Li Mingfei: Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript" So The Truth Of The Examination丨2110-11 (Total No. 1799)

Transferred from the WeChat public account of "Zhengwen Kao xie".

Executive Summary

Qian Daxin was a giant historian of the Qianjia era, especially known for his Yuan history, and it is said that he left a posthumous work "Yuan History Manuscript" behind him. The Japanese scholar Shimada Han once saw the remnants during his visit to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, which caused a certain impact in China. However, through the Daoguangjian scholar Mao Yuesheng's annotations on Qian Daxin, it can be seen that the work done by Qian Daxin was only to revise the text on the basis of the Ming revision of the "History of Yuan", delete the biography, and add the "Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi" and the "Yuan Shi Clan Table", etc., and was not a new "Yuan History Draft". Shimada Han's claim that he had seen Qian Daxin's manuscript was not credible, and the "YuanShi Draft" written by Qian Daxin's sons Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu was also exaggerated.

About the Author

Li Mingfei, born in 1983. He graduated from the Department of History of Peking University in 2011. He is currently an associate researcher at the Research Office of the History of Sino-Foreign Relations at the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. His research expertise is yuan history and the history of Sino-foreign relations.

As a representative figure of Qianjia Sinology in the Qing Dynasty, Qian Daxin's achievements and contributions in historiography naturally do not need to be repeated. Regarding Qian's historical research, the study of Yuan history has created the most and had the greatest influence. Qian Daxin not only has "Yuan Shi Kao Yi" in "Twenty-Two Shi Kao Yi", but also has monographs such as "Yuan Shi Jin Shi Kao", "Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi", "Yuan Shi Clan Table", and the examination of the Yuan Stele in the "Hidden Research Hall Jinshi Wen Wei Wei" also has considerable length. In addition, many Yuan historical materials, such as the "Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty", "Records of the Sacred Martial Pro-Expedition", "Changchun Zhenren Journey to the West", etc., were also first revealed by Qian Daxin, and only then did they begin to be valued by scholars of later generations. We have every reason to believe that before the establishment of the discipline of meta-history in the modern sense, Qian Daxin was the most accomplished scholar in this field.

Among Qian Daxin's many achievements in yuan history, what has aroused the greatest interest and attention of scholars is the unfinished draft of the legendary "Yuan History". Qian Daxin once wrote the "Yuan History Manuscript", which has been widely known to scholars since Qian's death. Since the fall of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, rumors about Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft" have also appeared from time to time. For example, the Japanese scholar Shimada Han once wrote an article entitled "The Remains of Famous People Seen in Jiangsu and Zhejiang", claiming that he had personally seen the twenty-eight fragments of the "YuanShi Manuscript" written by Qian Daxin, as well as Qian's hand-approved "Yuandian Zhang", and the "Yuanshi Manuscript" was mostly taken from the "Yuandian Zhang", "many undeveloped secrets". [1] Shimada's theory had a great influence in China and was repeatedly quoted by scholars. Some scholars have written an article pointing out that Qian Daxin's collection of banknotes, the Yuandian Chapter, is now in the National Library, and the so-called Qian Daxin hand-approved "Yuandian Zhang" is probably a figment of the imagination. [2] However, it is not yet clear whether Shimada Han's allegedly seen Qian's YuanShi Manuscript is true. Therefore, the author examines the ins and outs of the legend of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft" and believes that not only is Shimada Han's personal opinion insufficient, but the so-called qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft" of one hundred volumes at that time is probably unreliable. The theory that Qian Daxin had a remnant of the "YuanShi Draft" passed down to the world was actually caused by the exaggeration and misunderstanding of a series of rumors. This article is specially written, and I hope that the princes of Boya will correct it.

I. The legend of Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft" since the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China is dispelled

In his "Writings of Famous People Seen in Jiangsu and Zhejiang", Shimada Han claimed to have seen seventeen rare books, all of which were manuscripts of famous artists in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which was fascinating to read. Among them, Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript" ranked second, and Shimada Han said:

"Yuan History Manuscript", written by Zhu Ting Bishi Energy, Yuan Yuan Ben, can be called the history of faith of a generation, the so-called text reduced to the front, the matter is multiplied. Behind Zhu Ting, the outer transmission of Ben Xi is few, and its existence is like death. The whole book is in 100 volumes, the first volume of the missing volume to the twenty-fifth volume.

Later, after Qian's hand-approved "Yuandian Chapter", it was mentioned that "the canonical chapter is naturally available, and it can be ordered to repair the grass leakage of the "Yuanshi", and Qian's "Yuanshi Draft" is more selective." This article caused a great shock in Chinese and foreign academic circles at that time, as can be seen from Han Rulin's article "Review and Prospect of Yuan History Research" published in the 1940s, and even Bo Xihe was influenced by Shimada Han's article, believing that Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft" may still exist in the world. [3] Other bibliographic scholars such as Fan Xizeng and Chen Naiqian have quoted Shimada Han in their writings,[4] and qian's manuscripts of the Yuan History are still said to have been passed down from generation to generation, and continued to circulate among Chinese scholars in the second half of the 20th century. Not only has it been discussed in works such as Fang Shiming and Zhou Dianjie's "Qian Daxin", Zhang Tao and Deng Shengguo's "Commentary on Qian Daxin", and Bai Shouyi's "General History of China, Yuan Dynasty Volumes" introduces historical materials and also mentions this matter, and more scholars have written special papers on this issue. [5] All of the above scholars believed in Shimada's account, but the highly anticipated fragment of the YuanShi Manuscript never appeared in the public eye.

In contrast, Japanese scholars have always been cautious about Shimada's article. For example, in the book "History of Chinese Historiography", Naito Hunan mentioned Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft" and said, "It is said that he has a manuscript of the YuanShi Manuscript, but that is inaccurate. The late Shimada said he had seen the book, but wasn't sure." [6] Naito's repudiation of Shimada's claims was due to his poor reputation among Japanese scholars. Nagasawa's rules have long criticized his "Examination of Ancient Texts and Old Books", believing that its words cannot be believed: "He likes to write some things that seem to be true at first glance, but when he reads them again, he has no such thing at all, which is an easy lie for the discerning person." [7] The Examination of Old Texts is a monograph that Shimada Han had already published during his lifetime, and there are still many untrue theories, and the article "The Remains of Celebrities Seen in Jiangsu and Zhejiang" is included in the "Visit to Yulu", which was compiled by Yoshitaro Tanaka after he killed himself after the incident of stealing the Kanesawa Bunko "Notes on the Anthology of The Anthology". [8] In other words, the article was not published during Shimada's lifetime, and we cannot understand the purpose and background of his writing, but from some expressions, the article is full of doubts. For example, he proposed that Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript" adopt more "Yuandian Zhang", but we can see in Qian Daxin's works that Qian Daxin's use of the "Yuandian Zhang" is not sufficient, and the "Yuandian Zhang" is quoted only six times in the "Yuan Shi Kaoyi", and the "New Record of the Ten Driving Zhai Yang" is only twice. It can be seen from this that although Qian Daxin was an early scholar who attached importance to the historical value of the Yuandian Zhang, his research depth on the Yuandian Zhang was still insufficient. Under such circumstances, it is difficult to imagine that Qian Daxin would adopt more of the "YuanDian Zhang" in the "Yuan History Draft".

After Shimada Han claimed to have seen the twenty-eight volumes of Qian Daxin's YuanShi Manuscript, scholars in the Republic of China also noticed the traces of Qian's Yuanshi Manuscript. Du Weiyun relayed Mr. Mou Runsun's observations in the article "The Historiography of Qian Daxin":

The Beiping Library Bibliography B is a compilation of Baoshan Mao Yuesheng's approved school supervisor's "History of Yuan", that is, it is outlined and supplemented by Zhu Pen according to Qian's "Historical Manuscript", Dan Huang is all over the place, and there are Mao's dialects after each volume, stating the time when the manuscript was transferred according to the money manuscript. In Beiping, Master Mou Runsun had read his books and tasted several volumes of records, which were elaborated for the sake of maintenance. The Japanese Shimada Han's "Examination of Ancient Texts and Old Books" with "The Remaining Records of Jiangnan's Visits" Yun received eleven huge volumes of Qian's "History of the Yuan" in Jiangnan, and his statement is by no means fictional, but unfortunately he has not seen humanity since then, and I am afraid that it is impossible to ask questions now. [9]

