What doctrines did Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, and Yan Yuan put forward in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties?

Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, and Yan Yuan were great Confucians of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. They grew up in the last years of the Ming Dynasty, when it was still the era of re-science. The theoretical ideology proposed by Zhu Xi and others in the Song Dynasty influenced Chinese society for hundreds of years.

Feeling the pain of forgetting the country, they rebuked the rationale for talking about the wrong country, and vigorously advocated the study of applying the world, and if they wanted to apply it to the world, they had to have a basis.

Gu Yanwu took archaeology and truth-seeking as its purpose, opposed the rational theory of not paying attention to practical learning, emphasizing that "the world rises and falls, and the pirate has the responsibility" and emphasizes that "there is shame in doing one's own deeds, and it is erudition to be knowledgeable." His masterpiece "Rizhilu" reflects his idea of "applying the world to the world".

Huang Zongxi had a strong democratic ideology, put forward the idea of "the world is the mainstay, the king is the guest", expressing dissatisfaction with the feudal monarchy system. He believed that "the greatest evil under the heavens is only the king" and "the rule of chaos under the heavens is not the rise and fall of one surname, but the happiness of all peoples."

Wang Fuzhi summarized and developed ancient Chinese materialism and dialectical thought. He believes that the universe is a material entity composed of gas, and "reason" is nothing more than an objective law, pointing out that qi changes day by day, emphasizing that "action" is the basis of "knowing", and opposing "keeping to its cause and not being new".

Yan Yuan is a thinker who specializes in practical studies. He believes that "the more you read, the more confused you are, the more ignorant you are, and the weaker you are in running the economy."

Looking back, the ideas of seeking truth from facts, serving the people, democracy, innovation, and people-oriented that we advocate have taken root in ancient times. We have five thousand years of history, and we have many examples that we can refer to, which is our luck. Take history as a mirror and people as a mirror.

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