The Qianlong Emperor had "ten perfect martial arts", which occurred in Xinjiang three times, "Pingzun Gar II, Dinghui Bu I", that is, the Battle of Dawaqi in Xinjiang, the suppression of the Amir Sana Rebellion, the Pingnan Xinjiang and the Zhuo Rebellion.
Why did the Qianlong Emperor still boast so much about the repeated wars in Xinjiang? In this article, I will take you to analyze the rise and fall of the Dzungar Khanate and the hardships of the Qing Dynasty to recover Xinjiang.
Qianlong Emperor Rong costume map
The Dzungar Khanate, dominating Central Asia and the Qing Dynasty!
In the thirteenth year of Ming Chongzhen (1640 AD), Batur Huntaiji, who was from the Mongol Huiyi Latibu, officially participated in the alliance meeting in the name of the Dzungar Ministry, and the new name showed that he was determined to forge ahead, and Batur Huntaiji participated in the formulation of the Mongolian Verat Code to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the Mongolian ministries.
In 1646 AD, the leaders of the various tribes of Verat jointly submitted to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty rewarded Gushi Khan with jurisdiction over the Erut ministries, and also enfeoffed Batur Huntaiji to govern the Dzungar Department, and the Qing Dynasty balanced the Mongols to avoid internal attrition; in 1643, the western part of Dzungar was occupied by the Kazakhs, and Batur Huntaiji cut off the hostile forces and defeated the Kazakh Khanate in 1652 AD.
European Tsarist Russia, with Cossack cavalry and advanced firearms, Batur Huntaiji disposed of it exquisitely, not only at the request of Tsarist Russia to carry out trade and obtain advanced European weapons and equipment; at the same time, to safeguard the interests of the Various Ministries of Verat and enhance the prestige and strength of the Dzungars; thus the Dzungars quietly rose in the cracks between the Weyrat Mongols, the Qing Dynasty, the Tsarist Russia, and the Kazakh Khanate.
Unfortunately, in the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653 AD), batur Huntaiji died, resulting in the Weilat Mongols falling into a full-scale civil war, the Qing Dynasty's focus on the conquest of the Southern Ming was difficult to mediate, the war continued for 17 years, Kaldan with the support of the headquarters of Batur Huntaiji, with the support of the Headquarters of Batur Huntaiji, with the assistance of the Chechen Khan of the Verat League, expelled Chot Baba Turtaiji and established himself as Dzungar Khan.
Map of the territory of 1689 AD
Kaldan defeated the Weyrat ally Oziltu Chechen Khan, sent troops to conquer the Chagatai Khanate, was given the title of "Bosoktu Khan" by the Fifth Dalai Lama, and the Dzungar Khanate of theocratic integration was established, Kaldan had a high degree of control over the khanate, and under the lure of Tsarist Russia, he invaded the Khalkha Mongols in the east, but was blocked by his nephew Alabutan, the "Decisive Battle of Zhaomodo" was defeated, and Kangxi committed suicide by poisoning in the thirty-sixth year (1697 AD).
In the fifty-fifth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1716 AD), about 4,000 expeditionary forces of Tsarist Russia were annihilated by Dzungar at Lake Yamesh, and in 1718 AD, when the head of the Kazakh Khanate, Ke Khan, died, Tse-delv Alabutan took the opportunity to occupy the Kazakh Khanate and realize his long-cherished wish to dominate Central Asia.
In the fifty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1717 AD), the Tserry Alabutan attacked and killed Lazang Khan, and in the first year of the Yongzheng Dynasty, he instigated the Lobzang Tenjin Qinghai Rebellion, which brought the Dzungar Khanate to its peak, and the Qing Dynasty wanted to preemptively attack after the death of ceyu Alabutan, but fu Erdan miscommanded the Battle of Tongpo, killing and wounding more than 10,000 soldiers, and the Dzungar soldiers threatened Shaanxi and Gansu.
In the fourth year of Qianlong (1739 AD), according to the basis of the Yongzheng period contract, the Dzungars finally delimited the border, with a vast territory from Qinghai and Mongolia to central Asia, millions of people could mobilize 300,000 troops, and the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty maintained peace with the Dzungars for nearly twenty years in view of the lessons of the Yongzheng Emperor's fiasco.
and the Battle of Thongpo
Qianlong conquest of Xinjiang, ethnic integration and cultural recognition!