According to Yidu Weiyun's recounting, Mou Runsun once saw the Mao Yuesheng school copy "History of Yuan" in the North Map, which recorded the contents of Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Manuscript" and recorded in detail the time of the transfer, which seems to be circumstantial evidence of Shimada Hanzhi's statement. However, when Mou Runsun himself gave a lecture at Peking University in April 1980, his statement was slightly different from Du Weiyun's paraphrasing:

Qian Daxin... He once wrote the "History of the Yuan", and the Japanese Shimada Han's "Examination of The Old Books of Ancient Texts" with the "Records of Visiting Jiangnan" said that he did see Qian Daxin's manuscript of the "History of the Yuan" somewhere in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Baoshan Mao Yuesheng recorded Qian's revised "History of Yuan" on the engraved "History of Yuan", which is a collection of Books of The Li Clan in Tianjin, which I had seen before the War of Resistance. [10]

Mr. Mou's speech in his later years was that "Qian's revised "History of Yuan"" shows that it is only Qian Daxin's revision of the "History of Yuan" on top of a "History of Yuan", not the manuscript of "History of Yuan" written by Qian Daxin, but what Du Weiyun wrote is "sketched and supplemented according to Qian's "History of History"," which is directly based on the manuscript of "History of Yuan", and the nature of the two is very different. Whether Mr. Mou's account was slightly exaggerated at the beginning, or whether Du Weiyun's record was untrue, is now unknown, and all the focus of solving Qian Daxin's posthumous manuscript seems to be focused on Mao Yuesheng's batch of schoolbook "History of Yuan". [11]

Mao Yuesheng's batch of school books is now in tibet at the National Library of China (SUO NO.:/A02183), and the base copy is the Ming carved Beijian Ben "History of Yuan", which has Zhu Xueqin Jie Yilu, Xu Naichang Ji Xuezhai and other Tibetan seals. Mao Yuesheng used ink to record Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Kaoyi" and Wang Huizu's "Yuanshi Benzheng" and other examinations in this book, and there were Mao's own opinions. At the end of each volume, Mao Yuesheng recorded the time of recording and proofreading, such as the end of volume two with the inscription "May Shuo Day Chen Inscribed With ShengFu", and at the end of Volume IV there is a record of "May 3rd Shen Inscribed School Record Actually Shengfu". Occasionally, there are records of the exchange activities at that time, such as the "Record of the Fourteenth Year of Daoguang (1834) on April 28, 1834" at the end of volume 1. On the new day of March, when he went from Jiading to the official residence of Yuanhe County in Suzhou, Yao Shifu knew that it was Yi, and invited Yu to come to Japan to serve as Huang Qianfu's "Collected Interpretations of the Records of Rizhilu", and also wrote a preface and a common example, which began in six days. Shengfu". Among them, there is only one place related to Qian Daxin, in the third cloud of the volume:

Daoguang returned from Wumen on December 17, 1313, borrowed Mr. Qian's Xin Lintel to delete and revise the book, and completed this volume on the twentieth day. Yue Sheng wrote in the Doctrine of Theory of Theory of The Restoration of The East.

From the "Deleted and Revised Edition of Mr. Qian Xinlin", it can be seen that Mao Yuesheng obtained a "Yuan History" that was approved and proofread by Qian Daxin, rather than the "Yuan History Draft" personally created by Qian Daxin as described by Du Wei. In Mao's transcripts, it is not difficult for us to find that where Mao Yuesheng wrote "Qian Shi Yue" or "Qian Shi Yun" in Zhu Pen, they were all approved proofreadings of Qian Daxin, and also included Qian Daxin's addition and deletion of the "History of Yuan". Part of Qian Daxin's batch of schools has been found in the "Twenty-two Shi Kao Yi", and some of them belong to the nature of reading and reading. Regarding this part of the Qian's Batch School, we will continue to discuss it later, and we will not expand on it here. However, from these criticisms, we can see that the "Yuan History" that Mao Yuesheng saw and that Qian Daxin deleted and commented on is not the new "Yuan History" created by Zhongqian Daxin as we understand it. That is to say, since Shimada Han, the rumors surrounding the whereabouts of Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft" in the late Qing Dynasty have been endless, but these rumors are inaccurate to varying degrees and cannot be trusted. Why do later scholars insist that Qian Daxin created such a "Yuan History Manuscript"? Where did this claim come from?

Second, the derivation of the rumors of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft"

The legend that Qian Daxin had a manuscript of the "History of the Yuan" was first written by Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu, the sons of qian. Just after Qian's death, Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongjue wrote in the "Xingshu" mentioned:

Fu Jun read less of the histories, see the "History of the Yuan" ugly and slightly false, want to rewrite a book, Bo Ji Zai, and Jinshi script, correct its absurdity, and make up for its deficiencies. It is also the most difficult to examine the Yuanren clan, and it is created as a table. The "YuanShi Yiwen" written by later generations is also unfinished, and it is even more summarized and supplemented. The rest of the chronicles, biographies, chronicles, and tables have all been unscripted, but they have not yet been compiled. It is a small number of years of eyesight, in order to examine and correct various articles into the "Examination difference", and the two books of "Clan" and "Yiwen" are compiled into a Qing ben. [12]

This passage mentions that Qian Daxin re-compiled the manuscript of the "History of the Yuan", and the basic content has been completed, but it has not been written. The same statement is mentioned at the end of the Book of Conduct. When introducing Qian Daxin's works, Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu divided Qian's works into four categories: engraved, unexscribed, unfinished, and schooled, of which there was a sentence of "several volumes of the Unfinished History of the Yuan". [13] Since the Dongbi, Dongshu brothers, and Qian Daxin were father and son, this statement was naturally accepted by scholars. In the eleventh year of Jiaqing (1806), after Qian Daxin's "Qianyantang Anthology" was completed, Duan Yujue wrote a preface to this book, also known as "Suo wrote many books in the world, and spent the most effort in the history of the Yuan Dynasty, but the manuscript of the whole book was undecided",[14] which was obviously influenced by the quoted "Xingshu". After that, Huang Zhong, a disciple of the Qian clan, engraved the "Table of the YuanShi Clan" for Naishi, and it is also mentioned in the text that "the ministers of the early Ming Dynasty revised the "YuanShi", and the beginning was not as old as the coin, and there were hasty things, of which there were many Miao Miao... He tried not to be a chronicle, so as to become a generation of letter history, and the manuscript has been changed several times but has not yet died",[15] which is also related to the saying of the "Xingshu". However, Qian Qing, Qian Daxin's great-grandson Qian Qing, when continuing to compile the Annals of the Residents of Zhuting, made some minor adjustments when quoting the Xingshu, changing "the rest of the chronicles, biographies, zhi, and tables have been unscripted" to "many have been unscripted",[16] apparently having reservations about his grandfather and uncle's statement. In order to explain the whereabouts of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript", Jiang Fan proposed that "because of the search for Yuanren's poetry collections, novels, notes, gold stones, and tablets, and the revision of the "YuanShi", I was afraid that I would violate the order and change it to "Yuanshi Chronicle". [17] Since the YuanShi Manuscript and the YuanShi Chronicle are obviously different in style, this statement is also not preferred by scholars. [18]

After the "Xingshu" written by The Brothers Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu, Qian Shijing, the grandson of Qian Dazhao, again mentioned Qian Daxin's manuscript of the "History of the Yuan" in the "Jiading Qian's Yiwen Zhiluo", "the hundred volumes of the YuanShi Manuscript, at the Jinling Wang Clan". [19] This matter is described in detail in Cheng Qiyuxiu's Jiading County Chronicle of Yiwen in the seventh year of Guangxu (1881):

"Yuan Shu Ji Manuscript": "Yuan Shi" is omitted, and Da Xin Bei compiled this compilation. At the beginning of Daoguang Chu, his grandson Shi Kang official Qi Men taught the edict and inspected Tao Shusuo's suicide note, and Shi Kang used this manuscript with him. When the Da Xin Men people went to Yuan Wang Enzhi An Qing Province, Shu belonged to the En School Journal. Sick, not fruitful. Before long, Shi Kang was also a pawn, and he was a writer. [20]

According to the Jiading County Chronicle, Qian Daxin's manuscripts of the Yuan History were kept by Qian Shikang, the son of Qian Dongshu, before Daoguang. During the Daoguang years, Qian Shikang delivered the manuscript to Wang En for revision, and as a result, Wang En and Qian Shikang fell ill and died one after another, and the manuscript disappeared. Most later scholars believe in the records of Qian Shijing and the Jiading County Chronicle, believing that the scattering of Qian's manuscripts occurred during the Daoguang period. However, in this incident, we need to pay attention to the fact that when the two brothers Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu mentioned Qian Daxin's manuscript of the "History of Yuan" in the "Xingshu", they did not specify the number of detailed volumes, but only mentioned "not yet compiled" and "several volumes of the "Unfinished History of the Yuan"" were mentioned. By the time Qian Shijing wrote the Jiading Qian's Yiwen Zhiluo, it had become "One Hundred Volumes of the YuanShi Manuscript", and suddenly there was a definite number of volumes and volumes. Shimada Han claimed to have seen the hundred volumes of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft", which was obviously related to Qian Shijing's so-called hundred-volume "YuanShi Manuscript", which is also the reason why later scholars believed that Shimada Han had personally seen Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft".

