Bao Zheng, no Bao Zheng's consciousness of the official, no money and can not live.
At the beginning of the founding of the country, the Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue was faced with such a problem, and he was also very worried about this problem, thinking about it, there was no other way, simply the officials' feng lu was stopped, anyway, there was no money, after the suspension, it was allowed, and even encouraged officials to use their powers to rob, to embezzle, and even the emperor personally set an example, according to the size of the officials' merits, grades and grades, as their rewards, so that the problem of no money was finally solved, and the dynasty's waist pole was straightened out by a few points, however, Is this a good idea?
Death of Zi Guimu: This matter was still the beginning of the Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue, who was really a capable strongman. Xianbei is from the Xiongnu, from the grasslands, the culture is relatively backward, but also maintains the tradition of some matriarchal society, the matriarchy is very honorable in the tribe, Tuoba Jue was in distress when he was in distress, it was with the help of his grandmother Murong clan, the matriarchal Helan clan, and the wife clan lonely clan, from this level, it can also be seen how powerful the matriarchal clan is.
According to the tradition of the Central Plains Dynasty, Jiangshan must be passed on to the son, but what if after passing it to the son, the matrilineal line controls the government, or commits chaos?
The harem interfered in politics, but the great taboo of the dynasties of the past, but also the source of the disasters of the dynasties, this problem is not properly solved, Tuoba Clan's Jiangshan must not be able to sit for a long time, so the Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue began to worry about this matter, and humbly learned from the successive Central Plains Dynasties, and soon after, let him find a method, what method?
In the later years of Emperor Wu of Han, the young Liu Fuling became the crown prince, and he was afraid that after Liu Fuling ascended the throne, the young Lady Hook Yi would interfere in the harem, and he was worried about what to do? Put Lady Hook to death. The basis of this matter lies in the "young mother is strong", and only Emperor Wu of Han in the Han Dynasty did this, and no one imitated it in the future, because there was no other reason, it was too cruel.
However, Emperor Tuoba Jue of Daowu did not think so, and felt that Emperor Wu of Han's approach was very wise, and it was worth learning from him to solve the problems that Northern Wei was about to face, so he first killed the mother of the crown prince Tuoba Si, Tuoba Si was very filial to people, and after hearing this news, tuoba jue cried day and night, Tuoba Jue was very angry when he heard it, and immediately passed Tuoba Si into the palace, ready to give him a reason, Tuoba Si, never wanted to see this father again, and the son ran away.
As soon as Tuoba Si left, Tuoba Jue could only pass the position of prince to Tuoba Shao, the second eldest, as a rule, Tuoba Shao's mother, Helan Shao, should be killed, but because he really loved helan's sake, he could not bear to do it, so he imprisoned the Helan clan, could the Helan clan be willing to wait for death, find an opportunity, ask his son for help, Tuoba Shao was forced to have no way, had to break into the palace late at night, and killed Tuoba Jue, who had been wise for a lifetime.
Tuoba Jue just launched the death of the son and the mother is such an ending, has the successor changed?
Three: A hundred years after the founding of the country, I understood that the method is a bit absurd
Curiously, the Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue's initiative to encourage official corruption and the death of his son and mother, although not favored from the beginning, was inexplicably inherited by his successor.
The method of encouraging official corruption was not until more than a hundred years later, during the period of Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong, who creatively implemented the "equalized field system" and found a way to collect money on the land, that it was officially abolished, and it was corrected more than a hundred years later, and the Northern Wei Dynasty only existed for a long time, one hundred and forty-eight years.
So, what about the death of the cruel noble mother? Take a look at the following example:
Empress Dowager Liu of Daowu Xuanmu, empress dowager Mingyuan... Later, the old Fa Xue; Empress Dowager Du of the Ming Dynasty,...... Born Taiwu... Taichang Wunian (太常五年薨; Taiwu jing mourned Empress He's ,...... Sheng Jingmu (生景穆), courtesy name Shenmu (神麚元年薨), and Empress Jingmugong of the Yujiulu clan,...... Emperor Wencheng of Wencheng was born to Emperor Xue; Empress Wenchengyuan of the Li clan, born to dedicate wen ,...... According to the story... Salvia; Empress Li of the Consort of the Wensi ,...... Emperor Xiaowen of Sheng, Emperor Xing of the Third Year of Emperor Xing, Empress Xiaowenzhen of the Lin clan, born of The Crown Prince Gong... Later, he still made Xue; Empress Xiaowen Wenzhao of the Gao clan, and later born Xuanwu... Tyrannosaurus.
In the 148th year of the existence of the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were eight empresses who "used the old Fa Xue", which is very obscure in the history books, but how much blood and tears are contained in it.
So, after the death of the son and the noble mother, has the so-called "female protagonist arbitrarily chaotic the country" been completely stopped?
What is particularly ironic is that after the death of the son and noble mother, many young princes will be raised by the nanny mother, and after the prince took the throne, because of his grace of care and nurturing, he honored the nanny as the empress dowager, and crowned their sons and nephews as officials, and even crowned the prince, so the empress dowager became the proper noun of the Northern Wei, since they took power, they would naturally interfere in the government, and the terrible thing is that they did not have a half-cent blood relationship with the emperor, so they interfered in the government of the dynasty, even more powerful than the emperor's birth mother.
Things can be so embarrassing, this system created by Emperor Tuoba Jue, it is also more than a hundred years later in the Xiaowen Emperor Tuoba Hong period, it feels a little absurd, what to do with absurdity?
As with those who encouraged officials to embezzle, Emperor Xiaowen abolished it, but by this time it was only thirty years before the fall of Northern Wei. People often like to say that the conflict between two cultures, specifically, the conflict between the two cultures is so tragic, but isn't this the price of historical progress?
References: "History", "Book of Han", "Book of Wei", "Chronology of Xiongnu History", "Constitution of Great Powers", etc