The Zizhi Tongjian records that "xiantong was three years old, and the end of Wen began to pay tribute.". At this time, Wen Mo had expelled the Tang army stationed in Liangzhou and established a divided regime belonging to the Wen Mo ethnic group.
With the fourth year of Tianyou (907), Zhu Wendai Tang proclaimed himself emperor and established "Later Liang". The once glorious Tang Empire collapsed after 289 years of enjoying the country, and the history of the Central Plains entered the "Five Dynasties" period of blood and fire.
After that, "Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou" changed seats like a marquee, making the Wen dynasty that divided Liangzhou a bit confused! In the end, the leader of The Late Wen of Liangzhou folded his branches and felt that it was too unreliable, and simply closed himself up. As a result, "Liangzhou was eliminated from China, and Dugua and Sha'erzhou often came for five generations." ”
The only constant in the world is change!
In the first month of the seventh year of later Zhou Xiande (960), a major event occurred in the Central Plains. Zhao Kuangyin launched the "Chen Qiao Mutiny", forcing Emperor Chaizong of Later Zhou to train the throne, set the name of the country as "Song", and changed the name to Yuan Jianlong.
Zhao Kuangyin
At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhufan of Hexi did not pay much attention. Over the years, the Central Plains have been changing people like marquees, and all the people in Hexi have become accustomed to it.
After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was busy subjugating the various separatist forces in the Central Plains, and temporarily could not take care of the Hexi Corridor located on the frontier. The Liangzhou origami family was also content to divide the periphery of Liangzhou and showed little interest in the eastern states of Jing (泾原) and Qin (Tianshui). The two sides are at peace, and neither side cares about the other.
It was not until the fourth year of Qiande (966) that "Zhixi Liangfu folded through the Ge zhi and said: 'There are more than 200 Uighurs and more than 60 Han monks who have come from Shuofang Road to rob the tribe. Monk Yun wanted to go to Tianzhu to learn the scriptures and deliver them to Ganzhou. 'Answered. ”
Folding Ge Zhi made a good gesture, and naturally received a response from the Northern Song Dynasty. However, this is also a move to pull relations between the two countries.
In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), "Liangzhou ordered two envoys to seek passage to Jingzhou to pay tribute to the Shen Dynasty." In the face of Liangzhou's friendly gesture, the Northern Song government also responded to this, "Zhaojing Prefecture will go to Liangzhou to comfort it." Since then, the tributary road between the two regimes has officially begun.
It is estimated that the Origami family found that the Northern Song dynasty seemed to be different from the previous Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou dynasties. It's been more than a decade, and it's still very stable. Since this regime is strong, it may as well lean in. In this way, the Wen Dynasty's Folding Tong clan regime maintained a tepid and friendly relationship with the Northern Song Dynasty through the tributary system.
Li Jiqian
At this time, the Northern Song Dynasty did not have much interest in Liangzhou. Although Zhao Kuangyin set up Xiliang Province in Liangzhou, it was also a name and did not establish a management agency. In addition, during this period, the Northern Song Dynasty did not receive any real threats in the northwestern frontier, and the Song army was still able to gain an advantage in the confrontation with Li Jiqian, the party member of XiaZhou. Therefore, the Northern Song Dynasty only set up the post of Liangzhou Observer in Xiliang province, just to maintain contact with the Liangzhou area. The Liangzhou origami regime was also not invaded by other local regimes.
But the time when we were at peace did not last long. The rise of the Xiang Tuoba clan in Xia Prefecture (Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province) broke the original power structure of the Hexi regimes.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the party was mainly distributed in northern Sichuan and southern Qinghai.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Chi, the leader of the Tuoba clan of the Dangxiang clan, resigned to Tang and was given the surname of Li.
Due to the rise and expansion of the Tubo Dynasty, the sphere of influence of the Dangxiang tribe was constantly squeezed and began to move inland, and the Tang Dynasty placed the Dangxiang people who had moved north in the area of Qingzhou (Qingcheng County, Gansu). After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Tubo occupied all the land west of Hexi, and the dangxiang moved again to the north of Yinzhou (Shaanxi Mizhi) and east of Xiazhou (Jingbian, Shaanxi). During the Huangchao Rebellion, the party leader Tuoba Sigong was credited with suppressing the rebellion, and was again given the surname of Li, and was given the title of Envoy of the Difficult Army, and was in charge of Xia, Yin, Sui (Suide, Shaanxi), Yu (former Qichengchuan Town, Otok), and JingWu Prefecture, and set up a seat of governance in Xia Prefecture. Subsequently, the Xia Prefecture party grew in power and began a de facto local division.
