Chai Duomao / Liangzhou Cultural Studies
During the Republic of China period, it was a very important stage for the study of Liangzhou culture. During this period, Liang Qichao, Chen Yinke and other scholars' research on Liangzhou culture was mainly through the research works of historical books and scholars of the former dynasty, who were familiar with ancient history and culture, and in the vast historical books, they looked at Liangzhou, which was located in the northwest, and keenly and prudently judged that Liangzhou, which was once prominent and brilliant, and its history and culture were an important part of Chinese culture, and even profoundly influenced the culture of the Central Plains. In addition, outstanding Liangzhou scholars and their writings have also become the objects of their admiration and research.
In the twentieth century, the scholar who gave a very high positioning and evaluation of liangzhou's history and culture was Chen Yinke. He is a rare scholar in modern and contemporary China who combines historians, classical literature researchers, linguists, and poets in a hundred years. In 1940, he completed the book "A Brief Discussion on the Origins of the Sui and Tang Dynasties System" at the Qingyuan Society in Kunming, Yunnan. The book includes etiquette, officials, criminal law, music, military system, finance and other contents related to the Sui and Tang dynasties and their establishment, covering the history of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties, ethnology, sociology, archaeology, cultural history, linguistics and philology and many other fields related to medieval history, showing Mr. Chen Yinke's high standards and insight into the connotation of traditional Chinese culture, the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures, the definition of race and culture, and the essence of Huhua Sinicization. In this book, Mr. Chen Yinke made a very high positioning of the history and culture of Liangzhou and put forward many influential academic views. The author preliminarily and superficially summarizes it into five aspects: First, the Wuliang culture is one of the origins of the Sui and Tang dynasties. The writing reads: "Although the Sui and Tang systems are extremely extensive and varied, when analyzing their factors, there are no three sources... In addition to the Yongjia Rebellion of the Western Jin Dynasty, the cultural transfer of the Central Plains Wei and Jin dynasty was preserved in a corner of Liangzhou, and the Northern Wei took Liangzhou, and the Hexi culture was imported into Wei, and the canonical system formulated by the Xiaowen and Xuanwu dynasties of Northern Wei was deeply affected by it, so the source of (Northern) Wei and (Northern) Qi also had a branch of Hexi, which was not deeply understood by Si Ze before, and today it is impossible to go into detail. "The second is that the Culture of Wuliang inherits the past and the future. The writing reads: "In the northwest corner of the Qinliang Prefectures, its culture continues the study style of Han, Wei, and Western Jin, and the system of Western Kai (Northern) Wei, (Northern) Qi, Sui, and Tang, inheriting the past and the future, following the decline and decline, and continuing to flow for five hundred years, and then it is known that in the cultural system of the Northern Dynasty, in addition to the importers of its development and change from Jiangzuo, there is no Han, Wei, and Western Jin Hexi inheritance." "Third, Liangzhou has preserved the culture of the Central Plains. The writing reads: "Only in this remote place, preserving the culture and scholarship of the Central Plains of the Han Dynasty, experiencing the great chaos of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the long period of disturbances in the Northern Dynasty, can not lose its fall, and it has to be instilled, and it has joined the culture of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is a source of independence, and after the previous enlightenment, it is one of the great causes of the cultural history of our country... The scholar who experienced the long turmoil of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Northern Dynasty and was able to preserve the Central Plains of the Han Dynasty... When Nakahara disturbed the Jingluo Hill Ruins, the land of Gou Bian was still able to maintain peace and order, so the family's scholarship could also be inherited. At the time of Liu Shi's turmoil, the land of the Central Plains was known as a war zone, and the western corner of the Duhe River was still called public security since the former Liang Zhang clan, so the scholarship of its native family could be preserved, and the Confucian Ying who avoided chaos from outside could also be taught, which lasted for a long time, and its cultural scholarship gradually took on a regional nature, so this corner of the river was closely related to the whole of the Northern Dynasty and Sui and Tang Dynasty cultural scholarship. "The fourth is to expound the prosperous and rich Wuliang culture. The writing reads: "The Fanhexi region from Yongning in the Western Jin Dynasty to the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, or the early Liu Song Dynasty, for more than a hundred years, its relevant academic culture can also be glimpsed. After Gai Zhang railed Liangzhou, Hexi was orderly and stable, and its economy was rich, and it was not only a place of refuge for zhongzhou people, but also an area for displaced people to migrate, and it was inevitable that disputes and disturbances would be avoided for more than a hundred years, but it was slightly better than Hebei and Shandong, which had been repeatedly disturbed. Therefore, the