To be sure, in the early and middle Qing Dynasty, the northern Xinjiang region of Xinjiang was still a place where Buddhist relics flourished and flourished.
The ancient city of Hainuk is a cultural relic in Xinjiang. It is located on the south bank of the Ichebuha Canal, about 4 km east-north of the village of Hainuk in Hainuk Township, Qabchar County. Today, it is already a wasteland, and the only remaining mound with a circumference of 2 kilometers is the inner city of the ancient city of Heynook, and its outer city has fallen into ordinary mud and become farmland like history.
In the last century, people can also find some historical artifacts such as pottery pieces and iron tools. The ancient city of Hainuk was founded in the Yuan Dynasty, about the time of Aruku's "Yeli Qian" city, where Arukul's tooth tent was located. Huang Wenbi verified that the city was the same era as the "Alimari" city, and both were sites around the 13th century of the Yuan Dynasty.
During the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungars still regarded the ancient city of Heinuk as a political and religious center. In 1958, during his inspection here, Huang Wenbi found a seated statue of the Buddha, which was a common statue in lama temples. The "Presidential Strategy of Xi'an" said: "The famous place of Ili, Hebei has no Gurza, and Henan has no Hainuk." "The river is the Ili River, the Ichabha Canal is its product, and the famous Gurza and Hainuk in Henan, Hebei, are two temples, the Silver Temple and the Golden Temple, and the Mongolian nobles who lived in the ancient city of Hainuk at that time could see them without even looking up.
The history of falling into the soil is also history, even if ordinary, it is a narrative, like the crops and grass that grow endlessly every year.
The two monasteries of Gurza and Hainuk tower on both sides of the Ili River, and according to local historical records, at their peak, the temple supported more than 6,000 lamas, "Every year, in the middle of summer, its worshippers gathered near and far, often donating treasures, gold and silver, in order to be strong and strict." Gurza Monastery is called Golden Dome Temple, Golden Temple; Hainuk Temple is called Silver Top Temple, Silver Temple. Both central halls are three-storey, with gold and silver at the top and a small tower on top, which is made of pure gold and sterling silver. The lamas of the Golden Temple can see the shining of the silver of the Silver Temple, and the lamas of the Silver Temple can also see the sparkle of the gold of the Golden Temple.
Tserrestrial Alabutan (?) –1727), Great Khan of the Dzungar Mongols during the Qing Dynasty. The eldest son of the original chief of the Dzungar Khanate, Sangha. After the assassination of the Sangha in 1670, his brother Kaldan returned from Tibet and ascended to the throne of Dzungar Khan with the support of the Dalai Lama and the Chechen Khan of Oziltu, the leader of the Heshuo, and led his people to attach themselves to Kaldan. In 1690, Kaldan sent an army to the Khalkha Mongols, taking the opportunity to send troops to occupy the former Dzungar territory, and contained Kaldan in Kobdo and could not be returned to the west. After that, in cooperation with the Kangxi Emperor, he completely defeated Kaldan. In 1698, he officially became the Great Khan of Dzungar.
In 1717, Tse-del-Alabutan sent Anji Dazelingdun Dobu to lead an army of 6,000 people from the Ili River Valley, cross the Kunlun Mountains through Hotan, climb the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and travel day and night, breaking into Tibetan areas from the Tengger Sea (Namu Lake) in the grasslands of northern Tibet. It took nearly a year, more than 10,000 miles, to besiege Lhasa, collude with the separatist forces of the Tibetan nobility, and cooperate with the outside to conquer the Potala Palace and kill the Lazang Khan. After that, he appointed The leader of the Separatist Forces of the Tibetan Nobility, Dakwe, as the Dipa, and directly ruled and controlled Tibet.
In 1718, the Kangxi Emperor sent an army from Sichuan to Tibet, but was defeated by Da celing Tun Dobu. In 1720, the Kangxi Emperor sent troops again, with the general Wang Yinyu as the general of Fuyuan to command the armies, nian Qianyao as the governor of Sichuan responsible for logistical support, from Qinghai and Sichuan at the same time into Tibet, which led to the great Strategy Lingdun Duobu back to Ili. Before the evacuation of Lhasa, the soldiers were ordered to loot the temples around Lhasa and transport all the sacrificial vessels, Buddha statues, and scriptures back to Ili, which was the "robbery of the Dzungars" in history. Later, the steppe had two magnificent temples, Gurza and Heynuk.