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the dangxiang power was already very strong, the southern ordos pastures were rich in good horses, and the agricultural areas at the junction of the Xia and Song dynasties provided a large amount of cattle and sheep grain and grass for the dangxiang.
The Ordos region is also rich in fine green salt. The best green salt, which was extremely precious at the time, could be used as currency and was a real luxury. In the Pingxia region, the annual production of green salt can reach about 15,000 Hu, which makes the Dangxiang tribe and its wealth. However, all along, the party's ambitions were not great, and it was satisfied with existing as a divided regime. Therefore, the Dangxiang tribes in the Pingxia region maintained relatively good relations with the Liao and Song dynasties, and belonged to the Northern Song dynasty.
Zhao Guangyi
In the fifth year of the Taiping Revival (980), After Li Ji took the throne and established himself as a retainer, Emperor Taizong of Song made him an envoy of the Dingnan Army.
Li Jipeng had no ambitions as always, but Emperor Taizong of Song and Zhao Guangyi coveted the rich Pingxia region.
In the seventh year of the Taiping Revival (982), Zhao Guangyi adopted the policy of releasing his military power from his brother's cup of wine, intending to exchange the high-ranking official Houlu for the return of Ping and Xia Prefectures.
Li Jipeng had no great ambitions, and after receiving the summons of the Northern Song Dynasty, he came to the city of Bieliang and obediently handed over the scepter of jiedushi. Zhao Guangyi was very happy, gave him the surname Zhao, and changed his name to Zhao Baozhong.
But his younger brother Li Jiqian is a personal master, and he knows that this trip is tantamount to the dragon losing water, and there is no possibility of overturning. He fled into the vast grassland and hid, and the Northern Song Dynasty did not pay much attention to Li Jiqian, who left alone. However, on the grassland, he married several powerful daughters as wives and concubines, and gradually grew through in-law relations.
In the second year of Yongxi (985), Li Jiqian booby-trapped the Song general Cao Guangshi and occupied Yinzhou, and then attacked Huizhou (靖遠, in Gansu). In order to resist the pressure of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Jiqian also "asked the Liao state to surrender" and expressed his willingness to become a vassal state of the Liao state.
Cao Guangshi
At that time, Song and Liao were fighting in Shanxi and Hebei, and naturally greeted Li Jiqian's coming and going, married a Princess of the Liao Kingdom, and named her "King of Pingxi".
With the support of the Liao state, Li Jiqian began to expand his power to the southwest, repeatedly attacking the borders and caravans of the various regimes in Hexi.
In the second year of Chunhua (991), Ayudan told the Song Dynasty that the Liangzhou caravan had been plundered by the Dangxiang people after selling horses in the Beijing Division.
Also plundered by the Dangxiang were the Ganzhou Uighurs and other Tubo tribes.
Faced with the threat from the north, relations between the Hexi tribes and the Song Dynasty quickly heated up.
The Hexi tribes hoped to gain protection from the Song dynasty by paying tribute to the Song Dynasty, while the Northern Song regime hoped to contain the party by supporting the Hexi Clan.
It was also in this year that the Northern Song Dynasty and the end of Liangzhou Wen officially began the tea and horse mutual market.
In the six years from the second year of Chunhua (991) to the second year of Dao 996 (996), liugubu paid tribute to the Northern Song Dynasty almost once a year, and the most important tribute was the horses urgently needed by the Northern Song Dynasty, many of which reached more than a thousand horses at a time. The Northern Song Dynasty also gave generous rewards to the various departments of Liangzhou, taking their pleasure to show their envelopment.
Situation map of the Song Dynasty
In the fourth year of Chunhua (993), Origami Ayudan died, and Song Ting succeeded him as Zhixi Liangfu with his brother Origami Youlongbao.
Although the relations between the two countries are hot, it will not solve the threat of the party members going south.
In the face of the increasingly frequent plundering of the Dangxiang people from the south, the Hui Que of Ganzhou and the Tubo departments of Liangzhou began to demand that the Song Dynasty send troops to attack the Dangxiang people.
