Su Liu Wen Shuzhai (Zhang Qiao)
Do not hide the window moon, natural style high.
The cool breeze moves crickets, and the leaves are falling away.
Pick up the embers of the lamp back, and see the sea waves.
Because of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are several heroes in the air.
Zhang Lu was a warlord at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, originally subordinate to Liu Yan, but in fact maintained a semi-independent state. After Liu Yan's death, Liu Zhang was elected as the Pastor of Yizhou. Zhang Lu broke away from Liu Zhang, divided Hanzhong himself, and became the local leader. Liu Bei later helped Liu Zhang deal with Zhang Lu on such a reason, smoothly entered Sichuan and eliminated Liu Zhang. At the same time, Cao Cao also took care of the "Ten Generals of Guanzhong" and continued to march into Hanzhong. Zhang Lu was caught between two more powerful warlords, and in the face of this situation, he could not be left alone, and finally chose Cao Cao very decisively, and said: "It is better to be a slave to Cao Gong than to be a guest of Liu Bei!" "What happened to Zhang Lu and Liu Bei?" Why did Zhang Lu choose Cao Cao in the end?
The special geographical environment of Hanzhong made Zhang Lu an object of contention between Cao Cao and Liu Bei
Hanzhong is a plain area between the Qinling Mountains and the Daba Mountains. Above is the Qinling Mountains and Guanzhong Plain; below is the Daba Mountain and the Sichuan Plain. Liu Bei occupied the Sichuan Plain, and Cao Cao also took guanzhong. Zhang Lu, as the "Tu Emperor" in Han, was sandwiched between Liu Bei and Cao Cao. The Hanzhong Plain was a place where Liu Bei and Cao Cao, especially Liu Bei, very much wanted to get it. For both Guanzhong and Shudi, Hanzhong had the convenience and advantage of attack and defense. The Hanzhong Plain could gather troops, collect grain and grass, and prepare for the work in the early stages of the war; it could also build a city dock to encircle and block the roads from Guanzhong and Shudi to Hanzhong and block the enemy into the mountains.
It can be said that Hanzhong is a good place for both the north and the south to attack and defend. Whoever takes Hanzhong has the initiative over Bashu or Guanzhong. When Cao Cao got Hanzhong, Liu Bei's side was "in a state of collapse", destroyed by Zhang Gao's attack, and the population was migrated; after Liu Bei got Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang used Hanzhong as a base and frequently attacked Guanzhong and Longyou, interfering with the economic production of Cao Wei's borders, and consuming and containing Cao Wei's national strength (of course, Shu Han also consumed). Both Liu Bei and Cao Cao coveted Hanzhong, and having killed them nearly, Zhang Lu had to make a choice.
"I'd rather be a slave to Cao Gong than a guest for Liu Bei!"
In the twentieth year of Jian'an (i.e., 215 AD), Cao Cao attacked Hanzhong with a little luck. At the suggestion of Gongcao Shi Yanpu, Zhang Lu fled south to Bazhong. At this time, Liu Bei was still fighting with Sun Quan in Jingzhou, and as soon as he heard the news, he quickly gave some blood, recognized Sun Quan's ownership of Guiyang County and Changsha County east of Xiangshui, returned to Ba County, Jiangzhou, and under Huang Quan's suggestion, went to fight for Zhang Lu. He hoped to accept Zhang Lu's remaining forces and take advantage of Zhang Lu's great fame in the Hanzhong area.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Shu, Biography of the Ancestors": "Zhang Lu fled to Brazil. The Lord heard of it before, and connected with Quan Lianhe... Lead the army back to Jiangzhou. General Huang Quan was sent to meet Zhang Lu. ”
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shushu, And Biography of Huang Quan: "Quan Jin yue... So the lord took power as his protector and led the generals to meet Lu. ”
At this time, Yan Pu told Zhang Lu that at this time, he would either surrender to Cao Cao or submit to Liu Bei. Logically, Zhang Lu was driven away by Cao Cao, and Liu Bei showed a very enthusiastic attitude towards Zhang Lu, and it is reasonable to say that Zhang Lu should choose Liu Bei. But Zhang Lu did not do this, but expressed his choice in a very resolute and very hostile tone towards Liu Bei.
Huayang Guozhi Hanzhong Zhi: "Lu Boran said: 'I would rather be a slave to Cao Gong than a guest for Liu Bei!'" ’”
Zhang Lu gave up Liu Bei's reason for choosing Cao Cao
From the historical data, Liu Bei and Zhang Lu did not seem to have much friction, and even if there was friction, it could not reach the same extent that Cao Cao used troops against Zhang Lu. So why would Zhang Lu abandon Liu Bei and choose Cao Cao? Xiaobian believes that there are several reasons.
