The charm and significance of FuShan
Since Su Dongpo, there are really not many people with high artistic talent, high comprehensive cultivation, and high popularity, and Fu Shan is counted as one. This Shanxi study tour, there is a small topic, that is, the FuShan Memorial Hall in the Jinci Temple, but we saw Fu Shan at Yanmen Pass in advance.
This is Fu Shan's inscription of the Yanmen Pass, the three sides rush to the unparalleled ground, and the Nine Sai respects the first pass.
Note: Three sides with nine plugs. Yanmen Pass has always been a choke point between the Central Plains and the Desert Plains, and occupies a position in the middle of the three sides (youzhou, Hezhou, and Liangzhou from east to west). In the "Warring States Nine Fortresses" (referring to the nine central Plains Great Wall fortresses in ancient times, namely Yanmen Pass, Juyong Pass, Badaling Great Wall, Bauhinia Pass, Chu Great Wall, Huangcaoliang, Jingxing Pass, Sentence Note Plug, and Pingjing Pass), Yanmen Pass is clearly defined as the head of the Nine Stoppers.
Yanmen is a national defense fortress for the Han to attack the Xiongnu, the Tang to defend the Turks, the Song Yu Khitan and the Ming Dynasty, and the soldiers must fight, and the royal family must fight. There is no defense of Yanmen Pass, where there is Taiyuan Dragon City, where there is Jin Shang culture, where there is the stability of Xi'an and Luoyang Imperial Cities. Therefore, "the wild goose gate is gained and the world is gained, and the wild goose gate is lost and the central plains are lost."
FuShan is the business card of Shanxi. Scholar, healer, painter, calligrapher, poet, foodie, martial artist. Fu Shan's life has ups and downs, the charm is infinite, and Fu Shan's calligraphy is just a reflection of this charm. Since the Tang Dynasty, the contest between the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities in the northern desert grasslands has been mostly lost, because with yuan and Qing dynasties, there have been two groups of "remnants", who are not numerous, do not last long, but have not small energy. They either resisted, such as Wen Tianxiang and Zodiac Zhou, or refused to cooperate, such as Gu Yanwu and Fu Shan. The young Fu Shan, who was full of guts, and his teacher Yuan Jixian was imprisoned for being framed by the Wei Party, Fu Shan contacted more than a hundred students, jointly signed a petition, and walked to Beijing to petition yuan for wrongs. He led the members of the public to print and distribute posters everywhere in beijing, affirming the truth, and twice went out to testify. In the end, Yuan Jixian's unjust case was revealed, and the official reinstated Wuchang Dao. The victory of this struggle shook the whole country, and Fu Shan received lofty honors and praises, and his fame and fame were praised by the Beijing Division and even the whole country. Soon, the rebel army and the Qing army successively captured Beijing and died in the Ming Dynasty. Fu Shan heard the news and wrote a sad poem that "it is difficult to write the book of weeping the country, and flee according to the orders of his relatives". In order to show his resistance to the shaving of the Qing court's hair, he became a Monk, with the title of "Zhu Yi Daoren", Zhu Yiren, Zhu Yi,Zhu ZhiYi, implying the remembrance of the dead Ming. At the beginning of the Qing army's entry into the customs and the establishment of the capital beijing, the tide of resistance against the Qing in the whole country rose one after another, and the momentum was quite high, and Fu Shan longed for the southern Ming Dynasty to become more and more powerful, and went north to expel the Qing Dynasty Kuang Fu Ming Room at an early date, and actively contacted Song Qian, the chief military officer sent by the King of Gui to Shanxi, plotted and accumulated strength, and initially planned to revolt from Wuji Town, Wu'an, Henan, on March 15, the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654), and developed his power northward. However, the matter was not secret, and soon after Song Qian sneaked to Wu'an, he was captured by the Qing army and confessed to Fu Shan. Fu Shan was arrested and imprisoned in Taiyuan Prison. During his detention, Fu Shan denied political relations with Song Qian, and even if he tortured him to extract a confession, he only said that Song had asked him for medical treatment, but he was refused, so he held a grudge. A year later, the Qing court could not allow Fu Shankou to confess, so he was released with the sentence that "Fu Shan did falsely report and release him accordingly." In the "Zhu Yi Daoren Case", Fu Shan did meet Song