The History of song says: "(Uighur) Khan Lu Sheng sent Cao Wantong to pay tribute with a jade horse, a dufeng peakless camel, a bin iron sword armor, and a glass vessel. Wantong said to himself... May the imperial court appoint the commander-in-chief, so that the binding will be moved to the sacrifice. ”
The Tubo tribes of Liangzhou, also unable to bear the plundering of the party, wrote to the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty and requested that the joint troops attack the party, "In April of the second year of the Dao, the leader of the (Liangzhou Tubo) Folding Ping clan shook the shangyan, and the tribe was invaded by Li Jiqian, and he was willing to bing Lingzhou to prepare for the attack. "Folding the Dragon Bowl is also played," The BowBe frequently invaded for the succession, but the Tubo capital deployed and did not have time to drag the people of Huiliugu to the dynasty, and offered the name horse. Generously blessed. ”
The various tribes of Hexi were excited, and in addition to this year, Li Jiqian robbed the Grain and Grass of the Song Army and sent troops to besiege Lingwu. Emperor Taizong of Song was furious and sent the Five Roads Song Army to attack Xia, but unfortunately the Song Army was really not able to fight the war, and the Five Roads were defeated.
Defeated the Party forces of the Song army and stepped up the invasion of Liangzhou. Under this heavy pressure, the folding dragon bowl had to ask the Song Dynasty for a marshal, "Yes, Liangzhou fu came to ask for a marshal, and ordered Ding Weiqing to know the state affairs, and gave him a brand seal." Ding Weiqing was aware of Liangzhou affairs, but was only a liaison officer sent by the Song Dynasty to Xiliang Province, responsible for coordinating the Tubo tribes around Liangzhou and local forces such as the Uighurs in Ganzhou, and did not lead troops to garrison Xiliang province. Of course, even if the Northern Song Dynasty wanted to garrison troops, Liangzhou Wen Mo did not necessarily agree.
In the face of the pressure of the party, there was no good way to deal with the dragon bowl, and could only cling to the Northern Song Dynasty for self-preservation.
Map of the Territory of the Northern Song Dynasty
Unfortunately, the military in the northwest of the Song Dynasty was really not good, and the Liangzhou Wen mo clique, which had given up its autonomy to a certain extent, did not receive much security guarantees.
On November 1, the first year of Xianping (998), there was no way to do anything to break the dragon bowl, and even personally ran to the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bieliang, to ask for advice.
It was unprecedented for the rulers of the hexi separatist regime to personally pay tribute. This proves that his regime is in serious crisis.
The "History of Song" records: "The deputy envoy of the left wing of the Hexi Army, the general Guide, folded the Dragon Bowl to come to the dynasty. You Longbao IV was appointed as a chieftain, although he paid tribute to fangshi, he did not taste himself, and now he began to sacrifice more than 2,000 horses. The Hexi Army is Guliang Prefecture. "Unfortunately, the Song Dynasty only gave him the title of official," zhao made Long Bao the great general of An Yuan, and You Long Bao was honored by the Imperial Palace of Xie En. Because of the lack of gold and colorful decorations in the local floating map, they are now given to each other. ”
The Song Dynasty's handling of the situation did not help the Liangzhou regime at all.
From the unusual move of folding the dragon bowl, it is speculated that his policy of abandoning independence and self-seeking the Northern Song Dynasty may have attracted opposition within Liangzhou.
In October of the third year of Xianping (1000), the Song Dynasty once again "Zhao Xi Liangfu Liugu Grand Chieftain Folding Dragon Bowl and other generals, Lang General, Si Ge." But the following year, the top leaders of the Liangzhou regime changed. Pan Luozhi became the de facto ruler of Liangzhou, and the Dragon Bowl retreated to the second place.
The Song HuiJiao records that "Pan Luozhi, the grand chief of the Six Valleys of Western Liang Province, was the defense envoy of Yanzhou and the inspector of the western part of Lingzhou. Shi Xiliang envoys came, and said that the six valleys were divided into left and right chambers, and the deputy envoy of the left chamber folded the dragon bowl shi shanluo zhishi, the imperial court FangWu Suihuai, and the dragon bowl led the assassination of Youzhou, and the leader of the six tribes, Zhu Xiaji, and three other three people were the generals of Huaihua. At this point, after fifty years of controlling the regime, the Liangzhou local tycoon Folding Family handed over the wand of power to the Panluozhi family.
But instead of quitting the center of the game of thrones, he became PanRocht's deputy, serving as a deputy envoy to the left wing.