Although Qian's sons, nephews, and great-grandchildren all emphasize that Qian Daxin has such a manuscript of the History of the Yuan, from Qian Daxin's self-report, such a book does not seem to have been completed. Qian Daxin said that he was interested in revising the "History of the Yuan", and in his writings, he saw four things. Among them, only one place can be roughly examined about the time, from the third poem in the "Collected Poems of QianyanTang" Volume VI "Four Poems of the Memorial Service of Zhou Xihuang in Xuzhou":

Reading history runs through the series of gongs, the vision is like a moon breaking the crowd, and after lin's old affairs are compiled, it is even more similar to who is a hostage. (Yu recently revised the "History of the Yuan".) ）[21]

Zhou Xihuang (周西隒) is Zhou Tiandu (周天度), also known as Zhou Tiandu (周天度), also known as Zhou Tiandu (周天度), and Qianlong (1752) Jinshi (進士). When Qian Daxin Qianlong entered Beijing in the seventeenth year, he was suitable to take a boat with Zhou Tiandu, who entered the Beijing examination, and thus made an engagement. [22] Zhou Tiandu died in Xuzhou Zhizhou, and Qian Daxin passed through Xuzhou at this time, so he wrote mourning poems. The background of this poem can be seen from the first of these four poems:

Three years of Jintai do not divide, Miao for the respect and courtesy. In this dynasty, when I really went to Fancheng Road, I didn't see the old ambassadors. (He 卯夏, Xu Zhouren of the Western Han Dynasty, said goodbye to Yu Zhai, and said"Wait for the Zidian to try the two lakes, too Xu, a certain when the crossbow drove the ears.") ”）

The reason why Qian Daxin passed through Xuzhou to mourn his deceased friend was because his old friend had a classic test of the two lakes and was willing to be a precursor covenant. While Qian Daxin was appointed as an examiner for the Hunan Township Examination in May of the 27th year of Qianlong,[23] the time when these four poems were written was shortly thereafter. Therefore, Qian Daxin's revision of the "History of the Yuan" should be around the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong.

Qian Daxin's letter to Qian Dazhao mentions that he had published the "History of yuan" and "The Book of Erya" with obscurity:

Yu Xi was in the Capital Division, and had the ambition to write a story, throwing Li and Sun Zhi's fall, correcting Guo and Xing's violations. As for the Sayings of Kang Cheng, shu zhong zhi zhi jie, refer to each other to take determination, enlighten a lot. After tasting the desire to be made into a compilation, after the narrator, following the act of publishing the "History of the Yuan", the force failed to be combined, and he quit the work. [24]

From this letter, it can be seen that when Qian Daxin was in Beijing, he intended to study "Erya", but he dropped out because he "published the "History of the Yuan". Qian entered Beijing in the seventeenth year of Qianlong, and in the fifteenth year of Beijing, Qianlong returned home in the thirty-second year due to the illness of his wife Wang. The letter said that "in the Kyoshi ... The publication of the "History of The Yuan" should be the same as the revision of the "History of the Yuan" around the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong.

Qian Daxin also said in the "Twenty-Second Shi Kao Strange Order":

When giving the weak crown, it is good to read the B book, and after the general book, it is especially specialized. Since "History", "Han" and "Jin" and "Yuan", the author has twenty-two homes, repeatedly proofreading, although cold and hot, he has not dropped out. Occasional gains, written on other pieces of paper. Ding Hai is old, begging for leave to return to The Li, slightly second. There is a gain in age, and there is a lot of curls. [25]

Ding Hai was Qianlong for thirty-two years. From this preface, it can be seen that Qian Daxin had already begun to write the "Twenty-second Shi Kao Yi" before Qianlong returned to his hometown in the thirty-second year. Therefore, the "publication of the YuanShi" mentioned by Qian Daxin in his letter to Qian Dazhao and the "revision of the Yuanshi" mentioned in the notes of Qianlong's twenty-seventh year mourning Zhou Tiandu poem are probably related to the "Yuanshi Kaoyi" part of the "Twenty-second Shi Kaoyi".

Judging from Qian Daxin's expression in his later years, he did have the intention of carrying out a systematic supplementary work for the "History of yuan", but in the end he failed to complete it. Qian Shi, in the "Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi" at the beginning of the "Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi", has a detailed description of the plan to supplement the "Yuan Shi":

Da Xin Xiang was in the pavilion, paying attention to the old classics, taking the "History of Yuan" written by Hongwu as redundant and leaky, especially sloppy, and intended to imitate the examples of Fan Weizong and Ouyang Yongshu, not to compile the order, change the catalog, or delete or supplement. The graded grass is not ready. After returning to the field, the matter was abolished. Only the second drafts of the "Genealogy Table" and "Art and Literature Chronicle" are still in the works. [26]

This article is self-signed "Jiaqing Gengshen (Five Years) December Great Xin Record", when Qian Shi was seventy-three years old. According to this article, it can be seen that during his tenure at the Hanlin Academy, Qian Daxin intended to re-compile the "History of the Yuan". However, after Qianlong's father died of illness in the forty years, Qian Daxin returned to his hometown to DingYou, so he could not tell him, and this work did not progress again, and the only people who completed it later were the "YuanShi Clan Table" and "Yuanshi Yiwenzhi" seen today. This situation can also be confirmed in his "Collection of Snow Buildings":

Yu Tasted the Disease "Yuan Shi" in Zaifu Duo did not establish a biography, wanted to examine it, the second order to make up for it, and the decay and forgetfulness, talk about one or two, so as to detect. [27]

This self-proclaimed "decay and forgetfulness" was written in his later years, and the specific time remains to be examined. Cheng Jufu's Xuelou Collection contains the Tablet of King Shude of Wudu Zhimin and some Zaifu words,[28] which played an important role in supplementing the relevant information of Zaifu in the Yuan Dynasty, so Qian made a trek to remember his deeds. It can be seen from this that at the time of writing this trek, Qian Daxin's planned supplementary "Biography of Yuan Shi Zaifu" was obviously not completed, which can also confirm that his so-called "after the fall of the field, this matter was abolished" in the fifth year of Jiaqing may not be all a humble remark of cherishing feathers.

Although Qian Daxin himself stated that his work of compiling and revising the "History of the Yuan" had not been completed, Qian's dedication to the History of the Yuan, and his intention to start a new stove outside the Ming Revision of the History of the Yuan, circulated among some friends and friends. For example, Zhang Xuecheng's "Continuation Book for Bi Zhijun and Qian Xinlin Palace Zhan" Yun:

Wen Da's "History of the Yuan" is more than the death of the industry, when can it be engraved, jiahui later learning, scrambling to see it quickly, leading the hope. Is there a pen cutting example that can show its essentials before it? No worries. [29]

Zhang Xuecheng heard the rumors and thought that Qian Daxin's manuscript of the "History of yuan" had been written, so he asked in the letter for the time of payment. Hu Shi attributed this letter in the Zhang Shizhai Annals in the 57th year of Qianlong,[30] and Mr. Chen Hongsen believes that this letter was written in the 60th year of Qianlong according to Qu Zhongrong's "Qu Mufu Self-Defined Almanac" in the "Annals of Qian Daxin". [31] According to Qian Daxin's self-compiled Zhuting Jushi Chronology, his Manuscripts of the Yuanshi Clan Table and the Yuanshi Yiwenzhi were completed in the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong,[32] and since friends and friends knew that he had a long history of re-determining the Yuanshi, after hearing rumors about these two manuscripts, it was inevitable that Qian Daxin's new "Yuanshi" had been completed. Huang Pilie also has a similar record in the "Shi Li Ju Collection Inscription Record", which is "List of Inscriptions of the First Year of the Yuan Dynasty" Yun:

In the summer of the sixty years of Qianlong, he occasionally passed through the Chongshan Hall Bookstore in Dongcheng Vinegar Fang Bridge, and the owner showed several kinds of old books. ...... Although Yu is known to be a list of inscriptions of the Yuan Dynasty, the names of the people contained in it are not well known from Yu Zhongxuan and Liu Qingtian. Mr. Qian Zhuting, who has long known for his knowledge of the Yuan Dynasty, and has the "Yuan History Draft", will be able to know its details. So he took Mr. Shi and begged him. [33]

Huang Pilie mentioned that Qian Daxin had the "Yuan History Draft" in Qianlong sixty years, which was not far from Zhang Xuecheng, which should be caused by the slight exaggeration of rumors at that time. These records, together with the "Xingshu" of the two brothers Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu, constitute a seemingly powerful chain of evidence, but Qian Daxin said that he only wrote the "Yuan Shi Clan Table" and the "Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi". How should we view the contradictions?

