Editor's note: When it comes to the prosperity of ancient China, everyone may think of the three great prosperities of "Wenjing", "Kaiyuan" and "Kangqian". Although some people on the Internet also complained that Kangqian was a prosperous sweet potato, the views of these three prosperous worlds are still very deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. But in fact, in China's history, there are not only these three great eras. This article will introduce the Famous Song "Fireworks Easy to Cold" singing about the Northern Wei Taihe ShengShi who sang that "Qingshi can not be true Wei Shu Luoyang City".
The source of the song "Fireworks is Easy to Cold" is the "Luoyang Jialan Record" of the last year of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which depicts the Taihe prosperous era created by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
▲Luoyang Jialan Ji
The successful Sinicization of Tuoba Xianbei has already laid the foundation in the era of the Dynasty. With the fertile Datong Basin, the dual economy of agriculture and animal husbandry combined with the operation of a hundred years of the daiguo, the system is similar to the two-sided official system of the Liao state. Therefore, the Northern Wei Empire was actually more Sinicized in the Tuoba Jue era, and Tuoba Jue's attempt to emulate the Jin Dynasty's Qing system among the Xianbei nobles had already seen the rudiments of the reform of the later Emperor Xiaowen.
▲ Northern Wei Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue
However, the ethnic diversity caused by the Wuhu Chaohua and the situation of tribes in groups can be described as a mess that is difficult to clean up. In the early period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, although the country was relatively stable and the economy and population recovered rapidly, the official tax system was still in chaos, and the local government was powerful and powerful, with private soldiers.
▲ Empress Feng of Northern Wei played by Tang Yan
However, after Emperor Xiaowen came to power, the internal and external situation became relatively favorable. His far-sighted grandmother, Empress Feng, not only established a perfect system of Feng Lu, but also changed the suzerainty system to a three-chief system, liberated the population from the hands of the great clan, and laid the foundation for Emperor Xiaowen's further land reform. The gradual consolidation of the defensive line of the six towns also made it difficult for the powerful enemy in the north to plunder wealth and gradually turn to seek peace. Proposed by the famous minister Li Anshi, Empress Feng and Emperor Xiaowen jointly initiated it, and widely implemented the Taihe Juntian in the north in the past twenty years of Emperor Xiaowen's administration, which can be described as an abuse of the Sui and Tang Juntian systems. Collecting the world's land as official land, and then allocating it to the people by the government to cultivate it, in order to pay taxes, and returning the land after death; such a land system similar to the responsibility system of co-production contracting can be said to be incredible in the feudal era. But it was precisely this system that created the astonishing national strength and mobilization of the Northern Wei Empire, as well as the great Sui and early Tang Dynasties in later generations.
▲ Ancient Hero - Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong (元宏)
From Zhengguang (520-525 AD), the number of Northern Wei mouths was about 32 million, and it is inferred that the empire had a huge population of nearly 30 million when Emperor Xiaowen succeeded to the throne. Thanks to the implementation of the equalized field system, the population can be effectively transformed into national strength. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, the treasury was abundant, treasures and goods were accumulated, and there were many great conquests and constructions, while the country prospered and stabilized, and the people were rich.
▲Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang
Moving the capital to Luoyang was the greatest feat of Emperor Xiaowen's life. Since the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, this great city has once again shone brightly. The construction of Luoyang City, presided over by Li Chong, changed the shortcomings of the Cao Wei period with scattered patterns, unclear centers, and inconvenient transportation. The rebuilt Luoyang, between the north and the south, from the inside and outside, the palace, the city, and the Guo are distributed in turn, which is orderly and reasonable. By the late Northern Wei Dynasty, there were more than 1,000 temples inside and outside Luoyang, which estimated the size of the city and the population should be more than 500,000.
▲Luoyang City of Northern Wei with many pagodas
After the Sinicization reform, the Southern Dynasty people lamented that "the people in the crown are in the Central Plains", which is not a lie. The folk songs of the Northern Dynasty, the "Luoyang Jialan Record" of the sorrow of the departed, the "Notes on the Water Classics" that exhausts geography, and the "Qi Min Zhi Shu" of The Dedication to Nongsang all reflect the fruitful humanistic achievements of the Northern Wei Dynasty after sinicization. Although most of them appeared after Emperor Xiaowen, it was due to the flourishing of cultural relics and chapters caused by the sinicization of Emperor Xiaowen.
