In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungars continued to expand their power, seriously threatening the security of the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi had marched on Dzungar three times to temporarily quell the border disputes; Yongzheng had re-entered the war because of Dzungar's collusion with Lobzang Tenzin, and as a result, he returned home and finally concluded a joint talk.
Regardless of whether it was war or peace, there was no fundamental solution to the problem, the Dzungar Department was always a major hidden danger of the Qing Dynasty, especially after the death of Kaldan, Cewang Alabtan and Gardan Ce zero united with the Erut Mongol tribes, and their strength grew again. At the beginning of Qianlong's succession, due to the stabilization of the country and financial problems, he devoted himself to peace negotiations with the Dzungar Ministry, but his father's unfinished business has always been remembered by him.
First, the internal problems of the Dzungars gave Qianlong a thousand good opportunities
In the tenth year of Qianlong, a plague occurred in Dzungar, and in September, the Great Khan of Kaldan died of illness, and the heir to the Khan's throne was in danger. Kaldan Tseres had three sons, the eldest son, Darza, was a concubine, the second son, Tsewang Dolji, "took the throne of Khan because of his mother's nobility", and the younger son, Tsewandash, was also supported by some princes. Therefore, although Tsewang Dorzi came to power, there were constant disputes.
In the fifteenth year of Qianlong, Tsewang Dorji was killed by his brother Darza's subordinates for killing too much, and Darza succeeded to the Khan's throne. However, the Dzungar nobleman Daze Ngedun Budo was very dissatisfied with this and prepared to support Tsewandash. This plan was soon leaked, and when Darza received the news, he took the lead and killed Da ce zero Tun Budo and Tsewandash and others.
The struggle for the Khan's throne did not end with the death of Tsewandash, and Dawazi, the grandson of Tsere Zero Tun Budo, joined forces with taiji Amir Sana of the Huite Ministry to launch an incident in the nineteenth year of Qianlong, killing Darza and Dawazi ascending to the Khan's throne. After the success of the coup, the two men clashed again, and they also met near Ili. As a result, Amir Sana was defeated, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty with his men and horses, and asked Qianlong to send troops to assist.
Amir Sana was the grandson of Lhazang Khan and the grandson of Tsewang Alabutan, and had considerable influence among the Mongol princes of Erut. Qianlong knew that he had been defeated by Dzungar and wanted to use him as a guide to take advantage of the opportunity to launch a large-scale attack on Dzungar. Therefore, Qianlong received Amir Sana with high standards and made him a prince.
In view of the bitter lessons of the Yongzheng years, the ministers of the Qing court opposed Qianlong's dispatch of troops, and only Fu Heng supported them. However, Qianlong has long regarded the pacification of Dzungar as the top priority, and now that Dzungar is infighting and his strength is weakening, it is a good opportunity to use troops. Amir Sana also reported that "Ili is desirable" and asked the imperial court to send troops as soon as possible, which was exactly in line with Qianlong's wishes.
Second, the soldiers pointed their swords at Dzungar and smoothly entered Ili
In the spring of the twentieth year of Qianlong, the Dzungar general Mamut also submitted to the Qing Dynasty. In the same month, Qianlong appointed Ban Di as the general of Dingbei and Amir Sana as the left general of Dingbian, and led his army out of the north road from Ulyasutai; he also appointed yongchang, the governor of Shaanxi, as the general of Dingxi, and Saraar as the right general of Dingbian, leading the army from Barikun out of the west road, and the two roads would attack.
The two Dingbian generals on the left and right were originally the former Dzungar generals, and after this dispatch, they still raised their original banners and led the way in front. Therefore, wherever the Qing army went, the Dzungar army surrendered one after another, and even in some places," "thousands of large households in each department, hundreds of small households, all carrying wine and sheep" to greet the Qing army. The two Qing armies met at the Bolotara River on the first day of May and arrived in Ili five days later.
The Dzungar Khan Dawazi's troops collapsed, and they were no longer able to stop the Qing army, so they led more than 10,000 people to retreat to the area around Geldeng and set up camp. The Qing army attacked in two directions, and the Dawaqi army was defeated, and more than 6,000 people were captured, including Lobzang Tenzin, who defected during the Yongzheng period. Dawazi fled to southern Xinjiang with a small number of retinues.
The southern Xinjiang departments hated Dzungar and rose up one after another to respond to the Qing army. When Dawazi fled to Ush, the local chief had already received Bandi's instructions and immediately captured Dawazi alive and sent him to the Qing camp. Dawazi and Lobzang Tenzin were escorted to the capital, and at this point, qianlong's victory in the Dzungar campaign ended.
It took only three months for the Qing Dynasty to pacify the Dzungars, cheer up and down the country, and Qianlong was given the title of Meritorious Servant and specially granted Prince Amir Sana a double gift. In May of the twentieth year of Qianlong, Qianlong ordered people to build the "Monument to Pingding Dzungar Leming Yili" and the "Ge Deng Monument" in Yili, recording great achievements. In October, Dawazi and others were escorted to Beijing, where a ceremony was held outside the noon gate for the sacrifice of prisoners.