Third, the truth of Qian Daxin's "revision of the "History of the Yuan"

It is mentioned above that Qian Daxin described himself as having ambitions to rewrite the "History of Yuan" during his tenure at the Hanlin Academy, "intending to imitate the examples of Fan Weizong and Ouyang Yongshu, not to compile the order, to change the catalog, or to delete or supplement", and also mentioned in his twenty-seven years of Qianlong poem that the "History of Yuan" was being revised recently. However, this is different from what Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu called "a book of recompilation" in the "Xingshu", and that "the chronicles, biographies, chronicles, and tables have all been unscripted". The Imperial Records of the Present Ming Dynasty are based on the Records of the Thirteen Dynasties written by the Yuan Dynasty Shi Chen, and the Zhuzhi are derived from the Shun Emperor Zhao Shiyan and Yu Ji's "Classics of the Classics". [34] These important historical materials have all died out one after another since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and although qianjiashi has not been able to see them, today only some chapters compiled by scholars from the Yongle Canon at the end of the Qing Dynasty are seen. Although Qian Daxin was familiar with the historical materials of the Yuan Dynasty, adding the book he saw to the old history into the "Yiwen Zhi", and supplementing the biography of the Yuan people with the golden stone stele, if he started a new stove outside the Ming Revision "Yuan History", it would probably be difficult to rewrite the Ji and Zhi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Ke Shaochen's "New Yuan History" and Tu's "History of Mughal" also added the most content to the "Liechuan" section, and the "Benji" and zhu "Zhi" were only adjusted on the basis of the Ming revision of the "Yuan History". It can be seen from this that the so-called "re-compilation" and "chronicles, biographies, chronicles, and tables have all been unscripted" in the "Xingshu" may be exaggerated. Qian Daxin revised the "History of the Yuan", and all he could do was "don't make up the order, change the catalog, or delete or supplement it" only. Therefore, the "YuanShi" borrowed by Mao Yuesheng is likely to be the working book used by Qian Daxin when he revised the "Yuanshi" during his tenure at the Hanlin Academy.

Although Mao Yuesheng only mentions at the end of the third volume of the first volume, he returned to Baoshan from Suzhou on December 17, 1313 of Daoguang, borrowed money from Daxin to delete and revise the Yuan Shi, and completed the book in twenty days. But after reading the whole book, we can be sure that Mao Yuesheng borrowed not just one volume, but the whole book. Mao Yuesheng recorded "Qian Shiyun" or "Qian Shiyun" or "Qian Shi Jie" from beginning to end, but there are missing volumes in the "Column Biography" section. Wherever there are missing volumes, Mao Yuesheng has a note such as "Qian's Ben Que Biography", which is probably scattered due to poor preservation. In Mao Yuesheng's annotations on Qian Daxin, it is not difficult for us to find traces of Qian Daxin's "don't be a compilation, but a more catalog". That is, in the first volume of the "Catalogue of Yuan History", Mao Yuesheng marked several biographies that Qian Daxin planned to delete and merge on the catalogue (as shown in Table 1).

Table 1 Mao Yuesheng recorded Qian Daxin catalog annotation table

Volume times

Biography

Mao Yuesheng recorded Qian Daxin's annotations

Volume one two three

Timidity spreads

Qian Shiyun: Delete

Straight off the child's biography

Pinch the ancient legend

Ha Ba Er Bald

Volume 152

Shi Tianlu biography

Qian Shiyun: Incorporated into the Biography of Shi Jue

Shi Mo Ashin biography

Qian Shiyun: Re-emerging

Volume 167

Tan Zi Rong biography

Qian Shiyun: Delete, cover re-out, into "Tan Cheng Biography"

Volume 188

Liu Ha La does not spend time

Qian Daxin's original book may have been omitted from the table of contents, so the more famous ones such as Su Butai and the complete one and two passes, as well as Several re-appearances that Qian Daxin examined in the "Yuan Shi Kao Yi",[35] Mao Yuesheng was not marked on the recorded version. However, from the deletion of several places of Mao Yuesheng's logo, it can be seen that Qian Daxin's deletion is not limited to the re-emergence of the legend, and its focus is more on genre and historical considerations. For example, Qian believes that "Liu Ha La Bu Hua Biography" can be deleted because the synopsis of the biography has been found in the "Tai Bu Hua Biography". Similar deletions can also be seen in the "Biography of the Later Concubines of the Yuan Dynasty". According to Mao Yuesheng's records, Qian Daxin made a large number of deletions of the books in the "Biography of the Later Concubines", presumably believing that the historical information contained in these texts was redundant and useless. It can be seen from this that Qian Daxin's dissatisfaction with Ming Xiu's "History of yuan" is not only due to historical falsification. Ouyang Xiu's "New Book of Tang" has the title of "its affairs are added to the front, and its texts are saved from the old",[36] Qian Daxin obviously also revised the "YuanShi" with this goal, which is consistent with what he said in the "Yuanshi Yiwenzhi" that "the example of Fan Weizong and Ouyang Yongshu" is also indicated, and it also shows that this "Qian Mr. Xin Lin's deleted and revised version" is likely to be the stage result of Qian Daxin's "revision of the "Yuanshi".

In this way, we can roughly grasp the two important components of Qian Daxin's "revision of the "History of Yuan""—the biography that Qian Daxin planned to delete and merge was reflected in the Qian's batch school recorded by Mao Yuesheng, while the "Yuanshi Yiwenzhi" and the "Yuanshi Clan Table" were the contents that Qian Daxin planned to add--this is the "change of catalog, or deletion or supplement" that Qian Daxin was preparing to carry out. In addition, we will also notice that Mao Yuesheng recorded a large number of Qian Daxin's annotations on the main text of the "History of Yuan", what is the academic value of this part of the annotations, and what is the relationship with Qian Daxin's "revision of the "History of yuan"?

As mentioned above, according to the style of Mao Yuesheng's approval school, all of Qian Daxin's original annotations were marked by "Qian's Yun" or "Qian's Yue", while Mao's own excerpts from the "Yuan Shi Kao Yi" and Wang Huizu's "Yuan Shi Ben Zheng" were marked with "Qian's "Kao Yi" Cloud", "Wang Hui Zu Yun", and so on. Qian Daxin's original annotations are generally similar to the contents of the "Kaoyi", and occasionally do not appear in the contents of published works such as "Yuanshi Kaoyi", "Collected Remains of Zhu Shi", and "New Records of the Ten Driving Zhai Yang", from which we can see Qian Daxin's efforts to supplement his biography. For example, in the "History of the Yuan" volume 123 "Pure Sea Biography", the end of the biography only mentions that the pure sea has a son Ang Ara, and here Qian Daxin commented on the clouds:

Pure HaiSun Xi Jia Jia To Taizhou Wanhu Province Daru Huachi moved the town of Fuzhou Road, and the descendants guarded their land, and all of them had Huizheng. Xi Jia'er's grandson Thegu Die'er had a long snake hair, and tried to conquer Li Zhifu, a thief in Zhangzhou, with a yellow beard and a thousand households, and disciplined him. Thirty-seven years in the town, to the old to the shi. Huizhou people erected a monument to praise love.

This passage comes from Zheng Yu's "Shishan Collection" in the "Huitai WanhuFu Daru Hua ChiShan Zhu Gong Love Inscription". [37] However, the Yuan Shi Kao Yi only mentions here the sentence "Giving Wen Guo Gong Zhongxiang":

Case: Zheng Yuji called pure straight sea (that is, pure sea. ) for the King of Dingxi. [38]

The so-called pure sea here is the King of Dingxi, which is also from Zheng Yu's "Shanzhu Gong's Relic Of Love Monument". It can be seen that Qian's annotation is to prepare for the future addition of the content of the "Pure Sea Biography", while the "Yuan Shi Kao Yi" is only a test history and not a supplement, so no other content is included. Unfortunately, there are not many supplementary texts in Qian Daxin's commentary, and I am afraid that as he said, "After returning to the field, this matter will be abolished." Another commentary that does not appear in Qian's published works is only speculation that has yet to be confirmed. For example, the "History of Yuan" volume 131 "Yihei Lost Biography" has a sentence "Descending to the South Wuli, Sumu Dula", Qian Daxin commented on the cloud "Southern Wuli is the South powerless, Sumu Dula is Sumu Dula". This part of the speculation is difficult to verify in the literature, so it is not found in Qian's official works, but only his notes on reading the "History of Yuan".

