On May 28, 1900, eight imperialist countries invaded China. They were: France, Germany, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.
The pretext for their invasion was to suppress the patriotic Boxer Rebellion, but when they entered Beijing, what they did was not to find boxers but to slaughter ordinary people.
Wadesi sat in a dragon chair
Empress Dowager Cixi fled with her officials from the city of Beijing, the soldiers of the eight empires
Kill people when they see them, burn down the houses of ordinary people, and insult women on the streets in broad daylight
。
Running into the Summer Palace and snatching countless antique jewelry, all of which cannot be snatched away are smashed. He ran into the Yuanmingyuan to rob and steal, and finally set fire to the Yuanmingyuan.
In the end, the Manchu Qing government signed the Treaty of Xinugu.
Before the end of World War II, no imperialist apologized for the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Alliance. Until the end of World War II,
Only then have two countries successively apologized to New China and returned some national treasures. But now these two countries have been extinct for thirty years. Which two countries are these?
One was the Soviet Union and the other was East Germany.
The predecessor of the Soviet Union was Tsarist Russia, and the damage done to China by Tsarist Russia before World War I was enormous. It is not only the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Alliance, but also China's territory. Tsarist Russia has encroached on a large amount of land in China, and if it were not for the russian occupation, the ranking of the world's largest countries by territorial area would be rearranged today.
In 1858, Tsarist Russia forced the Manchu Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Treaty of Yaohun with it, occupying 600,000 square kilometers of land north of Heilongjiang in northeast China, such a large land area that some small countries could not match.
Although the treaty stipulated that the Chinese people living there at that time could live permanently, in practice, in order to permanently turn this land into theirs, Tsarist Russia carried out a bloody expulsion of the Chinese people who originally lived there. Many Chinese ran away to save their lives.
In 1860, the Manchu Qing government and Tsarist Russia signed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, occupying 400,000 square kilometers of land east of the Ussuri River in China. The two contracts added up to a full count, occupying a million square kilometers of Land in China.
In 1864, Tsarist Russia forced the Manchu Qing government to sign the Treaty of the Northwest Boundary between China and Russia, which took 440,000 square kilometers of land in northwest China. The 1.44 million square kilometers of Chinese territory were gone.
In order to make the Chinese territory they occupied permanently belong to them, Tsarist Russia bloodily expelled all the Chinese people living on those lands. The effect of this is very obvious, that is, only the Russians there have no Chinese, even if China's national strength is strong in the future, it will face great pressure. Because China is not Tsarist Russia, there will be no bloody expulsions.
In 1922, Tsarist Russia changed its shell, the Soviet Union. Regarding the Soviet Union, many people think of it as our "big brother", but is it not?
After the October Revolution, Tsarist Russia was transformed into a socialist state. With Russia as the center, a number of neighboring countries joined in and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The strength of the country is so strong that the Western world is afraid.
The Soviet Union established the Comintern to support countries and regions around the world that wanted to take the communist road, including China. We must not think that the entry of communism into China is an accident, which is a historical necessity.
Although the Boxer Rebellion was suppressed and strangled by the Manchu Qing government and the Eight-Power Alliance, the spirit of the Boxer Rebellion that broke out to fight against the imperialist powers and sacrifice their lives to the end made the imperialist powers fearful.
They realized that no one could use war to turn China into a complete colony or make China "cease to exist", so they took the proxy route. Buy off elites from all walks of life to study abroad, give them benefits, and let them act as agents to pack up Chinese.
After Tsarist Russia put on the cloak of the Soviet Union, it was difficult to expand openly to the outside world, and it could only export communism. The founding of the Communist Party of China was fundamentally and directly related to the Soviet Union and the Comintern, and it can be regarded as their single-handed support.
But do not think that the Soviet Union is out of "goodness", there is no free lunch in the world, the revolutionary ideological highland, if they do not occupy, then the United States, Germany, France and other imperialists will also occupy.
Even the founding of the Kuomintang was not something that Dr. Sun Yat-sen had come up with on a whim, and to investigate deeply, it was necessary to have relations with other countries and other organizations. The operation of the Eight-Power Alliance in China is the fundamental reason for the incessant lack of livelihood in China's modern wars, and they are the big hands that stand behind the scenes and do evil.
The Soviet Union had to divide its sphere of influence in Asia, and the Imperialist powers such as the United States had to divide its sphere of influence in Asia, and China was the largest country in Asia, a hurdle that they could never bypass. This was also the fundamental reason why the Soviet Union single-handedly helped the Communist Party of China at that time, which was to save the country and save the people, to liberate China from a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, to let the people live a good life, and to overthrow the three mountains.
The ccp's purpose has nothing to do with the Soviet Union, but only that the two sides have a cooperative relationship. In the period of the War of Liberation, Chiang Kai-shek, in order to gain the support of Stalin in the Soviet Union, went so far as to cede the sovereignty of the Sino-Soviet border railway to the Soviet Union. At present, the Interests of the Soviet Union are shaken, so it gives the CCP a stumbling block.
But no matter how much the CCP has, the CCP is only responsible for Chinese, and it is bound to take back all of China's sovereignty. Mao Zedong and other CCP members did not consider China to be a vassal of the Soviet Union, but that China was the only China, an independent China, and a country that wanted to stand tall among the world as an independent country.
Therefore, neither the Soviet Union nor the United States has stopped the pace of the CCP. After the victory of the War of Liberation, the Chinese people stood up, and the new Chinese government did not recognize all the unequal treaties it had signed before.
Compared with the United States, the Soviet Union is a time-conscious person. Since the CCP won, the Soviet Union did not openly offend people like the United States, and the United States regarded the Soviet Union as an adversary after World War II. There is absolutely no need for the Soviet Union to clash with New China, otherwise What can be done if New China falls into the arms of the United States. So he put on the enthusiasm of "Big Brother", shook hands and made peace, and when nothing happened.