Qian, the organizer of the secret anti-Qing campaign, but he denied it after implicating the arrested person. It is reasonable to say that some people have confessed that you Fu Shan is a supporter or even a conspirator of the anti-Qing movement, which is the glory of your Fu Shan, because you are so flaunting yourself in the circle of friends, how can you try to shirk it? The ultimate reason was that he did not want to die, and because Fu Shan believed that someone would save him from death. Sure enough, the testimony of his friend Wei Yi'ao, a high-ranking official, and the vigorous rescue of other Han officials saved him from prison. He wrote in the poem: "Sick return to the mountain temple, give birth to the shame of the prison gate ... There is a head towards the old mother, and there is no face to the divine state." This shame of self-knowledge and stealing life accompanied the remnant Fu Shan throughout his life. Of course, there are also prides in being a widow. It is precisely because the Han officials are "second ministers", so the widows have a sense of superiority over the Han officials on the spiritual level. Similarly, providing economic assistance and political shelter to the remnants could alleviate the mental stress of the Qing and Han Chinese. Fu Shan's greatest pride in life was the erudite Hongrute examination in his later years (1678, 72 years old). He refused to enter Beijing to take the exam, and was later strongly persuaded by the local recommended official and his friend Dai Mengxiong to leave on his way. Traveling to a deserted temple outside chongwen gate, Fu Shan suddenly said that he was ill and would never enter the city, symbolizing that he still did not recognize the new imperial court. This kind of very dramatic behavior, that is, a clever artist with a scholarly background like Fu Shan can think of and do it (gu Yanwu, the leader of the academic circles at that time, was relatively simple, writing to the recommending officials and vowing not to participate in the test, while Yan Ruoxuan's reaction was very excited, quite "look up to the sky and laugh and go out, my generation is a basil person"). Subsequently, test-taking scholars and Han officials came to visit, and although they did not take the test, the Kangxi Emperor still awarded Fu Shan the title of Zhongshu in the cabinet. Fu Shan's move not only expressed a posture of not recognizing the new rule, but also won the favor of the new rule, and the cost was not high, and the risk was not large. Kangxi and Fu Shan, each got what he wanted. When Fu Shan returned to his hometown, many scholars and officials in Beijing went to see him off, and Fu Shan's reputation as a widowed elder reached its peak. The sorrow of the remnants, their profound contradictions and complex psychology, their self-persistence and sense of spiritual superiority, their resistance, avoidance and even reluctance in real life, half pushing and half-pushing, are finally presented in the pen of Fu Shan, a literati who wants to write and can write well.
Therefore, Fu Shan is a very vivid and three-dimensional person, and this life is worth it.
Fu Shan's calligraphy has many casual people, many entertainers, and not many fine products. Even the original works seen in the Fushan Memorial Hall of the Jinci Temple this time are not fine works. However, from his works, we can still see a lot of content, and get a lot of inspiration and reference.
Details are magnified, so untrimmed. The whole picture is detailed, full of pride, full of vitality, it seems that it is impossible to see the ink change, giving people the feeling that a rhythm to the end, never pauses, like a locomotive head, gasping for breath rolling forward! This kind of momentum is unique among the scholars of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The two lines of small characters in the drop paragraph are excellent to enrich the possible monotony and thinness of the two lines of the main text, making the whole article look particularly full.
In the Fu Shan Memorial Hall, this pair of calligraphy is very eye-catching. Writing it so seriously is an emotion with the Yanmen Guan.2 Fu Shan's fusion of Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy is very in place, and he is very good at expressing it in the list book, and in the thick and dense, he often leaves a breath eye, so it appears vivid.
As a scholar, Fu Shan also raised his calligraphy practice to the height of theory, of which "Four Nings and Four Wus" are the most representative. "Four Nings and Four No" comes from Fu Shan's poem "Writing characters to show children and grandchildren" in his later years.