The most common type of Qian's annotations, the content is often similar to the "KaoYi", but the examination and text expression are not as detailed as the "Kaoyi", which should only be read with the Zha, or the predecessor of the "Kaoyi". For example, in the "History of yuan" volume 106 "Hou Concubine Table" "Empress Kulan", Qian Daxin has a longer comment:

Qian Shiyun: According to the "Secret History", when Taizu zhengyi Er begged, the Qiu'er Qiao'er Beggars replied that Yi'er Wusun offered it to his daughter Kulan, and the mother of Theayang Han of Thea man, Gu'er Beisu, and the brother of the King of Han, Zahe, dared not to have the eldest daughter's name, Yi Bahe, and gave Tuolei to the second daughter, Sha'er Hehe, the so-called Empress Zhuangsheng. (Empress Dowager Kulan)[39]

Taizu Ping scorned Er beg and gave the song of Doleg, the wife of his lord Territo Azi Kudu. (The Six Empresses of Emperor Taizong's Teregona)

Taizu gave the lord a wife, Yi Bahe, that is, the daughter of Zahe dare not to.

Taizu xia Tai Chi Wu took the attachment, and Suo Erhan lost his secret, and served with a female answer. [40] (Empress Hatta)

Taizu zhenghe shen seed, its lord did not surrender, and offered it to the female Chaha.

Those who are relevant to the annotations here in the Yuanshi Kaoyi are:

Empress Dowager Kulan Case: The Secret History When Taizu zhengyi er begged, the Qiao'er Qiao people replied that yi'er Wusun offered the female Kulan, but then Kulan (that is, Kulan. It's the Beggars. (i.e., Contempt Rigi.) ）

Empress HaDa Case: The "Secret History" Taizu was held by Tai Chi Wu, and Suo'erHan lost his secret, and answered the security service with a female union, which was a question.

Case of the Six Empresses of Taizong Delego: The Secret History of Taizu Ping scorns Er begs, and uses his master to take off the black and take off the a (i.e., get rid of the de-affluence. Doleg, the wife of Zi Kudu, gave him the title of Emperor Taizong.) Doleg pinched that is, Delegona also. [41]

It can be seen that Qian's annotations are only excerpts of literature, and some of the content has nothing to do with the history itself. The words and phrases of the excerpted literature are not very precise, such as "de-black and de-a" mistaken for "de-li-a", and there are "Taizu under Tai Chi Wu taking attachment" and other semantic points are unclear. Since Mao Yuesheng wrote Down Qian Daxin's "Examination Differences" one by one, it can be seen that these flaws are probably not Mao's clerical errors, but Qian's annotations. For example, in volume 122 of the "History of Yuan", "According to the Biography of Za'er", it is mentioned that Shi Tian should guard Hezhongfu, "The General of Jin Hou led the Kundi army to attack Hezhong at night, and Tianying sent five hundred soldiers from Wuquan Province out of the East Gate", Qian Daxin's annotation only said that "this article was transmitted with the "Muhua Li", and the words "Ren Wu" to "Sui Burn his city and slaughter his people" were a total of eighty-nine characters, and deleted the words "Jin Bing trapped hezhongfu". The "Yuan Shi Kao Yi" is very detailed:

This matter has been seen in the "Biography of Muhua Li". Hou General, Hou Qiye, "Hou Xiao Uncle" in the History of Jin. Wu Quanfu, Wu Zeye. Yu Said Tianying Abstained from Wu Quan Fu, which should be contained in this biography, Wakamu Huali and Juzha'er, but it can be said that "Jin Bing traps Hezhongfu". [42]

It can be seen from this that this "revised" "Yuanshi" that has been deleted and annotated is Qian Daxin's work base, while "Yuanshi Kaoyi" is a refined work of examination history on this basis, and the contrast between the two is very obvious.

If the so-called "revised" "YuanShi" of Qian Daxin is the "Yuanshi" that Mao Yuesheng saw, "Mr. Qian Xin's deleted and revised version" of the "Yuanshi". Among them, the annotations are either to delete the biography, or to change the sentence, or to supplement the biography, or to write a handwritten note, which is still far from a completely written new "Yuan History". However, Qian Daxin did make detailed annotations and corrections to the entire "Yuan Shi", and at the same time there were supplementary texts such as "Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi" and "Yuan Shi Clan Table". Therefore, Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu brothers' so-called "Records, Biographies, Zhi, and Tables Have Been Unscripted" Qian's "YuanShi Draft" is likely to refer to this Qian Daxin annotated version of the "YuanShi". According to Chen Hongsen's study of the Yangxin Yulu, Qian Kunzhong reassembled the notes deleted by his father in the YangxinLu into the Yulu, which is called the "Four Volumes of the Supplement" in the Xingzhi, and Qian Dongshu even described it in the Yangxin Yulu as the "YangxinLu" after it was published, "continue to have gains, don't remember a compilation". [43] Therefore, Qian Kunzhong described the annotated YuanShi as a newly written manuscript of the Yuanshi to praise the essence of his father's scholarship, not an isolated case. Among the Qianjia scholars, Qian Daxin can be called the first person to be a scholar of the history of the classics, and he is particularly known for the history of the Yuan. In the eyes of the people of the time, if he wanted to complete the newly written "Yuan History" with his own strength, it would be Qian Daxin. Because many of Qian Daxin's disciples and friends knew that Qian Shi did have the idea of recompiling the "History of yuan", so as soon as the "Xingshu" came out, they all believed it. This allowed scholars to spend more than 200 years to track down and guess the whereabouts of Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft".

Fourth, Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript" in 100 volumes says that it is a fraud

Qian Shijing once said in the Qian Shiyi Wen Zhiluo that Qian Daxin "has one hundred volumes of the YuanShi Manuscript", while the Xingshu mentions that Qian Daxin's Yuanshi Manuscript is only "several volumes". Qian Shijing's "Hundred Volumes" theory influenced later generations such as Zheng Wenzhuo's "Bibliography of Unpublished Testaments of the State Dynasty" and Fan Xizeng's "Notes on the Southern Sacrifice of The Testament". Where did the phrase "hundred volumes" come from?

If according to Qian Daxin's original intention, ming revised the two hundred and ten volumes of the "History of the Yuan", and on this basis, deleted and supplemented, it is difficult for the final draft to be only one hundred volumes. Moreover, his work has not yet been completed, and the style is not yet clear, let alone the division of volumes and other matters. Through the clues and traces shown in the literature, the author believes that Qian Shijing's hundred volumes are still related to Mao Yuesheng.

Mao Yuesheng was a re-disciple of Qian Daxin, who was known aspiring to complete Qian Daxin's unfinished business, and newly revised the "Yuan Shu", and the beginning of his "Collected Poems of Xiu Fuju" has Daoguang's twenty-four years of practicing Ting Huang Xuyun:

Born in the history of the Mongol generation, Song Lian and other "Yuan Shi" omissions, want to write a hundred volumes of the "Yuan Book". The facts are not completed, and the author only has two biographies of "Queen Concubine" and "Princess", and now after the "Anthology", he also gave birth to Fu Zhiyun. [44]

Mao Yuesheng planned to write the "Hundred Volumes of the YuanShu", which coincided with Qian Shijing's so-called Qian Daxin's "Hundred Volumes of the Yuan History Manuscript". Mao Yuesheng's reply to Li Zhaoluo also mentioned this matter:

The "History of the Yuan" has been written in the second biography of "Queen Concubine" and "Princess". It was erroneously added and became several volumes of the Examination and Discernment. All the tables are fixed, but they need to be written by themselves, and after the illness, they are afraid of cumbersome suspension. Eager to be Mr. Zheng, when the rate is brought to also. [45]

The letter begins with the words "The Book of The First Reading of the Book of the Zhizhi After illness" is preceded by the march of the seventeenth year of Li Zhaoluo Daoguang,[46] and it can be seen that the letter was written thereafter. Mao Yue died in the twenty-first year of Daoguang, and probably failed to complete the book during his lifetime.