The Qianlong Emperor had always had the ambition to recover Xinjiang, and saw that the Dzungar ministry Namuzal was overthrown after 5 years of reign, Lama Darza was attacked and killed by Dawaqi after 2 years of reign, and Dawazi succeeded to the throne and defeated his ally Amir Sana, and the Qianlong Emperor foresaw that a good opportunity was coming, "with the civil unrest in Dzungar, he ordered two ways to enter the army to take Ili."
The Qing Dynasty drew a large number of Khalkha Mongol cavalry, which originated from two points, the first "Sino-Russian Nebuchu Treaty", Khalkha Mongols directly faced the threat of Tsarist Russia, coupled with Gardan's hatred of the Khalkha Mongol plundering country; the second Kangxi period, the combat effectiveness of the Eight Banners of Manchuria was sharply reduced, the Han army became the key to the "Zhaomodo Decisive Battle", and the long-distance attack on Mongolian cavalry was more advantageous.
"Battle of Dawazi" Amir Sana was an absolute hero, Amir Sana as the vanguard, along the way to recruit various departments to reduce the resistance of the Qing army, Amir Sana's 22 scouts, took advantage of the night to go to Gelan to reconnoiter and launch an attack, and finally surrendered more than 7,000 Gar soldiers, Dawazi fled to the Kazakh Khanate and was sent to the Qing Dynasty.
Xinjiang from the establishment of the Chagatai Khanate in 1222 AD, to the 20th year of the Qianlong Qing Dynasty (1755 AD) after a gap of 533 years, finally returned to the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty in its entirety, the Qianlong Emperor, although happy but very alert, refused the request of the four departments of the Amir Sana commander Wei Lat, and crowned the title of Prince of Amir Sana, so that Amir Sana was "in name only" and ensured the long-term stability of Xinjiang.
Pacify Amir Sana
Amir Sana definitely did not want to be the prince of Qing, otherwise Dawazi's subordinates would be more at ease, he wanted to dominate Weilat Mongols and restore the glory of the Dzungar Khanate, Amir Sana knew that the promise of Tsarist Russia might not be fulfilled, but the Qing Dynasty was obviously inferior, the supply of the Labor Division expedition was difficult, the Qing army was weak in battle at the Battle of Dawazi, and when the main force of the Qing army withdrew, it was difficult for the garrison to compete with Amir Sana.
It was just that Amur Sana did not expect that the Qing reinforcements were extremely heroic, and lian zhan lian could only push them to Kazakh territory, but Tsarist Russia drew in local supplies with the Qing army, causing the Khalkha Mongols and Tohuit departments to rebel, and the Dzungar departments also joined forces to respond, but the fate eventually turned to the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungars were plagued, amir Sana fled to Russia in defeat, and the Qing army moved the battlefield to southern Xinjiang.
The total strength of the Qing army is less than 20,000, close to the strength of the troops led by Hezhuo, and the main reason for winning lies in the assistance of the Montenegrin faction, the Baishan faction and the Montenegrin faction in southern Xinjiang Huibu, the teaching books are basically the same, but the Baishan faction wears a white hat and advocates silent recitation of Allah hymns, the Montenegrin faction wears a black hat, advocates reciting hymns, if there is no faith, it is really difficult to understand, for the nuances of the Jai Bai Yi book bloody conflict, this is actually a devout and good believer.
During the Pingding and Zhuo Rebellion, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the rear to send supplies, allowing religious freedom in Xinjiang, and winning the support of all the ministries in Xinjiang, except for the slightly thrilling "Siege of the Black Water Camp", the Performance of the Qing Army on the Battlefield was called "Destroying the Dead and Decaying", the size and Zhuo soldiers fled west in defeat, and were finally captured and killed by the local chiefs, and the first rank was returned to the Qing Dynasty, and the war in Xinjiang was completely ended.
Zhaohui
Summary: The Qianlong Emperor spent four years to calm Xinjiang and benefit the world!
Xinjiang was divided by the Dzungar Khanate for 80 years, and there were huge differences in culture and ethnic beliefs, and the Qianlong Emperor was tough to recover Xinjiang and knew how to respect the cultures and beliefs of all ethnic groups.
In four years, only more than 100,000 troops from each department were mobilized to quickly quell the rebellion; to deal with contradictions accurately; to be fierce and to put an end to future troubles; to prevent the Russian invasion of Xinjiang and ensure the long-term stability of Xinjiang.