Qianlong denounced Dawazi's crimes, but considering his influence in Dzungar, he pardoned him, made him a prince, married the daughter of his clan, and gave him the capital to reduce the hatred between Dzungar and the Qing Dynasty.
Third, the frontier flames were rekindled, and Qianlong once again sent troops to quell the rebellion in one fell swoop
After the Dzungars were pacified, Qianlong, in order to avoid the emergence of powerful forces in the northwest frontier again, adopted the strategy of "building the masses to divide their strengths", and sealed the four parts of Erut as the four khans, each in charge of its own territory. However, Amir Sana wanted to be the chief of the four departments and dominate the western regions, so he did not agree with Qianlong's approach. He began to act arbitrarily, killing and looting, not wearing the official uniforms of the Qing Dynasty, not using the seals of the Qing Dynasty, and secretly expanding his strength.
Qianlong saw that Amir Sana was not sincerely submissive to the Qing Dynasty, so he ordered Bandi to kill people and destroy his mouth. However, most of the Qing army had already returned to the Dynasty, and there were only five hundred people under Ban Di, so they did not dare to act rashly.
One count does not work, one counts again. After the victory over the Dzungars, Qianlong summoned meritorious personnel to the summer resort for a visit, and originally planned to use this opportunity to transfer Amir Sana away from the base camp to eliminate the troubles.
Amir Sana saw through Qianlong's intentions, deliberately delayed on the way after setting out, and when he reached the Ulun River, he took the opportunity to escape and openly broke with the imperial court. Suddenly, "the lamas of Ili and Zaisang plundered the military platform and responded with a swarm." At that time, the Qing army was very small in number, and it was not expected that Amir Sana would defect, and as a result, even the commander Bandi was killed, and the Dingxi general yongchang in Urumqi did not dare to send troops to support, so he had to retreat to Balikun, and the war in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains suddenly resumed.
Shortly after the rebellion of Amir Sana, the Khalkha Mongols also followed the rebellion, and "withdrew the Karen and Taizhan soldiers as far as possible", paralyzing all the stations on the north road of the imperial court, and the transmission of military information was interrupted.
In view of the new situation, Qianlong formulated a new plan. He appointed a number of military generals, and at the same time, adjusted the candidates for the four Khanates of Erut Mongols. As a result, the front-line generals credulously believed the enemy's lies, causing Amir Sana to escape. Qianlong was furious and changed his command, appointing Ar Dang'a as the general of Dingxi and Zhaohui as the right deputy general, and also appointed the Prince of Chaoyong, Chenggun Zabu, as the left deputy general, and continued to pursue Amir Sana.
In the twenty-second year of Qianlong, Qianlong ordered Zhaohui and Chenggun Zabu to go out in two ways, and the accompanying Green Battalion soldiers stayed in tuntian, a place suitable for farming, on the one hand, to cut off the enemy's rear road, and on the other hand, to solve the problem of grain and grass supply. At this time, the Dzungar region was "plague epidemic and death was facing each other", so the Qing army progressed smoothly, and Amir Sana fled to Kazakhstan in a hurry.
The Qing army sent people to Kazakhstan to negotiate, and the Kazakh Khan Abu Yun had already "sent envoys to pay tribute" to the Qing Dynasty, promising to cooperate with the Qing army in capturing Amir Sana. As soon as Amir Sana arrived in Kazakhstan, AbuJan took his horses away. When Amir Sana saw that the situation was not good, he quickly fled to Russia with a few retinues.
Qianlong was very worried about Amir Sana's defection, believing:
"Wandering souls are wandering far away, and in the future, they will not be able to be poor for a long time, and they are bound to breed incidents and plague the border." The rebel thief will not be able to get it for a day, and the matter of the West Road will not be completed in one day--"Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty"
Therefore, Qianlong ordered the Li Fan Yuan to negotiate with Russia. Pursuant to the clause in the treaty concluded between the two sides, "each other shall not be allowed to remain on the runaways", the Court of Jurisdiction requested Russia to extradite Amir Sana. Russia shirked that Amir Sana had "fallen into the water and died", in effect placing him in Russian territory. Later, Amir Sana died of smallpox, and russia, seeing that there was no profit, returned his body to the Qing court.
In the twenty-third year of Qianlong, Qianlong ordered Zhaohui to clean up the remnants of the rebel forces, and afterwards set up a Manchurian garrison and transferred the Green Battalion soldiers tun tian. At this point, the Dzungar problem, which had plagued the Qing Dynasty for decades, was solved.
Qiu Mei said: Qianlong's pacification of Dzungar, consolidating the northwestern border defense of the Qing Dynasty, and also consolidating his own throne were the highlight of his "Ten Complete Martial Arts" and marked the Qianlong Dynasty's entry into a "heyday" period.