Judging from Mao Yuesheng's approval of the school, Mao Shi deleted and revised the text of the "History of Yuan" according to Qian Daxin's style. The recording of Qian Daxin's "Yuan Shi Kao Yi" and Wang Huizu's "Yuan Shi Ben Zhi" is also to ensure that the historical facts are accurate. However, Qian Daxin only deleted a few biographies in the table of contents, and Mao Yuesheng made great adjustments to the structure of the sub-volumes of the "History of Yuan", such as "When attached to the "Xianzong Ji" in the "Biography of Ruizong", "When entering the "Chronicle of Emperor Xianzong", "When Entering the Chronicle of Emperor Chengzong", "When Entering the "Taiding Chronicle" in the Biography of Emperor Xianzong" and "Suitable for Entering the Chronicle of Emperor Wuzong". In this way, the biographies are merged according to the kinship relationship, so as to reduce the number of volumes and simplify the text, which is consistent with Qian Daxin's pursuit of "wen and save things". Mao Yuesheng hoped to write the Yuanshu, no doubt in order to continue Qian Daxin's career. Yao Chun's "Mao Shengfu Epitaph" also specifically mentions this point:

Jun yi's predecessor tasted the "History of yuan" redundant, see Zhan Shi's fragments, because of the addition of supplementary compilations and compilations of dozens of different volumes. Not yet, running the road, years and limits, the pawn has not been able to overcome the bottom of the success. This ancient poor man of aspirant mourned for the caresses of the self-mourners. [47]

Here Yao Chun mentions the "fragments of Zhan Shi's manuscripts", of course, Mao Yuesheng borrowed the "Qian Mr. Xin Lin's Deleted and Revised Version" "Yuan Shi", and the "residual manuscript" Yunyun, which was probably also influenced by the legend of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft". It can be seen that Mao Yuesheng recorded Qian Daxin's annotations and tried to write the "Yuan Shu", which in the eyes of his friends was a sequel to Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft". At that time, Wang Xisun, who was far away in Henan, sent a letter to Chen Yi after Mao Yue's illness and death, asking Chen Yi to search for books on his behalf, "don't slow down", one of which is "Qian Xinlin's "Yuan History Draft" (Mao Yuesheng Supplement)". [48]

Wang Xisun's letter does not indicate the time, but mentions that Wang Shi recommended Chen Yi's "Shi Mao's Biography" to Yang Yizeng, and when preparing to publish it with Yang Yizeng, he pointed out:

Observations first inscribed Xu Yunqiao (Hongpan) "Fang Yu Ji Supplement" and Gui's "Notes on sayings" (fifty volumes). Hui Ran was willing to come, and Xu Yinlin studied "Shuowen" with Xu Yinlin, and published "Poetry" studies, which were immortal for a thousand years, and they were eager to achieve it. (Observe that Jiang Shaoquan did not drive and sent the envoy Baijin Baijin Hundred Twenty-Twenty Gold Fengsu, the genus brought three people with writing and engraving, the book imitated the Song Ben, with the subtlety as the magic, do not contradict each other.) ）[49]

The same thing is repeated again in another letter from Daoguang on October 29, 2002:

Jiangsu and Zhejiang humanities are in the world, and the degree of confucianism is more than yuanming. If you want to collect books in Kuiwen Pavilion, or place them in Sumen Hundred Springs, you can attract the world's books, and seek different books in order to hang on to future generations. This meaning was consulted with Nguyen Sang Quoc. Yesterday, Yang Zhitang guanxin had a proposal to engrave Xu Yunqiao's "Supplement to the Minutes of Fang Yu" and Gui Weigu's "Notes on saying the Text" (fifty volumes of books, with millions of words), and wanted to engrave the "Transmission of Mao's Poems" written under his feet, and sent a special message to Bai Jin Bai Bai 22 feng quick followers to come to Yu, and brought three or four writers to imitate the Song Ben Jingzhuo. Don't cut it off under your feet. External bibliography, and want to collect secret books, such as no receipt for a while, directly order it to come to Yu, or pricing contract, allow To Yu, send someone to get it. Or sent by ship, so it is inconvenient to bring more platinum for a long time, fortunately do not push back, it is a prayer. Dedicated to Shen Huai, Yu Rong Jiang Zuo Zhongshi brother said. But do not declare. On the 29th of October, the stirrup fell, and the younger brother Wang Xixunbai. [50]

The two letters are generally the same in content, when the first letter was sent first, and the later letter was sent by Jiang Zuozhong, the time is not far away. Regarding the interaction between Wang Xisun and Mao Yuesheng, Mao Yuesheng mentioned at the end of volume 163 of the yuan history of the school that "three days have not been carved into the school." Wang Mengci and Wang Erbo came. At the end of the following volume 168, it is mentioned, "The eight-day tatsuki is carved." Meng Ci returned to Yangzhou. Although the two approved schools did not record the year number and month, we can judge that Wang Xisun learned that Mao Yuesheng was working on the examination of the "History of the Yuan" during the five days of Panhuan in Baoshan. Later, Wang Xisun apparently misunderstood that the Yuanshu that Mao Yuesheng was preparing to write was a sequel to Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript". Therefore, after Mao Yue's death on September 10, 21, Wang Xisun, who was in Henan, learned of Mao's death, so daoguang asked Chen Wan to visit Mao's posthumous works in October of the 22nd year, mentioning that this book was Mao Yuesheng's supplementary money daxin's "Yuan History Draft". Since Wang Xisun had this misunderstanding, I think that among Mao's friends, there are probably not a few people who think that Mao has seen the fragments of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft" and tried to renew it. In fact, Yao Chun's epitaph for Mao Yuesheng is the embodiment of this misunderstanding. Under such false rumors, it is very likely that people will misrepresent the hundred volumes of the Yuanshu in Mao Yuesheng's plan as the hundred volumes of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript". Due to Qian Shikang's death, Qian Daxin's manuscript was missing, and when Qian Shijing wrote the Qian's Yiwen Zhiluo, he recorded a hundred volumes of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Manuscript" according to rumors, which seems to be a more reasonable explanation.

5. Conclusion

In his youth, Qian Daxin planned to delete and revise the "History of the Yuan". Around the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, Qian Daxin had already begun to carry out this work, and finally formed an annotated version of the "History of Yuan" and later included in the "Twenty-second History of Examination". By the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong, Qian Daxin had successively completed the "Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi" and the "Yuan Shi Clan Table". As a result, Zhang Xuecheng, Huang Pilie, and others mistakenly believed that his "Yuan History Draft" had been completed. After Qian Daxin's death in the ninth year of Jiaqing, Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongshu wrote a "Xingshu" for nai's father, saying that Qian Daxin had a manuscript of the "History of the Yuan", and that "the ji, biography, zhi, and table have all been out of the manuscript." After that, Duan Yujie, Huang Zhong, Jiang Fan and others all followed this theory, believing that Qian Daxin had the "Yuan History Draft" surviving. In the thirteenth year of Daoguang, Mao Yuesheng borrowed Qian Daxin's annotated version of the "History of Yuan", recorded Qian's annotation on the "History of Yuan" in the Beijian Ben, and planned to continue this book according to Qian's style. Mao's friends then believed that Mao Yuesheng had an unfinished manuscript of the History of the Yuan, which was based on Qian Daxin's fragments. By the twenty-third year of Daoguang, Qian Daxin's annotated version of the "History of Yuan" had disappeared, and Qian Shijing, in the "Jiading Qian's Art and Literature Zhiluo", mistakenly proposed mao Yuesheng as the number of volumes of the "YuanShu", thinking that the number of volumes of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft" had qian Daxin's "Yuanshi Draft" in one hundred volumes. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Shimada Han, based on Qian Shijing's theory, also made up the theory that when he visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang, he had seen the fragment of Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft", and said that this fragment had only the last seventy-five volumes. In the 1930s, Mou Runsun saw Mao Yuesheng's Beijian book "History of Yuan" in the Yi library of the Beiping Library, noticed the contents of Qian Daxin's annotations, and informed Du Weiyun of the matter. Du Weiyun wrote it into the "Historiography of Qian Daxin", believing that Mao Yuesheng's recorded text came from Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft". In this way, all the misunderstandings and exaggerations about Qian's "Yuanshi Draft" prove each other, and it seems that the legend of Qian Daxin's "Yuanshi Draft" is more and more confirmed. However, a careful examination of Mao Yuesheng's transcript, and through the transcription of the original appearance of Qian Daxin's annotations, combined with Qian Daxin's personal experience, we can know that Qian Daxin did not have a completely newly written and relatively mature "Yuan History Draft". The problem of the whereabouts of Qian Daxin's "YuanShi Draft" that has plagued researchers for many years seems to have been suddenly released.

