Text/Youth
【Introduction】
"Poetry ghost" Li He has a sentence "Why don't boys take Wu hooks and collect Guanshan Fifty Prefectures", I think it is a bit of a tang dynasty atmosphere. The only difference is that the poets of the Sheng Tang Dynasty rushed to the frontier, or served as the shogunate, or went to battle to kill the enemy, earning a great reputation for themselves and laying a foundation for the Tang Dynasty. However, when he came to Li He, he could not put it into practice, so he had to paint his ambitions with poetry in the South Garden, where he lived idly after the setback of the imperial examination.
The fifty prefectures here are not fictitious, but more than fifty prefectures and counties that were really occupied and divided by the fanzhen in the late Tang Dynasty, including today's Henan, Hebei and other places in Shandong.
A dynasty is bound to face internal and external disputes, and if the lined feudal towns are still only the internal struggles of the dynasty, then the invasion of Tubo after the Anshi Rebellion is an external crisis that is difficult for the dynasty to deal with.
Today's poem tells about the invasion of Tubo and the fall of Liangzhou for more than half a century.
【Psalms】
Liangzhou word three · three Zhang Zhi (Tang Dynasty) Fenglin Guanli water flows east, white grass yellow elm sixty autumn. The generals all inherit the lord's grace, and no one understands The way to Take Liangzhou.
【Presence】
Tubo, which arose in the early seventh century AD, is the earliest clearly documented regime in Tibet, that is, the Tibetan regime when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet.
At the time of the tang dynasty, Tubo had a friendly attitude and did not have a right or wrong. However, in 755 AD, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and the Sheng Tang Dynasty never returned, and the national strength plummeted. Tubo also took the opportunity to raise troops, went east to "herd horses", and occupied dozens of prefectures and towns in the northwest of the Tang Dynasty, including Liangzhou, for more than half a century from the late eighth century to the middle of the ninth century.
For more than half a century, the people of the Tang Dynasty watched the Tubo people flaunt their might in the place where they once lived, or angry, or mournful, and hated both the Tubo people for treachery and the incompetence of their court. Thousands of emotions flowed into the heart of the poet Zhang Yuan, who wrote these three "Liangzhou Words" for the people's life.
【Recitation】
The title of the poem is "Liangzhou Words", which is not strictly speaking the title of the poem, but the title of the song. A large part of the poems we read now were composed and sung in ancient times, but they are old and the tune has been lost. I hope that one day, either I, or our descendants, will be able to retrieve the lost scores of antiquity, so that modern people can also hear the tones of the chants of thousands of years ago.
At that time, the charm of poetry was complete.
"Liangzhou Ci", there are many famous passages in the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Han's "Drunken Lying on the Battlefield Jun Mo Smile, Ancient Conquest of Several People Back"; Wang Zhizhuo's "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, a lonely city of Wanlingshan", are all introductory Tang poems that we are familiar with.
In addition, there is the late Tang Dynasty Xue Feng's "The Nine Curves of the Yellow River Are Now Returning to Han, and the Blood Flow of the Battle Outside the Cyprus." This poem is very special because what he says is consistent with the content of Zhang Yuan's poem.
While Zhang Zhi was complaining about Tubo's invasion and the fall of Liangzhou, Xue Feng recorded how Zhang Yichao recovered Liangzhou. Interested friends can read this poem by Xue Feng.
The following is a formal look at Zhang Yuan's "Liangzhou Words", the content is actually very simple. Fenglin Pass is an ancient pass in present-day Linxia, Gansu, which belonged to Hezhou in Longyou Province in the Tang Dynasty, located on the south bank of the Yellow River. The water of the Yellow River outside Fenglin Pass is still flowing eastward; the white grass and yellow elm on the shore are in full bloom in spring and autumn, and 60 years have passed.
In 60 years, when Zhang Zhi wrote this poem, Tubo occupied Liangzhou.
The first two sentences give me the feeling of being faint, but there is a kind of time power in it, making the faint emotions become turbulent. In 60 years, people have changed three generations, but the lost land of my Datang has not yet been able to recover.
The last two sentences can be described as a poor dagger.
You border generals, one by one, under the grace of the imperial court, are all cowering and dare not compete for the lead, and none of you dare to recover the lost land?
These two sentences are very direct, and there is no concern for the faces of those who are officials at the same time. In fact, in Zhang Yuan's time, the accusations against the border generals were not only Zhang Zhi himself, but Yuan Bai had written poems with similar themes.
Bai Juyi wrote in the "Western Liang Trick": "Liangzhou fell for forty years, and the river long invaded for seven thousand miles. Usually Anxi Wanli Frontier, today the border defense is in Fengxiang. The edge of the empty tun 100,000 pawns, full of food and warm clothes to idle for a day. The intestines of the remnants were cut off in Liangzhou, and the pawns were not intended to be collected. Yuan Shu's "Western Liang Trick" also said: "Once the Yan thieves chaotic China, the river huang suddenly left the empty hill." Even the city side will but high will, every time you say this song can not be ashamed? ”
The two poems are equally direct, indicating that this was already a serious problem at the time, and the officials had noticed it. Unfortunately, the end of the dynasty means that the talent withers away and does not want to forge ahead. In the end, the border generals did not carry forward their strength, and they still had to wait until Zhang Yichao of the Dunhuang Hao clan dispersed his family wealth to organize volunteer soldiers and fought hard for several years before they could fully recover the lost land.
The history around 850 is the last sunset in the history of the Tang Dynasty.
In the extended reading, there are two other three songs of Zhang Zhiliangzhou's words, these two songs are not so emotionally intense, and focus more on the description of the border scenery, which can be combined to read.
【Further reading】
The border city of twilight rain geese fly low, asparagus nascent gradually want to join. Countless ringtones passed by the moraine, and should be practiced to Anxi.
The gates of the ancient town were opened in white, and Hu Bing often piled up in the sand. The patrol should be early, and if you want to ask for safety, you will not come.
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