The Huns, a chilling name, evoke associations of speed, strength, and hardness, and people often think of the thunderous horseshoe of the sky, the cold light of the blade, and the thick blood. Beacon Wolf Smoke is the alarm that the galloping of the horse's hooves triggers the invasion of war.
Sima Qian's historical records record that the ancestors of the Xiongnu were Chunwei, descendants of the Xia Hou clan, who pursued water and grass and migrated without cities and places of habitual residence, and did not engage in agricultural production. Their livestock are mostly horses, cattle, sheep, and camels. It is their nature to be nomadic and to shoot birds and beasts as a profession for everyone to practice offensive skills in order to invade and plunder. Their long weapons are bows and arrows, and their short weapons are knives and collars. The rise of the desert in the north of China, in the 3rd century BC, and the Roman Republic of the Han Empire, almost in no particular order.
01400 isoprecipitation line
In a map of China, this ordinary geography book has it all. It is called the four-hundred-millimeter equal precipitation line, which is the dividing line between nomadic and agrarian peoples, and above this amount, the land can grow crops, and below this amount there can be no crops. Nomads, by the influence of the climate is particularly large, every time the grassland changes social changes, population changes no matter what changes, its internal contradictions will eventually be transformed into going south to grab, so in Chinese history, from the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, began to form a kind of Central Plains farming peoples, and grassland tribal culture, this fierce conflict and collision, nomadic and farming peoples conflict.
02 Xiongnu leader - Mouton
It seemed destined that the Huns were fiercer and more fearsome than any enemy, claiming to be the descendants of wolves and their bodies filled with wolf genes. They had no fixed abode, the horse's back was their home, and wherever the Huns' horses went, their territory expanded. They called the chief Shan Yu, and Shan Yu meant a chief as vast as the Son of Heaven.
There was a prince named Mao Dun, and later Shan Yu's beloved Qin clan gave birth to a young son. Shan Yu wanted to abolish Mo Dun and make his younger son the crown prince, so he sent Mo Dun to the Yue clan as a hostage. Mo Dun had already come to Yue Shi as a hostage, but Touman rushed to attack Yue Shi, and Yue Shi wanted to kill Mo Dun, and Mo Dun stole Yue Shi's good horse and rode it back to the Xiongnu. Touman thought he was brave and ordered him to command ten thousand cavalry. Mouton made a kind of arrows, trained his men in archery on horseback, and ordered: "Whoever shoots my arrows will be beheaded if anyone who does not follow me to shoot it with all his might." "Shoot the bird and beast first, and if someone doesn't shoot the target of the arrow, Heon kills him." Soon, Mouton shot his own good horses with arrows, and if anyone on the left and right did not dare to shoot, Mouton immediately killed them. After some days, Mauton shot his beloved wife with a shot of arrows, and the people on the left and right were afraid and did not dare to shoot, and Mautun killed them again. After a few days, He went out hunting and shot a good horse with a loud arrow, and the people on the left and right followed suit. So Maunton knew that the people around him were all people who could be used. He followed Shan Yu tou Man to hunt and shot Atu Man's head with a shot arrow, and everyone around him also followed the arrow and shot Shan Yu Tou Man, so he killed his stepmother and brother and disobedient ministers. Morton set himself up as a single yu.