For a long time, scholars have always been full of expectations for Qian Daxin's "Yuan History Draft", preferring to believe in its existence rather than believe in its absence. Because in terms of depth and breadth, Qian Daxin's academic achievements are second to none among Qianjia scholars, as the peak of Qianjia historiography, Qian Daxin is not only proficient in the golden stone of jingshi, but also said to be proficient in Manchu and Mongolian characters. Zhao Tang in the "Miscellaneous Records of the Pavilion" "Qian Xinlin Bo" article cloud:

In recent times, the Confucian of examination has taken the public as a giant. He also learned Mongolian, so he examined the history of the Jin Dynasty and the names of the places in the outer domains, which was not easy for him to reach. King Cheng said that when he went to the study, King Jianzhuang tasted the Mongolian inscription of the Yuan Dynasty, and the system was different from the modern book, and no one knew it. Because of the inquiry of the Various Chapters Jia Guoshi, Qianqi translated chinese, because of the order of my inscription. We waved a little, and the gentleman saw it, and said: "Zhang Jiagu is erudite, but if there is an error in his translation of a certain word in Chinese, I can take evidence of the Chinese translation of yuan shi wei." "Because the original text is taken from the return, Zhang Jia mistakenly saw it." The deceased took the worship of the clouds. After hearing of his return, he wrote the "Continuation of the History of the Yuan", which was quite well selected, but unfortunately did not see its essence. [51]

It can be seen that Qian Daxin's conditions in the study of Yuan history can be described as unique, and even modern scholars such as Han Rulin also believe that "if Qian's book is completed, then the later transformation of the "History of Yuan" will not be as many as if it were." [52] Even from the perspective of the political system that modern scholars excelled, Qian Daxin was still full of keen insight. For example, when his famous "Three Answers to Yuan Jian Zhai Shu" mentioned the problem of employing zhongshu provinces in the Yuan Dynasty, he once said, "When the Southern people did not enter the Zhongshu at the beginning, there was only one person in danger when Emperor Shun was in danger, and he only had to participate in politics." [53] If we only stay on the surface of the historical records, we will think that Qian Daxin is mistaken. Although there were not many southern people in the Yuan Dynasty who participated in the political affairs or above, wei Su was not the only one who held the title of Zhongshu in the name, and there were Xia Gui, Fan Wenhu, and Chen Yan in the ancestral dynasty who were once the governors of the government, and then Zuo Cheng. [54] However, if we analyze them more closely, we will find that the officials who participated in politics and Zuo Cheng and other officials received by these three people are all additional titles, not actual positions. As for Ye Li and others in the last years of the ancestors, although they were in a position of opportunity, they were included in Shangshu Province, which was founded by Sange. At this time, although Zhongshu Province had ceded administrative power to Shangshu Province, it was not the same institution after all. Therefore, as Qian Daxin said, the only person who really served as a Zhongshu in the Yuan Dynasty was Wei Su. Qian Daxin's judgment seems to be different from the historical records, which just shows his fine judgment of historical materials.

Although Qian Daxin is talented and has made remarkable achievements in yuan history, he is limited by the times and historical materials after all, and he is not omniscient and omnipotent. If you want to write a new "History of the Yuan" with your own strength, it is difficult to complete the Benji, Table, and Zhi independently. Unlike modern scholars, Qing dynasty scholars criticized the "History of the Yuan" for being redundant, focusing on the strictness of the historian's style and the prudence of calligraphy, and Qian Daxin was no exception. Therefore, Qian Daxin proposed to "revise the "History of the Yuan", although he was dissatisfied with the omission of the Ming Revision of the "History of the Yuan" at the historical level, but also because he was dissatisfied with the improperness and inelegant writing of the "History of the Yuan". Modern historiography pays more attention to the originality of historical materials, but pays less attention to these problems of historical style and calligraphy. Wang Shenrong proposed in "Exploring the Source of Yuan History" that "the main value of history books lies in whether they can seek truth and preserve the truth, and in this sense, "Yuan Shi" is superior." [55] Therefore, contemporary scholars are looking forward to Qian's "Yuan History Draft", which is a new work that can provide richer historical materials and full of wonderful evidence. In this way, Mao Yuesheng's "revised" "History of yuan" recorded by Qian Daxin may disappoint today's researchers. Nevertheless, as a forerunner in the study of Yuan history, Qian Daxin's works such as "Yuan Shi Kao Yi" are full of wonderful and impressive research. Get rid of the legend of Qian Daxin's "Yuanshi Draft" and present the true side of Qian Daxin's yuanshi research, which is the best way for yuanshi researchers to pay tribute to Qian Daxin today.

exegesis

[1] Han Shimada, "The Remains of Famous People Seen in Jiangsu and Zhejiang During An Interview with Yulu", Movable Type Edition of Zaoyutang Bookstore, Beijing, 1927.

[2] Hua Zhe, "On the Fallacy of Qian Daxin's Criticism of the YuanDian Chapter" as Seen by Shimada Han's "Visit to Yulu"," Journal of Chinese History, No. 1, 2015, pp. 201-205.

[3] Han Rulin, "Review and Prospect of Yuan History Research", in Qionglu Collection, Hebei: Hebei Education Publishing House, 2000, p. 70.

[4] See Fan Xizeng, "Bibliography Answers and Corrections", Jiangsu: Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000, p. 86; Chen Naiqian, "A Brief Catalogue of Books on the Supplementary Table and Genealogy of the Twenty-Four Histories", in The Fourth Series of the Research Collection of Chinese Historical Documents, 1984, p. 221.

[5] See Fang Shiming and Zhou Dianjie, "Qian Daxin", "Publishing the History of yuan", Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1986, pp. 114-145; Zhang Tao and Deng Shengguo: "Qian Daxin's Commentary", chapter 4, section 3, "Efforts to Rewrite the History of Yuan", Jiangsu: Nanjing University Press, 2006, pp. 132-150; Bai Shouyi: General History of China, Volume of the Yuan Dynasty, Preface, Chapter 4, "Writings on the History of the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1989, pp. 96 97 pages; Zhou Qingshu: "Qian Daxin", in Yuanmeng Shizha, Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia University Press, 2001, p. 548; Gu Jichen: "Qian Daxin and the Whereabouts of the Yuan History Manuscript", Journal of Ancient Book Collation and Research, No. 5, 1993. Mr. Huang Zhaoqiang of Taiwan is the author of the book "Investigation and Research on the Historiography of the Qing Dynasty: From the Beginning of the Qing Dynasty to the Middle of the Qing Dynasty", in which the second chapter "Qian Daxin" has a special section to discuss the issue of the "Yuan History Draft", and the relevant literature and research status have been sorted out more clearly and comprehensively, Taiwan: Daoxiang Publishing House, 2001, pp. 185-189.

[6] Hunan Naito: A History of Chinese Historiography, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2008, p. 314.

[7] Nagasawa Shuya, "Book Idioms and Collecting Books," Article 11, Collecting Books, Vol. VI, Japan: Kiko-gu, 1984, p. 266. Mr. Nagasawa also has an article entitled "鎌倉室町期に于おけ外典る翻刻", which exposes some of the "jokes" in Shimada Han's "Examination of Ancient Texts and Old Books", see Nagasawa Rules: Chapter 2 of the "Old Publications of the Examination", Volume 1 of the Collected Works of Nagasaki Rules, The Second Part of the Examination of Calligraphy, 1982 Edition of Kiko Academy, pp. 98-106. Mr. Takahashi also has an article titled "Holding the Fallen Shou Kui, The Responsibility Lies with the Descendants: The Book of Shimada Hanshu", which continues to discuss this issue on the basis of Mr. Nagasawa, see Kiko No. 20, 1991.

[8] See Qian Wanyu, "An Academic Treatise on the Life of Han Shimada", Chinese Cultural Studies, Autumn 2009.

[9] Du Weiyun: The Historiography of Qian Daxin, published in Academic Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 3, March 1953; later revised and included in Historiography and Historians of the Qing Dynasty, "Historical Examination studies in the Qing Qianjia Era", Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1988, pp. 312, 313.

[10] Mou Runsun, "On the Causes of the Decline of Qing Dynasty Historiography," Revised Edition of the Commentaries on the History of The Chronicles, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 2009, pp. 682, 683.

[11] Mao Yuesheng (1791-1841), Zishengfu, a native of Baoshan. The grandson of Mao Daying and the son of Mao Jisheng, he is the author of the Collected Poems of Hui Fuju.