First look at his poem: "Writing is the first to be a person, and the strange character of man has been since ancient times." Gang often rebelled against Zhou Kong, and the pen and ink could not be repaired. Sincerity is supreme, and the pen is not exclusive. One arm plus five fingers, six eyes. Whoever uses the Nine, the heart and the wrist are taken. Yongzhen traces the Xiwen, not easy to Liu Gong language. Before learning the Lu Gongshu, first look at the Lu Gongju. The plain qi is in the middle, and Mao Ying's feet are swallowed." "Writing Characters to Show Children and Grandchildren" says: "Poor Dao was about twenty years old, and the Great Jin and Tang Dynasty FaShu of the ancestors was everywhere, but it could not be slightly revealed." Occasionally, Zhao Zi Pleiades incense light poetry inkblots, love its round and beautiful, so Linzi, do not count and want to mess with the truth. This is without him, that is, as a man learns to be a gentleman, he only feels that it is difficult to get close to the edges, and he descends to swim with the bandits, and he does not feel that his relatives are close to him day by day and there is no one who has no self. He despised his shallow writings, such as the bonelessness of King Xu Yan and the Lu Gong learned by the ancestors of Emperor Fuzong in the fourth and fifth dynasties. However, the wrists are mixed, and they can't be as thin and tough as the ancestors. It hurts more than a bandit! I don't know what Dong Taishi saw, so he called Meng Tian "nothing in five hundred years"? The path of poverty is the great solution of today, and it is the great solution of this day. This poem is still written in the Zhao state, so that children and grandchildren know about it and do not repeat it. This is a work of manhood. However, it must be known that Zhao is a person who is attentive to Wang's right army. Only because the learning is not correct, it flows softly and beautifully. The infallibility of the heart is also the same, dangerous! Danger! Be careful! Thousands of miles, why not! Ning clumsy, Ning ugly, Ning zhi is not slippery, Ning Zhen is not easy to arrange, enough to return to the pool and fall into the land!
This passage is worth reading carefully, because this is Fu Shan's major contribution to Chinese calligraphy, and this theory is also the direction of practice of later scholars. But these four sentences alone are not enough, contemporary writers often ignore the context and context of Fu Shan's words, deconstruct Fu Shan, so they are caught in the fire, or they are born demons.
Fu Shan's letter to Dai Tingyu (quoted from the first issue of Chinese Calligraphy in 2017) mentions his feelings about writing a book, which is interesting and profound, and it is advisable to offer the explanatory text to zhu jun:
Writing is only accidental, and when you want to write a book, it is incredible. Recently, it has been stopped again and again, almost with the meaning of grass shallow beast fat, soft bow and manic hand. Yan sheng paper a piece of exhortation, a few years Xu Yi, between the cabinet walls. Suddenly recalling Kang Le's "Small Preface to the Poetry of the Pseudo-Yi Collection", the strangeness is indescribable, and the trial book can be taken, so that it can end. Its body is not really grass, not sealed, not subordinate, also true and grassy, also sealed and subordinate. After writing a self-examination, I can't predict the magic of its structure. At that time, it was raining for days, and there was no one to answer, and the three or four paragraphs of the incomprehensible "South China" were quietly noted, which was quite unattainable. Proud and sleepy, sleeping up is the book of this paper, and who knows that the creation of writing is suitable for the old immortals of the lacquer garden. Nearly the wrist is getting older, and it is possible to call this still able to turn the goose's neck, and write the "Six Classics" with six calligraphy, make up for the shortcomings of Ouyang's rate and more calligraphy, immerse himself in the imitation of Zhonglang, and can not be financially supported, in vain. Zhonglang traces are only in the "Youdao Tablet", and it is also simple at the time, contrary to the "Saying Text". Huang Chu's fake "Chung Chung Monument" is not enough to look at it.
Fu Shan addressed Dai Tingyu with the following explanation:
Article tricks, no effort and can not get ahead. Chang Li Jia Jia, Chen Yan Wu went, and now look at Chang Li, and Chen Yan Yi. The basis for compiling the Mo is only a few books of "Zuo", "Guo", "History", "Han", and "Beiji'er" by those who have a foundation. And the one who has the sole eyes and the hand is in it, but not in it. According to the scriptures, change and change, mature and refined, it takes years. For example, my brother and □□ reviewed the text, and the diameter cut was in tune, and it was no longer under the hands of Shi Liu Gugu (referring to Yan Ermei). The important thing is not to look at it randomly, the material is the material, and the material is not the material, and the words that are loved very much in the day, or "History" or "Han", are well-known and catchy, and for a long time, sometimes the cause, such as the enlightenment of breaking the block. This year my brother is the year of Gundam's poetry, how late is it to regret it?