When Mo Dun became Shan Yu, Dong Hu was powerful and prosperous, and when he heard that Mo Dun had killed his father and stood on his own, he sent an emissary to Mo Dun and said that he wanted to get the Thousand Mile Horse of the Head Man. Mao Dun asked the group of courtiers, and the group of courtiers said: "The Maxima is the BMW of the Xiongnu, don't give it." Mouton said, "How can a neighbor be a neighbor but be stingy with a horse?" So he gave the Maxima to Dong hu. After some time, Dong Hu thought that Mo Dun was afraid of him, so he sent an emissary to Mo Dun and said that he wanted a Single Yu Fu Clan. Mo Dun asked the ministers on the left and right again, and the ministers on the left and right were angry, saying, "Dong Hu has no reason, he actually wants the Fu clan, please send troops to attack him." Mo Dun said, "How can you be stingy with a woman when you are a lord of the country?" So he gave his favorite Fu shi to Dong Hu. The King of Donghu became more and more proud and invaded the west. There was a vacant lot between Donghu and the Xiongnu, uninhabited, and this place was more than a thousand miles, and both sides built outposts on both sides of this vacant land. The emissaries sent by Donghu said to Mo Dun: "The open space outside the outpost where the Xiongnu and we are bordered, you Xiongnu cannot go, we want to occupy it." Mao Dun asked for the opinions of the group of courtiers, and some of the courtiers said: "This is a discarded vacant land, it is okay to give it to them, and it is okay not to give it to them." So he was furious and said, "Land is the foundation of the country, how can it be given to them!" "Those who said they were giving donghu clearings were killed. Mao Dun got on his horse and ordered that if there were any retreaters in the country, he would kill his head, so he attacked Donghu to the east. Donghu initially despised the Xiongnu and was therefore defenseless. When The army of Mao Dun arrived, as soon as the war began, he defeated Donghu, destroyed the king of Donghu, and captured the people of Donghu and plundered the livestock property. After the return of the Xiongnu, they fought away the Yue clan in the west and annexed Lou Fu and the King of Baiyang Henan in the south. It also completely recovered the land that Qin Pai Mengtian had taken from the Xiongnu, bordering the Han Dynasty with the original Henan Sai. At this time, the Han army was fighting with Xiang Yu's soldiers, and the Central Plains were exhausted by the war, so Mao Dun could be strong alone, with more than 300,000 troops who could draw bows and shoot arrows.
03 Bondage with the Han Dynasty
In 200 BC, Han Gaozu Liu Bang led a 320,000-strong army to march in person, Liu Bang was The opponent of Mao Dun, under the attack of the Han army, Mo Dun hid the elite troops, and then led the "remnant defeated generals" to pretend to be defeated, the Han army chased the Xiongnu army without scruples, when Liu Bang's army reached Pingcheng, Mo Dun took advantage of the favorable terrain, gave full play to the rapid advantage of the cavalry, and immediately scattered the han army's infantry, and finally Liu Bang fled to Bai Deng Mountain, and then was surrounded by the Xiongnu regiment, for 7 consecutive days, the Han army was no reinforcements, Liu Bang, who was forced to be helpless, had to take Chen Ping's advice and secretly paid a bribe to one of Mo Dun's concubines, sent a large amount of gold and silver jewelry, and gave a princess to Mo Dun, plus a large amount of cotton wool, silk, wine, rice and food, and married as a brother, which escaped from death, and from then on, until twelve years before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty eased relations with the Xiongnu with a humiliating policy of peace and pro-Xiongnu.
Even so, the Xiongnu iron horse still appeared on the border of the Han Dynasty from time to time, bringing a lot of trouble to the Han Dynasty, soon the "natural enemy" of the Xiongnu Empire appeared, the twelfth year of the succession of the majestic And heroic Emperor Wu of Han, after decades of recuperation, in 133 BC, Emperor Wu of Han issued an order to start a war, the Western Han Dynasty, which was bullied by the Xiongnu for more than 50 years, finally fell into shame, and the great general Wei Qing won the first battle, after which, Emperor Wu of Han launched 3 large-scale battles, and finally beat the Xiongnu Empire without fighting spirit In 126 BC, the last great Shan Yu of the Xiongnu Empire died of illness, his younger brother Yi Zhixiao established himself as the new Shan Yu, and the son of the military minister Shan Yu broke out into a civil war for Da Shan Yu, and finally Yi Zhixiao won the victory, but at the same time greatly depleted the strength of the Xiongnu Empire, and since then, the glory of the Xiongnu Empire is no longer there.
04 Disappearing nations
From 89 to 91 BC, under the blows of the Western Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu split into the Southern Xiongnu and the Northern Xiongnu, the Southern Xiongnu gradually moved south, interacted with the Han people frequently, and gradually became one with the Han people, and the Northern Xiongnu continued to move west under the joint attack of the Han Dynasty and the Southern Xiongnu, and finally disappeared from the Chinese history books, and later, according to European historical records, a nomadic people from the East trekked westward for many years, and they united 7 major tribes under the leadership of an outstanding tribal leader, Archduke Arpard. In 896 AD into the Carpathian Basin (present-day Hungary) in central Europe, in 1000 AD, the descendants of the Alpard family St. István established the Kingdom of Hungary, in order to commemorate this history, in the Hungarian capital Budapest Heroes' Square built an imposing monument, 7 ancient knights formed a beautiful bronze group of statues, these 7 knights dressed differently from the ancient European knights, they have the characteristics of the Oriental nomads "Hu costume riding and shooting".