[12] Qian Dongbi and Qian Dongjue, "Emperor Qing's Teaching of Zhongxian Dafu to Walk in the Study Room on the Day of Talking About the Living Notes Officer Zhan Shi Shao Zhan Shi and Hanlin Academy Attendant Lecturer Guangdong Province Scholar And Politics Xiankao Zhuting Fu JunxingShu", Jiading Qian Daxin Complete Works, vol. 1, Jiangsu: Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1997, p. 11

[13] Ibid., p. 31.

[14] Duan Yujie, Jing Yun Lou Collection, vol. 8, Preface to the Collected Works of Qianyantang, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2011, p. 186.

[15] Qian Daxin: The Genealogy of the Yuanshi Clan, Huang Zhongbaowen, The Complete Works of Qian Daxin, Jiading, vol. 5, p. 314.

[16] Written by Qian Daxin and proofread by Qian Qingzeng: The Annals of Zhuting Jushi, Qianlong Fifty-six Years, The Complete Works of Qian Daxin, Jiading, Vol. 1, p. 37.

[17] Jiang Fan:, Records of the Sinologists of the State Dynasty, vol. 3, Qian Daxin, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1983, p. 50.

[18] See Qi Yongxiang, Notes on the Undertaking of Sinology, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2006, pp. 321, 322. According to Volume 20 of Qian Daxin's "Qianyantang Jinshi Wen Baowei" (陳業堂金石文跋尾), there is a "Joint Sentence of the Mountain Pavilion of the Barbado Mountain Pavilion" that "Yu Qing imitated the example of Ji Minfu, wrote the "Chronicle of Yuan Poetry", and dozens of stone carvers were obtained" ("The Complete Works of Jiading Qian Daxin", vol. 6, p. 539), then the style of the "Chronicle of Yuan Poetry" is the same as that of Ji Yougong's "Chronicle of Tang Poetry", and it is impossible to change it from the "YuanShi Draft".

[19] Qian Shijing: Jiading Qian's Art and Literature Chronicle, Daoguang 23rd Edition.

[20] Cheng Qiyu: Guangxu "Jiading County Chronicle", vol. 25 ,Yiwen Zhi, Shibu, Guangxu Seven Years Edition.

[21] Qian Daxin: Collected Poems of Qianyantang, vol. 6, "Four Poems of the Assassination History of Zhou Xihuang in The Mourning of His Deceased Friend Zhou Xi in Xuzhou", in The Collection of Qianyantang, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989, p. 1023.

[22] Qian Daxin: "Annals of the Zhuting Residents" Qianlong Seventeenth Year Tiaoyun "In March, the costumes were put into the capital, crossed the Qingjiangpu, and the Wending Gongfu retained the office for two months, but bought a boat to send the residents and let the valley go north. And the "Qianyantang Poetry Collection" Volume VIII "Qingjiangpu Nostalgia" praised Zhou Tiandu as "Zhou ShengYuan Yacai, chest Luo Siku everywhere." ”

[23] Qian Daxin: Annals of Zhuting Residents, Qianlong Twenty-Seven Years, p. 17.

[24] Qian Daxin: The Collected Works of Qianyantang, vol. 33, "Treatise on Obscurity and Erya", in The Collected Works of Qianyantang, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, p. 606.

[25] Qian Daxin: The Collected Works of Qianyantang, vol. 24, "Twenty-two Orders of Scottish Anomalies," p. 407.

[26] Qian Daxin: "YuanShi Yiwenzhi Yuanshi Bu Li Yi Wenzhi", The Complete Works of Qian Daxin, Jiading Qian Daxin, vol. 5, p. 1.

[27] Qian Daxin: The Collected Works of Qianyantang, vol. 31, The Collection of The Snow Building, p. 557.

[28] See Cheng Jufu: The Collection of Snow Houses, vol. 6, "Monument of King Shude of Wudu Zhimin", Tao Xiangying carved the Ming Hongwu Periodicals in the second year of Xuanun (1910).

[29] Zhang Xuecheng: Zhang Xuecheng's Testament, vol. 9, "Continuation of the Treatise on Zhan Zhan for Bi Zhijun and Qian Xinlin Palace", p. 80, Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, August 1985.

[30] Hu Shi: The Chronology of Mr. Zhang Shizhai, p. 87, Collected Works of Hu Shi, vol. 7, Beijing: Peking University Press, 1998.

[31] See Chen Hongsen, "Genealogy of Qian Daxin", in appendix to The Methods of Governing the Classics of Qianjia Scholars, edited by Jiang Qiuhua, p. 71, Taiwan: Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, Academia Sinica, 2000.

[32] Qian Daxin: Annals of Zhuting Residents, Qianlong Fifty-six Years, p. 37.

[33] Huang Pilie: "Inscriptions of the Book collection in the Garden", vol. 2, "List of Inscriptions of the First Year of the Yuan Dynasty", "Collection of Inscriptions of the Huang Pi Lie Collection", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2013, pp. 91, 92.

[34] See Wang Shenrong, Exploring the Sources of Yuan History, Chapter 2, "The Historical Sources of the YuanShi Benji", and Chapter 3, "The Historical Sources of the Yuanshi Zhuzhi", Jilin: Jilin Literature and History Publishing House, 1991.

[35] The "History of the Yuan" has been criticized by Gu Yanwu and his subordinates. Qian Daxin, on the error of the two transmissions of the "Yuan Shi", said that in the "Twenty-two Shi Kao Yi" volume 94 "Yuan Shi Kao Yi XueBu Tai Biography", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004, p. 1300.

[36] The New Book of Tang is followed by Zeng Gongliang's Table of Books of Jin Tang, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1975, p. 6472.

[37] See Zheng Yu: Shi shan Ji, vol. 6, "Inscription of love on the relics of the Daru Hua Chi Shan Zhu Gong of Huitai Wanhu Province", Wenyuan Pavilion Siku Quanshu.

[38] Qian Daxin, The Twenty-Second Shi Kao yi, vol. 94, "The Tale of the Pure Sea of Yuan Shi Kao Yi", p. 1302.

[39] The "Empress Taizu Kulan", "Empress Dowager Taizong", and "Empress Hata" in parentheses quoted here are added by the author, and are the corresponding empresses in the "Table of Later Concubines".

[40] According to "Taizu Xia Tai Chi Wu Zhi Zhi Zhi

[41] Qian Daxin: "Twenty-two Scotts", vol. 91, "Table of Yuan Shi Kaoyi And Empresses", p. 1259.

[42] Qian Daxin: "Twenty-two Shi Kaoyi", vol. 94, "The Biography of Yuan Shi Kaoyi, According to Za'er", p. 1299.

[43] See Chen Hongsen, "Examination and Identification of Qian Daxin's Yangxin Yulu", Proceedings of the Institute of History and Linguistics of the Academia Sinica, Vol. 59, 4th (1988), pp. 913-926; see also Chen Hongsen: "The Fiction and Reality of Examination Evidence", in The Continuation of Tsinghua History Lecture Hall, Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, 2008, pp. 123-125.

[44] Mao Yuesheng's "Collected Poems of Xiu Fuju", General Preface, 1936 Shadow Road Light Edition.

[45] Mao Yuesheng: The Collected Works of Xiu Fuju, vol. 3, "Reply to Mr. Li Shenqi".

[46] See Hu Promise: "Zhi Zhi", published by Gu Shi's Weiwen Book House.

[47] Yao Chun's Collected Writings of late learning, vol. 9, Mao Shengfu Epitaph, engraved in the second year of Xianfeng (1852).

[48] See Letter 65 of The Liuhan Yangzhan series, "Wang Xisun to Chen Yi", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012, p. 236.

[49] Ibid.

[50] Chen Yiji, Liuhan Yangzhan, letter 66, Wang Xisun to Chen Yi, p. 239. The sentence "Do not be broken under the foot" and the word "do not" are originally missing, according to the meaning of the text and the previous letter.

[51] Zhao, Miscellaneous Records of Xiaoting, vol. 7, "Qian Xinlin Zhibo", Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1997, p. 222

[52] Han Rulin, Review and Prospect of Yuan History Research, p. 70.

[53] Qian Daxin, Collected Writings of Qianyantang, vol. 34, "Three Answers to Yuan Jianzhai Book", p. 616.

[54] See Yuan Shi, vol. 10, Shizuji, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1976, p. 198.

[55] Wang Shenrong, Exploring the Origins of The History of the Yuan, p. 2.

The original journal of Chinese Historical Research, No. 3, 2020, according to the author's original manuscript. Thanks to Li Mingfei for authorizing the release!

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