hexi warrior Shu Yu could be relieved of his eldest descendants, and the clan scholars were able to protect themselves and pass on their families to extend their family business. Zhang Rail and Li Hui are both Han families, which themselves are famous for their classics and literature, so they can set up schools to reward Confucianism, such as Liu Xun of Dunhuang, that is, those who annotate Wei Liu Shao's "Character History", and the doctrine of the same talent between Wei and Jin has still been preserved in this corner, so it has been passed down to this day, and Si Qi's example is also. If the other divisions of the Xiong, Duan Ye is not successful and Wen Cai is special, Lü Shi, bald hair, depressed Qu disciples are not Han, not good at reading, but can still appreciate Sinicization, promote the use of scholars, so the Hexi region is subject to Hu Rong, and cultural scholarship is not because of the fall, Zong Yu's view is rewarded by Yao Xing, Si qi also an example. As for the Land of The Right of Long, that is, the land of Jin and Qin, those who are in the Middle Ages of Yongliang can receive both the culture of Chang'an and the safety of Hexi, which can preserve scholarship in the chaotic world, which is no different. Therefore, it is hereby discussed with the same kind as Longyou Hexi, and it is indispensable to do so. "Fifth, the architectural pattern of Guzang City influenced the construction of the capitals of the Northern Wei and Sui and Tang dynasties. The writing reads: "There are similarities between the former and later Liangzhi Guzang and the later Northern Wei Luoyang in terms of the palace in the north and the city in the south. Gu Zang was originally the political and cultural center of Liangzhou, and after being added by The Zhang clan, it became a model city in Hexi, just like Luoyang in the Central Plains. Mr. Chen Yinke's theses on the history and culture of Liangzhou have deeply influenced the study of Liangzhou culture since the late twentieth century, and these these assertions have been often quoted by later scholars when studying Liangzhou culture. At the same time, as a new research topic, we will continue to carry out systematic and special research.
Among the people in the Republic of China, Liang Qichao also paid attention to Liangzhou. He was a modern thinker, politician, educator, historian, and writer, one of the leaders of the Penghu Reform (Hundred Days Restoration), and a representative figure of the modern reform school and the new legal scholars. In February 1924, he published "The Geographical Distribution of Modern Academic Styles" in the Journal of Tsinghua (Vol. 1, No. 1). This "ten-day" article, "mainly based on the study of scholars' places of origin", in the chapter "Administrative Regions Divided" when discussing "Gansu", pointed out that "Gansu is separated from the Central Plains, and the culture is simple from the past, but there is also a second-rate scholar in Qianjia, Known as Wuwei Zhang Jiehou (Shu). Good at research, diligent in Ji Ji, especially skilled in Hexi palm. He was friendly with Duan Maotang, Wang Boxhin, and Qian Yanshi. Zhang Shu was a native of Wuwei County, the capital of Liangzhou in the Qing Dynasty, a four-year scholar in Jiaqing, who was elected to the Hanlin Academy, successively served as the governor of Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other prefectures (counties), and once taught at Lanzhou Lanshan Academy and Hanzhong Hannan Academy. He was not only the backbone of the Qianjia School, but also the founder of Liangzhou cultural research. Although Liang Qichao did not include Zhang Shu in Wang Yinzhi, Ruan Yuan, Qian Yiji, and other Qianjia celebrities, his concise and pertinent evaluation not only summed up the main characteristics of Zhang Shu in academic research, but also summarized the Qing dynasty, and the prominent figure in Gansu's academic research was Zhang Shu, a Wuwei man.
Xu Shichang, the president of the Republic of China, was a scholar in the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886), who was awarded the Title of Shu Jishi and Editor of the Hanlin Academy, and was good at historiography, and also paid attention to the Wuwei scholar Zhang Shu during the Qianjia period. In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Xu Shichang served as the general editor of the Qing History Museum, and compiled the "Case of Qing Confucianism" with his friend Wu Tingxie and others. This is a monograph on the history of academic thought, imitating the style and purpose of the "Song YuanXue Case" and the "Ming Confucianism Case", detailing the academic situation of the Qing Dynasty, a total of 1169 Qing Dynasty scholars, Zhang Shu was listed in volume 142, after Xu Song (Xing Bo Xue Case), Qian Yiji, Qian Taiji (Jiaxing Erqian Xue Case). In the "Jiehou Xue Case", Xu Shichang praised: "On the occasion of Qianjia, the study of evidence is prosperous. Longxi is far away, and the descendants are relatively rare. Jiehou rose to prominence, with the name of Bo Qia, wrote a book of great wealth, and was a master of the frontier. The "Jiehou Xue Case" also contains a new biography of Zhang Shu, which includes the "Small Preface To the Wing Inscription", "The Preface to the Examination of the Quotations of the Sayings", the "General Order of the Five Books of Surnames", the "Order of Sima Fa", the "Preface to the Compilation of the World", the "Book of Waiter Lang with Wang Boshen", the "Book of Literature with Zang Zaidong", the "Zhongshu of Shilang with Qian", the "Solution of Yongshu Qiangwei Lu Pengpu Ren", the "Solution of Xianyuan", the "Solution of ghost Fang", and the "Preface to the Collection of Texts of Yangsutang".