Let's talk about Wang Duo, because we also went to Wang Duo's hometown - Mengjin this time, and visited Wang Duo's former residence and Wang Duo's calligraphy museum
The gloomy and deranged Wang Duo and his influence on the contemporary book scene
Wang Duo lived in the same age as Fu Shan, a man who was not very famous and influential. In the 1990s, "export to domestic sales", the Japanese took Yang Shoujing out of Wang Duo and exported to China, blowing up the "Wang Duo Wind", the wind is very strong, more than 12 levels, because in that era, many people learned a lot of fur from Wang Duo. Wang Duo's characters have a strong sense of form and visual impact, which is of great help to the prevailing exhibition hall style. Moreover, Wang Duo is different from Fu Shan, who is a scholar with a temperament, while Wang Duo, in the second half of his life after the Qing Dynasty, is almost a professional calligrapher. He was suffocated in the study, creatively writing the inscriptions of the Second King and the famous scholars in history countless times, and then blending into his own gloom and madness, and finally becoming a family of his own. His "dirty mess" has also become an important reference for contemporary writers because of spiritual isomorphism.
The Luoyang Museum has a collection of Wang Duo's poems, which is always "dirty and messy".
In August 1621, Wang Duozhongxiang, who was born from a small landlord family in Mengjin, Henan, took the examination, and in March of the following year, at the age of 31, he was re-enthroned as a jinshi and reinstated as a Shujishi of Hanlin Yuan.
In the nine years of Wang Duo's first involvement in politics, he regarded himself as a clear stream. In his youth, Wang Duo still had the spirit of being upright and pragmatic in his bones. Objectively speaking, this is still very different from the chaotic officialdom of the Ming Dynasty of shi nan, muddled, confused, and even shiqing.
Wang Duo later suffered from national unrest and family breakdown. This wandering lone minister of the Ming Dynasty, if it were not for the appointment of King Fu, may have disappeared in the turbulent displacement, and may have become an old man after the change of dynasty, but fate pushed him onto such a dramatic stage - to serve as the second assistant of the Southern Ming Hongguang Dynasty and descend to the Qing Shiqing.
The cause of the incident was that when the Fu Wang family fled, they encountered Wang Duo's family living in Huaiqing, and Wang Duo took care of them a lot. Now that Zhu Yousong has become emperor, he remembers the grace of his past salvation and raises Wang Duo as a scholar of Dongge University. In June, Wang Duo, who was exiled to Suzhou, entered the cabinet, with Ma Shiying as the first assistant and Wang Duo as the second assistant. It can be seen from many details that Wang Duo's political acumen is extremely low, and he is basically incapable of judging the situation. In the area of "cultural construction," these activities have never decreased, such as writing monuments, inscribing inscriptions, visiting landscapes, composing poems, and engaging in calligraphy and painting. According to statistics, in less than a year as a secondary auxiliary in the Hongguang Dynasty, Wang Duo has composed nearly 100 calligraphy works, more than a dozen paintings, and hundreds of poems! It is rumored that Wang Duo actually wrote a couplet for the royal harem that "everything is like a cup in hand, and a hundred years and a few moons are the head", which is not simply moral degeneration, but can be regarded as a great evil. If Wang Duo is not a soft bone, at least he is a fool.
In April of the first year of Ming Hongguang, Yangzhou fell, Shi Kefa died, and the Sword Blade of the Qing Army pointed directly at Nanjing. On May 10, Fu Wang, Ma Shiying, and others fled, and there was chaos in the city of Nanjing. "Fifteen days... Wenchen Zixue Wang Duo, Qian Qianyi, Zhang Sunzhen, and others, hundreds of wenwu members, more than 200,000 horse infantry, all of whom surrendered" ("Records of fire", vol. 10).