There is also a legend about the construction of Gurza Monastery and Heynuk Monastery, that is, in 1727, after the death of Tseyu Alabutan, his son Kaldan Tse Zero inherited the Khan's throne, vigorously advocated the Yellow Religion, invited many high-prestige lamas to Ili, and there was a lama named Bale Gabuchu who was very good at the location of the temple and was very much valued by Kaldan Tse Zero. One day, Kaldanze Zero said to Bale Gabuchu, "Aren't you good at choosing the address of the temple?" Then choose a place for me, and I'll build a temple. After being ordered, After careful inspection, Balqabuchu selected the place where the Gurza Monastery and The Hainuk Monastery were located, and said that their local locations were like calves horns, one like the pan sheep skull, and after the temple was completed, one was decorated with the horns of yaks and pan sheep, and in Mongolian "Gurza" means "pan sheep" and "Hainuk" means "yak".
It is difficult for people today to say how much manpower and material resources the construction of Qinggurzha Monastery and Heynuk Monastery cost the Dzungars, but what can be known is that when they were built, the treasures that were plundered from Tibet by using the Great Strategy Zero Tun Dobu were necessary, and they were one gold and one silver, one yellow and one white, shining together, protecting the beautiful grassland in the chanting, so that the people on the grassland had a spiritual refuge.
Another point to be noted is that the completion of Gurza Monastery and Hainuk Monastery has given the steppe a brick and tile temple, so that history has more to find, and before that, the temples on the steppe were mostly tent-like buildings with white felt for the room cloth wall. In the light of gold and silver, the temples on the grassland became stable and grand, and the high brakes and the golden flags shone brightly, making Ili a pilgrimage center of the Yellow Sect in the north and south.
As for the destruction and destruction of Gurza Monastery and Hainuk Monastery, there are different theories: the Silver Temple Gurza Monastery was crumbling after its completion due to the unstable foundation, and soon collapsed; the Golden Temple Hainuk Monastery was destroyed by war.
Amir Sana (1723-1757), Taiji of the Erut Mongol Huite Department of the Qing Dynasty, grandson of Dzungar Khan Tseyu Alabutan. Originally nomadic in the area of Tarbajatai. In March of the 21st year of Qianlong, under the pursuit of the Qing army, he fled to Kazakhstan. In the winter of the same year, he sneaked back to Tarbahatai and established himself as Khan. After Qianlong was defeated by the Qing army in July 22, he defected to Tsarist Russia through Kazakhstan. He died of illness in September.
It was this Amir Sana who, when he fled, burned the Heynook Monastery with a fire, turning the Golden Temple into ruins.
Another theory comes from the "History of Mongol Origins", that is, when Amir Sana and Dawachi competed for the Khan's throne, they received the assistance of the Kazakh Yuz Abba khan, and the two sides agreed to attack Dawachi, Amir Sana attacked from the east, and the Kazakhs attacked from the west, and finally Dawachi withdrew to Bortala. The Kazakhs destroyed the Golden temple and the Silver Temple during the war.
Although there is no way to verify which of these claims is more credible, it is a fact that after the Battle of Dzungar in the Qing Dynasty, the Golden Temple and the Silver Temple have been destroyed. At that time, Qianlong, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, said: "The Xinghuang Sect is the so peaceful Mongolia, and its attachment is not small, so it has to be protected." But the Golden Temple and the Silver Temple are already "in the gravel, the only remaining ruins." Qianlong originally planned to allocate funds to rebuild them, but later he changed his mind, believing that it was impossible to completely "reorganize" them, so there was no need to "reorganize."
During the Battle of Dzungar, some of the Dzungars (Dashdava tribes) surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and were relocated to Chengde. In order to appease these people, Qianlong imitated the Gurzha Temple, which was destroyed by the war, built an Anyuan Temple, and built the Lama Temple in Chengde. It is said that when the Dash Dawa people were relocated to Chengde, they brought with them many fragments of Buddha statues after the destruction of Gurzha Monastery, and used them to rebuild The Buddha statues and recover their original faith, but they still remain in Chengde and have never returned to the grassland. In the steppe clearings where the Dzungars were devastated, the Qing court moved a large number of Muslim immigrants, and the mosque replaced the lama temple little by little.
(This article is accompanied by part of the picture for The Anyuan Temple, the picture is from the network, thanks to the original author)
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