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Thousand-year-old wooden pagodas, century-old palaces, famous pavilions, temple grottoes... These ancient buildings throughout the land of China have gone through wind and frost, changed and viewed vicissitudes. To this day, we are still very lucky to see him.
However, they are fragile, and natural disasters, wars and even a cigarette butt can make them eternal. Time grinds, the existing ancient buildings are like the elderly, in order to prolong their life, we need to maintain in time (physical examination and health), take reasonable and effective reinforcement measures (to eliminate diseases and prolong life).
The repair of ancient buildings is to re-rejuvenate its historical charm and highlight its cultural, scientific and artistic value. However, young people are keen on the hanging of monuments and are reluctant to participate in them.
It is difficult to find young people on ancient construction sites
Huang Dashu, who is known as a farmer's ancient construction expert and leads a team to restore hundreds of ancient buildings, said that at present, 80% of the practitioners in the field of ancient architecture in the country are over 50 years old, and only 4% are under 35 years old. He lamented that the age structure of such talents was "fat", and was more worried that the inheritance of ancient building repair skills was broken and there was no successor.
Huang Dashu is not a worrier, ancient architecture has always been regarded as an unpopular major, and many students study ancient architecture not out of interest, but more of a realistic choice with lower scores. He co-organized the ancient construction class with the vocational and technical school for 8 years, with more than 1,000 graduates, while only a few dozen people are really engaged in the ancient architecture industry, so that nowadays, it is more and more difficult to find young people on the ancient construction site.
In Hengxi Village, Jingxing Mining District, Shijiazhuang City, workers are making the frame structure. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Luo Xuefeng
"A tile to block the wind and rain of a thousand years". Speaking of one of the six works of "tile worker", "tile" (for ancient construction tiles) before accurately measuring how many ridges the entire tile surface needs to be divided into, how many tiles are needed for each ridge, and the entire operation process should ensure that the bottom tile is not deflected, the cylinder tile does not jump, and the error cannot exceed millimeters.
"Repairing the old as old" is the basic principle of the ancient building repair industry, and this "old" is not only manifested in maintaining the authenticity of the cultural relics themselves, but also includes the traditionality of maintenance techniques. In fact, if you are not careful, you may lose the "historical information" contained in the ancient building.
Obviously, compared with modern construction engineering technology, the process of ancient building repair is more complicated and the threshold is higher, but the salary treatment does not have much advantage. As far as the painters with high salaries in the repair skills are concerned, it is only 380 yuan a day, which is equivalent to the income of ordinary decoration workers in the home improvement industry, but it takes 5-7 years for painters to really complete their apprenticeship, and home improvement workers usually only need to train for a few months.
In Hengxi Village, Jingxing Mining District, Shijiazhuang City, workers are assembling wooden frames for gatehouse buildings. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Luo Xuefeng
Moreover, after completing the apprenticeship, whether it is a junior painter who has worked for two years or a senior painter who has worked for 10 years, it is 380 yuan a day, and the level of skill is not linked to the treatment.
Therefore, in today's job market, the ancient construction industry is not only unable to "grab people" with the new format industry, but even the manufacturing factory is difficult to say competitive. The traditional ancient building repair "old with small, small with young, mature with raw" skill inheritance model has been challenged, and it has become a worry for craftsmen to recruit apprentices. Even Li Haixian, the master of oil decoration and non-hereditary heir, has not recruited new apprentices for 6 years.
The change begins with the establishment of a career evaluation system
"The key issue in the repair of ancient buildings is the selection and training of craftsmen, that is, the problem of people." Shan Jixiang, then director of the Palace Museum, called for attention to the problem of "aging craftsmen and no successors" in the Forbidden City. It can be seen that the shortage of talents in the ancient construction and repair industry has long been a common phenomenon, even the Forbidden City is no exception.
In addition, since the maintenance and protection of ancient buildings has been included in the "capital construction" procedure, ancient buildings have been managed in accordance with the general construction project "project bidding" method.
Before the repair of the Yangxin Hall started, the staff of the Forbidden City withdrew the cultural relics.
After winning the bid for an ancient construction project, in addition to the management, finance and project managers who are mostly fixed employees of the construction company, the vast majority of the construction personnel in the front-line repair are temporary workers; what is more, through the relationship to take the project, and then pay the management fee to the company with the repair qualification to "borrow" the qualification and the project manager.
This directly leads to the uneven level of technology in the ancient construction and repair industry; the lack and lag of industry standards; and the protection and inheritance of traditional construction techniques are directly threatened.
The first to resolve to change this was the Forbidden City. At the end of 2015, the Forbidden City decided to take the Yangxindian research protection project as a demonstration to break through the constraints of the bidding system for ancient construction projects, explore the recruitment system of craftsmen, realize the cultivation of talents in the whole process, and re-establish a special team for the protection and inheritance of ancient buildings.
Oil training: The teacher instructs the students to use the iron plate correctly.
Under the continuous appeal of the cultural relics community, in October this year, the "National Occupational Skill Standards for Cultural Relics Restorers (2021 Edition)" was promulgated, which is the first occupational skill standard in China's cultural relics industry.
This means that practitioners in the ancient construction repair industry have a professional rating assessment, and the level of skills can be linked to the rating and income, so that practitioners can learn skills more aggressively.
In the view of Zhou Qian, a research librarian at the Palace Museum, ancient architecture belongs to a profession, the repair and protection of ancient buildings is not directly proportional to academic qualifications, and interest is the best teacher, as long as there is meditation, ingenuity and patience, it will certainly be done well.
The Forbidden City Yangxin Hall Research Conservation Project officially entered the repair stage, and the workers were photographed at the groundbreaking ceremony. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Jin Liangkuai
Based on this, on the one hand, we should seize the opportunity of vocational education reform and focus on cultivating composite talents of "technology + art"; on the other hand, we must break the concept of "not learning art after thirty years" and attract more people with lofty ideals to join.
In addition, large provinces where ancient buildings are concentrated bear more responsibilities for inheritance. It may wish to learn from the experience of the Forbidden City, establish an expert consultation mechanism, cultivate a stable team for the protection and inheritance of ancient buildings, and promote the restoration of ancient buildings from "rescue protection" to "research protection" and "preventive protection".
In this way, the "Arrow Buckle Great Wall" will not be weathered and ruined, and the "Millennium Liao Pagoda" will no longer repeat the tragedy of the "Leaning Tower".
With the revival of traditional culture, more people have fallen in love with ancient buildings, and their cultural, historical, and aesthetic values have begun to be recognized and respected, and the "creation code" of inheriting ancient buildings and mastering the "method" that makes their ancient appearance still and diseases removed really need more "back waves".
Text: 翛然
Photo: Xinhua Net, China Central Broadcasting Network
Column moderator: Zhang Yongqun
Editor-in-charge: Zhang Yongqun
Editor: Zhang Xueyu Sun Dai