First, the cooperation and rupture of Liu Bei and Zhang Lu
There is such a saying. When Liu Bei was in Ye mengguan, he had a brief alliance with Zhang Lu, or cooperation. Xiaobian thinks that this statement is very reasonable. Liu Bei's mission into Chuan was to help Liu Zhang fight Zhang Lu; and Liu Bei's real purpose was actually to eliminate Liu Zhang. After Liu Bei entered Sichuan, he first went north to Yemeng Pass to prepare for the battle against Liu Zhang, and to buy people's hearts. If he did not have a good relationship with Zhang Lu, then Liu Bei would fall into a situation of back and forth attack. Liu Bei's attack on Liu Zhang was in line with Zhang Lu's demands. After all, Zhang Lu and Liu Zhang have a great vendetta, and it can be said that Liu Zhang is the common enemy of Liu Bei and Zhang Lu. Then it is very reasonable for Liu Bei and Zhang Lu to cooperate.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Shu, Biography of the Ancestors": "Before the lu was begged, the thick tree was endearing, in order to reap the hearts of the people." ”
When the time was ripe, Liu Bei began to attack Liu Zhang from the south. Huo Jun guarded Ye Meng Pass and protected Liu Bei's rear. This time is the time for Liu Bei to pick the fruit. And this fruit is too tempting, Zhang Lu also wants to get a piece of it. So Zhang Lu sent Yang Shuai to seduce Huo Jun, hoping to defend the city together. Huo Jun, of course, rejected this suggestion. This incident can be used as evidence of the alliance between Liu Bei and Zhang Lu, and can also be regarded as a manifestation of the rupture between Zhang Lu and Liu Bei. Liu Bei swallowed Liu Zhang alone, although this was Liu Bei's own efforts, but Zhang Lu inevitably had dissatisfaction in his heart. In addition, when Liu Zhang was about to be eliminated, Ma Chao, who had originally turned to Zhang Lu, turned to Liu Bei and was still tempted. This incident undoubtedly deepened the contradiction between Liu Bei and Zhang Lu.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Shu, Biography of Huo Jun": "Zhang Lu sent Yang Shuai to lure Jun and seek to defend the city together. ”
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shushu, Li Hui Biography": "Sent to Hanzhong to befriend Ma Chao, and Chao obeyed his orders." ”
Second, Zhang Lu's bad relationship with Liu Zhang and Ma Chao
Ma Chao defected to Liu Bei, and judging from the incident in which Ma Qiu, the son of Ma Chao, was later stabbed by Zhang Lu, he was very unhappy with Ma Chao; Liu Zhang, not to mention more. There is a feud between two people. And zhang lu and liu zhang clique war, the two families of the resentment is also relatively deep. From a reasonable point of view, Zhang Lu is very reluctant to stand in the same camp as Liu Zhang and Ma Chao.
"Canon Law": "Take Qiu Fu Lu, Lu killed himself." ”
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, Biography of Zhang Lu": "Zi Zhang's dai li, Lu was not smooth, and killed Lu's mother's family." ”
And Ma Chao and Liu Zhang were treated with courtesy here in Liu Bei. After all, Liu Zhang was once the pastor of Yizhou, and Liu Bei moved him to Nan County, which was considered to have emptied Liu Zhang, and only used Liu Zhang's influence on Yizhou; and for Ma Chao, Liu Bei was still appointed. There is a saying that Ma Chao was refrigerated after he defected to Liu Bei. In fact, this statement is wrong. Whether it was a fight with Sun Quan or the later "Battle of Hanzhong", Ma Chao was involved. Liu Bei's status to Ma Chao was also very high. In addition, after Liu Bei eliminated Liu Zhang, he also used many officials in Liu Zhang's clique. Then it is conceivable that if Zhang Lu defected to Liu Bei, how embarrassing his situation in Liu Bei's group would be, and how difficult his life would be.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shushu, Biography of Liu Ermu": "The first lord moved to Nan County, and returned all his property and the seal of the former general Pei Zhenwei." ”
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shushu, And Biography of Ma Chao": "With Chao as the general of Pingxi, he oversaw Linsheng. ”
Third, the gap between Liu Bei and Cao Cao's strength
Does Zhang Lu have ambitions? The answer is yes, otherwise it would not have been hanzhong. But does Zhang Lu have the courage to become independent and fight for the world? This one is not. In fact, when Cao Cao's army arrived, Zhang Lu wanted to surrender without resistance, but Zhang Lu's brother Zhang Wei refused, so there was a war; after the fall of Yangping Pass, Zhang Lu wanted to surrender again, but was persuaded by Yan Pu to stop. For Zhang Lu, there is no ambition, and it is not bad to be knighted and have a good birthday.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Zhang Lu Biography": "To Yang Pingguan. Lu wanted to raise Hanzhong to surrender, but his brother Wei refused. ”
Since they are all under the fence, and no matter who they turn to, they can get higher political treatment (Zhang Lu's words are pure nonsense), for Zhang Lu, choosing a more powerful force is a very reasonable choice. At that time, Cao Cao had already dominated the north, and Liu Bei only had part of Jingzhou and part of Yizhou. And it is worth mentioning that Hanzhong, which was crucial to the Yizhou regime at that time, had fallen into the hands of Cao Cao. Perhaps in Zhang Lu's view, Liu Bei was already in a dangerous situation of being expelled from Yizhou, and following Liu Bei was really a dismal future. There have always been many icing on the cake in this world, and fewer charcoal in the snow. If the editor was Zhang Lu, according to the situation at that time, he would probably choose Cao Cao and abandon Liu Bei.
brief summary
"I'd rather be a slave to Cao Gong than a guest for Liu Bei!" This sentence seems to be Zhang Lu's contempt and disdain for Liu Bei, but there are many factors hidden behind it. There was friction between the Liu Bei and Zhang Lu families; there was the new enmity and old grudge between Zhang Lu and Liu Bei's subordinates; and there were also considerations of the strength of both Liu Bei and Cao Cao. All in all, although Zhang Lu's attitude is exaggerated, the choice he finally made is very appropriate.
References: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chronicle of the State of Huayang