▲ Rich People's Treasure Book - Qi Min Zhi Shu
Emperor Xiaowen attached great importance to the Gaomen clan, abolished the Hu language, and used Han Chinese clothing and etiquette, which greatly promoted the development of culture and education; transforming the Xianbei nobles into new door valves also protected the interests of the Xianbei nobles. Emperor Xiaowen also promulgated the "Examination Law", which specifically evaluated officials at all levels, and the results of the evaluation determined the promotion and removal of officials. The subsequent introduction of the Imperial History Order further strengthened the supervision function of the Imperial History. The punishment for corrupt officials was particularly severe, "after the Lu act, the one who stole a horse died", and by strictly cracking down on corruption and incompetence, most of the officials in the era of Emperor Xiaowen obeyed discipline and law and did not dare to act arbitrarily.
▲The system of supervising imperial history, which was first established during the sui kai emperor and ran through more than a thousand years of feudal society, had a rudimentary form in the era of Emperor Xiaowen
The Northern Wei Empire was incredibly mobilized after Emperor Xiaowen's reforms. In the southern expedition of the twenty-first year of Taihe (497) and the twenty-second year of Taihe (498), more than 200,000 soldiers were mobilized by the prefecture and county soldiers alone, counting as many as 300,000 soldiers of the Central Army, and if the supply personnel were counted, nearly one million were mobilized, not under the southern expedition of Jianjian. However, such a large-scale mobilization does not seem to have an impact on the national economy and people's livelihood. At the same time, the Northern Wei court also supported widows and widows on a large scale, and Emperor Xiaowen ordered his courtiers to send grain and goods to support the poor and weak.
▲Magnificent Longmen Grottoes
The construction of the Yungang Grottoes in Pingcheng and the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, these two astonishing artistic wonders, are also the embodiment of the rich financial resources of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen was not a Buddha, but promoted the localization of Buddhism, combining it with Confucianism, and making Buddhism from the West a link to promote the sinicization of ethnic minorities; in fact, this policy was quite successful.
▲ Northern Wei Tai and Five Baht cast by Emperor Xiaowen
Monetary policy, on the other hand, has promoted the development of industry and commerce. Northern China has always been short of copper, and in the early Northern Wei Dynasty, because of the lack of centralization, the general equivalents often used grain or silk, or were privately minted by local magnates. It was not until Emperor Xiaowen cast the Tai and the five baht that the empire had an official currency.
▲Northern Wei maid figurines
In 487 (the eleventh year of the Northern Wei Dynasty), the powerful enemy Rouran in the north of the Northern Wei Dynasty fell into a split due to internal contradictions caused by unfavorable plundering, which brought the battle on the front line of the Great Wall to an end. The Jurchen Empire, which was supported by the Ruoran people, dominated Central Asia and put great pressure on the Sassanid Persian Dynasty, which made the Persian Empire go far and wide to the Northern Wei Empire. The Northern Wei Empire under Emperor Xiaowen's rule was not only dominant in East Asia, but also more powerful than Byzantium under Justinian's rule, and was the world's largest power at that time.
▲ In the last years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the warlord Erzhu Rong, who opposed Sinicization, launched the Heyin Rebellion and slaughtered more than 2,000 kings, warriors, and officials
However, after all, the Northern Wei Dynasty was an old empire with a history of a hundred years, and the accumulated shortcomings over the years could not be rushed away. Due to the untimely death of Emperor Xiaowen at the age of 33 and the lack of a competent successor, the Northern Wei crackdown on corruption could not be systematically continued, and the door valves and haoqiang also began to lose control with the connivance of their descendants, and the problem of the Buddha consumed a lot of manpower and material resources. As a result, the decaying Northern Wei Empire finally collapsed in the midst of the flames all over the place, and the Xianbei conservative faction seized the results of the rebellion of various rebels, and the prosperity of heyin was dissipated like a cloud of smoke, leaving only the city of Luoyang City falling, floating in dust, and being desolate everywhere. However, despite the reactionary reaction of Xianbei, the general trend of Sinicization determined by Emperor Xiaowen was still unstoppable. The new magnificent era bloomed on the land of China, and its name was Sui and Tang.
"Wei Shu And Worm Biography": Yanxing for five years, Yu Cheng proposed marriage... Although Yu Cheng's tribute was endless, the payment was not made, and the marriage was stopped.