The famous writer and thinker Lu Xun read the writings compiled by Zhang Shu when he was a teenager, which left a profound impact and planted a "seed" of scholarship. In the 1915 edition of the Miscellaneous Collections of Ancient Books of Huiji County, Lu Xun wrote: "When I was a child, I tasted the books compiled by Wuwei Zhang Shu, and Wrote a lot of books in Liangtu literature. Du Gong Township, still this is the name. And the old family of huijian has been scattered to this day, and it has not been heard of after the sages. As far as Chuang saw, he took the posthumous passage and tired it into a pile. It can be seen that Lu Xun had read the Liangtu literature compiled by Zhang Shu and had the will to compile the ancient historical documents of his hometown Huiji County. At the same time, it also shows that Zhang Shu's writings are widely circulated, far-reaching, and have unique characteristics in compiling them.
During the Republic of China period, Xiang Da, Xia Nai, Yan Wenru, Li Deyi and Ming Camel also paid attention to Liangzhou culture. Xiang Da, Xia Nai, and Yan Wenru participated in the Northwest Science Expedition from 1944 to 1945 to investigate the prehistoric sites and tombs in Wuwei, and excavated the Tang Dynasty Tuguhun Tomb Group located near Mozuizi, Xinhua Town, Liangzhou District. Xia Nai and Yan Wenru went to Minqin County to investigate the Triangle City and the Ancient City of Lian, and excavated ancient tombs belonging to the shajing culture of the prehistoric era and the Han tomb of Huang Artemisia Well. Li Deyi is the author of "Travels in the Northwest Land", which details the mountains and rivers and winds he saw when passing through Wuwei from July 26 to August 6, 1934. In the summer of 1933, Ming Camel traveled through Lanzhou to various parts of Hexi, and later wrote the "Records of Hexi Seeing and Hearing", in which the two sections of "Zhenfan Various" and "Crossing the Gulang Gorge" specifically recorded what they saw and heard in various parts of Wuwei from the end of October to the beginning of November of that year. These two books are important materials for studying the economic and social society of Wuwei in the modern period, as well as folk customs and customs.
In modern times, the domestic publishing industry has also reprinted and published many works by Wuwei scholars. For example, in 1912, Guangyi Bookstore published 2 volumes of Zhuge Wuhou's "The Art of War of Zhuge Wuhou" compiled by Zhang Shu, in 1918 Jiang Zuo Shulin compiled and printed Zhang Shu's "Complete Works of Zhuge Wuhou", in 1926 Zhongyuan Book Bureau compiled and printed Zhang Shu's "Zhuge Zhongwu Marquis Of War", in 1937 the Commercial Press published Zhang Shu's supplementary "Shiben", and Zhang Shu's "Xihe Chronicle", "Liangzhou Chronicle", and "Liangzhou Foreign Objects" written by Zhang Shu were included in the "Preliminary Compilation of Book Series". The publication of these works has provided a wealth of information for later generations of scholars to study Liangzhou culture and Zhang Shuzhi.
Limited by the information that the author has come into contact with, it is not yet possible to comprehensively and accurately reflect, summarize, and summarize the overall situation of the academic research on the history and culture of Liangzhou during the Republic of China period. However, the research of Historians such as Chen Yinke and Liang Qichao has pointed out the direction for later generations of scholars to study Liangzhou culture and opened the prelude to the study of Liangzhou culture.
About the author: Chai Duomao, assistant researcher of Liangzhou Cultural Research Institute in Wuwei City, author of "Zhang Shu", participated in the writing of "Outline of Wuwei Characteristic Culture", "Selected Poems of Yongliang in Past Dynasties", "Overview of Liangzhou Culture", "National Human Geography of China, Wuwei", "Wuwei Story", "Gannan Story", etc., and published many academic articles in newspapers and periodicals such as "China Discipline Inspection and Supervision Daily, Culture Weekly" and "Social Science Vertical and Horizontal".
Liangzhou Cultural Research is reprinted with permission