In 1951, the Soviet Union returned the original copies of the 11 volumes of the Yongle Canon that they had stolen from China in 1900 to the new Chinese government, and returned the remaining 52 volumes to New China in three years.
However, Tsarist Russia grabbed more than this thing in those years, and the Soviet Union acted like this, just to show goodwill to New China. But refused to give more sincerity.
In 1959, relations between the Soviet Union and New China gradually turned sour
After Stalin's death, his successors were not friendly to New China, and many unreasonable demands were made to New China, all of which were strictly rejected.
During his visit to China this year, the Soviet representative suddenly apologized for the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Alliance and returned the golden iron fist on the Boxer flag.
Some people think they are well-intentioned, but the time point is too coincidental. Given the delicate nature of Sino-Soviet relations at the time, the attitude and behavior of the Soviet side were elusive. Although you can't live in the belly of a gentleman with the heart of a villain, why has the other party ever been a gentleman?
The new Chinese government also negotiated with the Soviet government to return the 1.44 million square kilometers of china it had seized. But the Soviet Union disagreed and took a tough stance. According to the analysis of the international environment at that time, New China had just been founded, its foundation was stable, and it was unlikely that it would engage in a tug-of-war with the United States and the Soviet Union at the same time. So this matter was pressed, but at that time the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of new China took back the brigade area.
Later, Sino-Soviet relations were at odds, and even the defense of Zhenbao Island broke out, and China and the Soviet Union completely tore their faces. Later, the Soviets instigated their little brother Vietnam to fight with China. All kinds of behavior, Tsarist Russia is still the same Tsarist Russia, but it is only cloaked in the cloak of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union was founded in 1922 and the termination and dissolution was announced on December 25, 1991.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world pattern changed dramatically.
Another one who apologized to New China and returned the national treasure was East Germany. The German Empire committed heinous crimes during the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Alliance, and Wadesi, who was the commander-in-chief, was also German, and he had a little fame in China because of his affair with a generation of famous prostitutes, Sai Jinhua.
Vadersi roughly recorded the process of the Eight-Power Alliance's invasion of China, and he said that the losses of the Manchu Qing this time could not be estimated and countless. After entering the Forbidden City, Vadersi broke into the Golden Ruan Hall, sat on a dragon chair, and took photos as a souvenir.
Perhaps it was a show-off, showing off that he had led the Germans and soldiers from other countries to turn China upside down. Perhaps the Eight-Nation Alliance, including him, believed that they were the masters of the Land of China at that time.
Four years after the signing of the Treaty of Sinuki, Vadersi died suddenly, and the cause of death has not been made public. Therefore, many people speculate that it may be that he did something that should not be done, and the cause of death will be so bizarre.
Germany was the great demon and initiator of World War II, and after World War II, it was liquidated, and some countries imposed military occupation on Germany and divided Germany into West Germany and East Germany.
In 1955, Otto Otto, who became Chancellor of East Germany, was appointed Chancellor of East Germany. Grotivo visits New China. Grotivo's visit was received by Chairman Mao, who made this move to promote economic exchanges, cooperation and cultural cooperation with the new China.
Probably came with a friendly purpose, so his attitude was relatively friendly. He gave a speech,
I apologize for the Aggression of German imperialism against China in those years. He also called the Boxers Chinese heroes.
After many years, the patriotic actions of the Boxers were actually proved by the invaders, and I can't help but burst into tears when I think about it.
Grotivo offered to return the boxer temperament and the three yongle canons to the new China. Among his words, there is a sentence that is crucial:
"With full respect for the free will of the Chinese people, and in memory of the Chinese heroes who died in the Boxer rebellion, we return to the people of the Chinese the ten flags that were snatched by the German militarists along with the fraternal salute of the government of the German Democratic Republic and the working people."
Grotivo acknowledged that the German Empire had waged wars and acts of aggression against China, and that the Boxers were patriots, heroes of the Chinese, and deserved german tributes in battle.
The Chancellor of East Germany was able to say this because Germany had carried out a particularly harsh liquidation after the Second World War. Germany was divided into East and West Germany and could not even be combined into one country. But the likes of Japan, who have not been liquidated because they have been sheltered by the United States, will not reflect on the great harm they have done to other countries by waging war.
Similarly, the Soviet Union's predecessor, Tsarist Russia, was not liquidated, and the 1.44 million square kilometers of territory that occupied China were unwilling to be returned. Therefore, for the apology of the East German prime minister and the return of some national treasures, it may be that the hearts of the Chinese people are warm. But their apologies were controversial for soviet behavior that was not friendly from front to back.
The German Chancellor, on the anniversary of the Second World War, preferred to attend on one knee, and his one kneel,
Let the Germans stand up.
In 1990, the East German People's House signed a merger agreement, formally merging with West Germany. Thus Germany completed its unification. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed.
Germany, once imperialist, confessed its guilt and reflected on itself and was reunited again. The Soviet Union, once cloaked in the cloak of socialism, reverted to its "original appearance" after constantly interfering in the internal affairs of other countries and provoking wars. History is a cycle of time and time, and no one can see what it looks like.
The Eight-Power Alliance stole countless national treasures from China, destroyed countless Chinese cultural relics, and many of those stolen were placed in their museums. For many years, patriots have been bidding for national treasures to be handed over to the state. For the humiliating historical memory of that year, many Chinese have not forgotten.
The Soviet Union and East Germany returned the dime, as an occasional release of goodwill or as a "warning." The harm done to China by the Eight-Power Alliance's invasion of China cannot be estimated, and countless women who have been insulted by the chinese people who have died have been insulted.