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Mr. Gu Yanwu, a great Confucian of the first generation, has a famous theory:
"There is a kingdom that is destroyed, and there is a world that is destroyed."
Distinguish between the fall of the country and the fall of the world?
say:
Yi surname changed its name, which is called the fall of the country.
Benevolence and righteousness are full of congestion, and as for the beast to eat man, man will eat each other, which is called the destruction of the world.
...... Know to protect the world and then know to protect the country.
The protector of the country, his king and his subjects, the meat eaters;
Protect the world, the lowliness and responsibility of the pirates.
”
(From Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu") What is the subjugation of the country? What is the world? In Gu Yanwu's view, the fall of the country is only "changing the name of the surname", the emperor changed from the surname of Liu to the surname of Cao, the name of the country changed from Han to Wei, the death of Liu Han, the revival of Cao Wei, the people are still the original people, the world is still the original world. However, when the change of dynasties is accompanied by a great social regression of cannibalism, and ethics and morality are completely degraded, this is not only the destruction of the country, but the destruction of the world. In addition, Gu Yanwu also stressed that "protecting the country" is only the obligation of "meat eaters" such as princes and generals and relatives of the emperor and the state, while "protecting the world" is a cloth cloth, and everyone has the responsibility.
(Portrait of Gu Yanwu)
Wang Fuzhi, who was ranked at the same time as Gu Yanwu as one of the "Three Great Confucians in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties", also had a famous theory, that is, the change of dynasties
"Zen can be zen, can be inherited, can be reformed, and cannot be made between the class"
。 This means that the change of dynasty can be Zen (such as Cao Pi), can be inherited (such as the death of the father and the son), and even the rebellion and seizure of power (such as Li Zicheng), but the only thing that cannot be occupied by the "barbarian" dove is the magpie's nest, that is aggression, chaos, and "the world is dead". Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi are the most representative great thinkers of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and their above remarks have specific historical meanings, namely:
The Dashun army that died in the Ming Dynasty at li zicheng was the fall of the country, and the entry of the Manchu Qing into the Central Plains was the death of the world.
Because Li Zicheng's Dashun army was a Han regime, and the Manchu Qing were a foreign regime, and after the Manchu Qing entered the Central Plains, they violently carried out "shaving their hair and changing their clothes" and forced the Han people to conform to the Hu customs, which was not only a national disgrace, but also a cultural regression, so it can be called "the death of the world". Of course, as to whether this conclusion is accurate or not, it is the benevolent who sees the wise. However, one thing is certain, that is, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi, as the most influential thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, their views are the epitome of that era, and in that particular historical context, from the princes and generals to the cloth-clad people, the people generally and quickly accepted Li Zicheng's Dashun regime, but accepted the Manchu Daqing regime, which went through a long process.
(Portrait of Wang Fu)
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the famous historian Tan Qian had a huge work, which is the "Guo Yu", which records that when Li Zicheng's Dashun army occupied Beijing in the year of Jia Shen (1644 AD), of the two or three thousand officials in the capital, only twenty people were martyred, and the rest were
"Dressed in robes, the descenders are like clouds."
”。
The bones of the Chongzhen Emperor were not cold, and the old ministers of the Ming Dynasty, from the chancellor Wei Zaode all the way to the Civil and Military Officials, rushed to surrender the Dashun regime of Li Chuangwang, which inevitably surprised future readers, and even heartbroken. Compared with the scene when the Southern Song Dynasty fell, 100,000 soldiers and civilians threw themselves into the sea and martyred the country, the integrity of the Ming Dynasty subjects was really disappointing. However, this is only the view of future generations, and the scholars and doctors of that time had another set of value systems, of course, we can also call it "rhetoric". For example, Shao Zhan Yu has a saying:
"The name of the eldest husband is not complete, and when the name of the Li Gai world is such as Guan Zhong and Wei Zhengke!
(from Peng Sunyi's Pingkou Zhi, vol. 10) Xiang Yu's words involve two other people—Guan Zhong and Wei Zheng. Guan Zhong was originally assisted by Gongzi Gui, but later, on the recommendation of Bao Shuya, he threw himself under Gongzi Xiaobaimen (i.e., the Duke of Qi Huan) as minister of state, and assisted Duke Qi Huan to become the head of the Spring and Autumn Five. And Wei Zheng is also much the same, he was originally a subordinate of the crown prince Li Jiancheng, after the change of XuanwuMen, Wei Zheng chose a good tree to live in, and became Li Shimin's right and left arm.
(Li Zicheng Da Shunjun stills)
In the ancient Chinese traditional value system, it has always been important to pay attention to "loyal subjects do not do things to the two masters", but Guan Zhong and Wei Zheng not only "did things" the two masters, but also turned to the enemy's camp. And it is precisely these two people who have also become sages who have left their names throughout the ages. Xiang Yu took Guan Zhong and Wei Zheng as an example to illustrate:
A courtier can also be a virtuous courtier, or he can be a virtuous courtier!
Coincidentally, after Li Zicheng's demise, he gave Gong Dingzi [zī] in the incident that he had been criticized for submitting to "Li Thief", and he frankly "replied" at that time:
"Who has not surrendered? Wei Zheng also submitted to Emperor Taizong of Tang! ”
It is true that both Xiang Yu and Gong Dingzi were suspected of defending their own ugly deeds, but under the historical circumstances at that time, they were by no means a minority of outliers, but represented the position of the vast majority of scholars. Xiang Yu and Gong Dingzi invariably compared Li Zicheng to Li Shimin, which is inevitably a bit ridiculous to today's people, but in the eyes of Ming officials, the two did have similarities -- in addition to the same surname Li, they also seized the throne by force and also had the ability to rule the world. Therefore, they also thought that they could assist Ming jun like Wei Zheng and leave their names for eternity.
(Portrait of the Chongzhen Emperor)
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, when the Chongzhen Emperor haned himself on the coal mountain, except for a few remnants who swore allegiance to Daming, the vast majority of Han officials and gentry did not hesitate to submit to Li Zicheng. Compared with the Dashun regime, the Manchu Qing regime had no advantages, and in the hearts of the Han officials and gentry, Li Zicheng's destruction of the Ming Dynasty was only an ordinary one of the countless dynastic changes, while the Manchu Qing, which was located in Liaodong, was a barbarian regime with very different languages, customs, and extremely backward ideology and culture. It must be stated that the author is neither a fan of Da Shun nor a big Qing Hei, nor is he in favor of using the decadent "Defense of Huayi" in the current society, and this article is only to illustrate the specific historical ideas under a specific historical period. To understand history, we have to go back to that particular historical context, which is a compulsory course for us to study history. Therefore, if we want to truly understand the theories of Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi, we must also interpret them from the perspective of a person in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. So, what do you think of the readers of "the fall of the country" and the "fall of the world"? When the Ming Dynasty fell, was it "the fall of the country" or the "death of the world"? Welcome to leave a message to express your opinions!
Resources:
"Rizhilu", "Guoyu", "Qingshilu", "History of the Southern Ming"? wait??
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