"Wei Shu Food Chronicle": Nine years, the next edict is given to the world's people's fields: men and husbands above fifteen, subject to the dew field forty acres, women twenty acres, slaves Yiliang... The people's year and class will be received from the field, and the old and the old will be returned to the field.
"Wei Shu Topographical Chronicle": The light is in front, the time is full of prosperity, the number of hukou, than the Taikang of The Husband Jin, the times are enough.
"Luoyang Jialan Chronicle": Inside and outside the capital, there are more than a thousand temples
"Luoyang Jialan Chronicle": Since the Jin and Song Dynasties, Luoyang has been regarded as a wasteland... Yesterday to Luoyang, I first knew the Yiguan clan, and in the Central Plains, the etiquette was rich, and the character Yin Fu.
"Wei Shu Gao Zu Ji": September Nong Shen Shuo, edict: "Three years of performance appraisal, from ancient times to the scriptures; three examinations of dethronement, in order to show whether it can be." If you wait for the third exam and then depose, it is not too late to be deposed, and those who can enter are slow on credit. It is to take the exam in three years, and to be deposed by the examination, and to make foolishness harmless to the sages, so that they can not be subordinated. Each order was cao to examine its merits and demerits, and was of the third class. Below the six pins, Shang Shu asked again; above the five pins, the General of the Emperor and the Secretary of State discussed its good and evil. Those who are above move, those who are below are deposed, and those who are in the middle keep their duties."
"Biography of Wei Shu Liang Official": Gao Zu Su Ming Net Discipline, reward and punishment must be done, zhaoge the old track, and sometimes follow the law.
The Wei Shu Gao zu ji :( Taihe 21 June) 壬戌, Zhao Ji, Ding, Ying, Xiang, Ji Wu Prefecture issued 200,000 people, will be south.
(Taihe 22 April) Gengwu, 200,000 soldiers in Fazhou County, limited to mid-August collection.
"Wei Shu Gao Zu Ji": Gengyin, Zhaoyong Prefecture scholar more than a hundred years of false Hua County Taishou, more than ninety false waste county, more than eighty false Hua County Order, more than seventy false waste county; Shu Lao with one grade each minus one grade, more than seventy years to give knighthood three grades; his camp boat husband, given a knighthood of the first class; widowhood and widowhood, poor and poor disease, each given two horses, Gu Wuhu; his filial piety and morality, literary ability, all look up to the tribute.
September Prophecy, edict: Mourn the poor and the old, the king first, widows and widows six diseases, especially should be reserved. But the people of Luoyang, who have no children and grandchildren at the age of seventy, who have no relatives over sixty, who are poor and do not survive, are given food and clothing; and those who are less than sixty and have the disease of ruin, who have no great merit, and those who are poor and unable to heal themselves, are all sent to the other workshop for medical care, and four doctors are given to them, and they are invited to take medicine to cure them.
"Wei Shu Food And Goods Chronicle": As for Taihe in the early Wei Dynasty, money and goods have nothing to do, and Gao Zu first commanded the world to use money.
"Wei Shu And Worm Biography": Nine years, Yu Cheng's death, Zidou Lunli, Fugudun Khan, Wei Yan Gongye. He called himself the First Year of taiping. Doulun was cruel and murderous, and his subordinates Hou Yaoyuan and Shi Luohou were loyal and advised, and advised them to make peace with the country and not to invade China. Dou Lun was furious, falsely accused Shi Luohou of plotting rebellion, killed him, and destroyed his three tribes. In August of the sixteenth year, Gao Zu sent Wang Yi of Yangping and Zuo Zhilujiang to be the governor, and the leader Huo Luhuan and twelve other generals rode 70,000 to doulun. The ministry of high car Afu to Luo led more than 100,000 people to the west, self-reliant. DouLun and his uncle Nagai are two chasing after each other, Doulun is from the north and west of Junji Mountain, and Nagai is from Jinshan Mountain. Dou Lun was defeated by Afu Zhiluo, and Nagail had a victory. The people of the country take that cover as the help of heaven and want to push that cover as the mainstay. The cover does not obey, the multitude is strong, and the cover says, "I shall not be a subject, but I shall be the Lord!" The multitudes slaughtered the mother and son of Dou Lun, and showed the cover with the corpse, and the cover was the throne.
This article is the original manuscript of the Cold Weapons Research Institute. The original outline of the editor-in-chief, the author's residual star, and any media or public account shall not be reproduced without written authorization, and the offender will be investigated for legal responsibility.