According to History, Hong Chengzu once persuaded him to surrender to the Zodiac Zhou. I can't imagine whether Wang Duo also had plans to persuade the Zodiac Zhou or the persuasion arrangements from the new government, let alone the scene of persuasion. Zodiac Zhou, this Ming orphan who regarded Wang Duo as a friend, called himself and Ni and Wang Gong "Three Pearl Trees" and "Three Madmen", and commented on Wang Duo's calligraphy and "looked at his fifty self-realizations", how should he face Wang Duo and Wang Duo? History has avoided such embarrassments.
In the winter of the fifth year of Qing Shunzhi (1648), the 57-year-old Wang Duo came to Beijing and was appointed as the former Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites, a bachelor of the Guan HongWen Academy, and the vice president of Chong Ming History. There has been no political achievement in this period. Shunzhi was the eighth year of the Jin Dynasty Prince Shaobao, and Shunzhi died in the ninth year of Shunzhi in mengjin's hometown, at the age of 6l. After his death, the Qing court gave Taibao, Emperor Wenzong.
The Qing court's appointment of Wang Duo was only to win people's hearts and decorate the façade. Wang Duo's silence and inaction are the mediocre choices of reality. Because of his greed for life and fear of death, he chose Shiqing, and his deep sense of shame and fear were intertwined with the satisfaction of the reality of living, and they were closed layer by layer. Before his death, he "died in cloth and not sealed the tree", and it is still unknown where the tomb is.
During the Qianlong period of revising the history of the Qing Dynasty, Wang Duo was listed as a "second minister", and the Qianlong Emperor said to Shi Chen: "In the Ming Dynasty, and at the beginning of the dynasty's muscle fixation, he took the lead in surrendering to Shun, you Zhi Lieqing, the big festival was a loss, and he really did not despise mankind", "If he and Hong Chengzu are listed as the second minister, do not show differences, etc., why show evil, should be included in the B series, the axe is awe-inspiring, and the righteousness of the Spring and Autumn Period is combined."
Wang Duo's life, compared with Fu Shan, can be called a sad urge, and after the qing, he is gloomy like a ghost. Wang Duo's calligraphy does have a "ghost atmosphere".
Wang Duo is a prolific poet, calligrapher, painter, he has stored 20,000 poems, 10,000 calligraphy, thousands of paintings in his lifetime, I calculated, in the 30-year creation period, he averaged 2 poems, 1 word, 0.1 paintings per day. Such a prolific artist is indeed rare.
Wang Duo's brushwork is neither "two kings" nor mi fu. In order to enlarge the post, he added a lot of jitter to the pure and smooth Jinren brushwork, and added distortion to the cursive shape of the second king, and at the same time, he also used the "ink increase method" to turn the lines into blocks, creating a unique appearance of Wang Duo.
A plaque inscribed by Japanese calligrapher and calligraphy educator Mishima Murakami for the former residence of Wang Duo. The Japanese are very fond of Wang Duo's calligraphy.
Wang Duo's inheritance to the "Second King of Zhong Zhang" is very clear. How can it not be touching to see his many pro-post works? Qian Qianyi said in his epitaph written for Wang Duo: "The secret cabinet posts, there are many types of departments, the number of arrangements is jagged, the worms are undulating, the interesting words are cited, the mouth is immediately responded, the eyes are repeated, the dot painting Gobo is drawn, the wrong side is out, such as the lamp taking pictures, without losing any hair." I believe that Wang Duo has this ability, even as a temporary work of creation, there are many miracles.
Wang Duolin's "Preface to the Holy Teachings of Collected Characters"
Wang Duo was 54 years old
But as soon as he left the post, Wang Duo's self-play became obvious. The first three characters of the 37-year-old "Xingshu Zaizhiyuan Five Laws poetry axis" "Hualin Shen", such a glyph crooked and twisted, as well as the ambiguity and rigidity of the pen and even stiffness, are the prototypes of Wang Duo's typical beauty, but they have nothing to do with the "Jinren Brushwork". From this, you can see the shadows of Mi Fu and Huang Tingjian.
Wang Duo's creative works, Chongzhen four years of composition, at that time liked to go east and west.
Donation to John Tang's poetry book: monthly illness and hardship, starvation of grain, several books to sell, get five buckets of millet, buy ink, ink is not Jia'er, Naihe. Alas, poor Wang Duo, who was so obsessed with books when he was poor.
Wang Duo's stories and works once again emphasize that books are like people!