A Brief History of the French Revolution: 1795-1797, The Governorate and the Coup d'état of Guoyue
In 1797
On the 26th of The Portuguese Month and 17 october, the French Republic signed the Treaty of Campofomio with the Kingdom of Austria. The peace treaty provided for compensation for the loss of Belgium and Lombardy by Austria with part of the land of Venice. The old republic of Venice was divided up, and France retained the Illyrian Islands, while the provinces of Venice, Eastria and Dalmatia were assigned to Austria. The first anti-French alliance collapsed, only Britain did not agree to peace, Britain negotiated in Lille on the one hand, and planned the British, Russian and Turkish anti-French alliance in St. Petersburg.
In 1798
On march 17, March 7, General Duffe of the French Republic was killed in a riot in Rome, and the papal government did nothing against it. As punishment, the Overseer sent troops into Rome, escorted Pope Pius VI to Paris, and turned the Papal State into a republic.
On 23 April and 12 April, the Governorate responded to the demands of the Swiss canton of Vaud for french support against the tyranny of the Bernese nobility, waged war against Switzerland, defeated the Swiss, merged Geneva into France, and established the Republic of Helveshe.
On May 23 and May 12, the Governor's government held elections for a new term, and the Republicans had the advantage in both houses elected, but the Governor's government declared this election null and void. Of the five Governors, Carnot and Barthélemy were removed by law, and Meran and Trela of Douai replaced them.
On may 30 and May 19, Napoleon left Toulon with a fleet of 400 ships and part of the Italian Front to begin an expedition to Turkish Egypt. Napoleon occupied Malta on 9 June, Alexandria on 1 July, defeated the Mamluk army at the Pyramids of Egypt on 21 July, and conquered Egypt by entering Cairo on 23 July, which had surrendered.
On the 13th of Thermid, on 31 July, the British Nelson defeated the French Republic fleet at Abu Gil Bay, and the French Republic fleet was almost completely destroyed.
On the 25th of The Portuguese Month, on October 16th, the people of Cairo rioted, and Napoleon brutally suppressed the rebellion.
On the 9th of December, 29 December, Russia and Britain signed an alliance against France.
Napoleon fought in Egypt
In 1799
On the 22nd of the rainy month, on February 10, Napoleon led his army from Cairo to Syria and captured Arish.
On the 17th of March, Napoleon captured Jaffa.
On 22 March and 12 March, as Austria allowed Russian troops to enter the Rhine freely through its territory, the French Republic declared war on Austria, and Austria joined Russia, Turkey, Naples, and Britain's Second Coalition of Resistance. At the beginning of the war, the Kingdom of Naples marched to Rome, and the Sardinian king raised troops to threaten the Ligurian Republic; Champione entered Naples after a fierce battle victory, established the Republic of Naples, And Jubert defeated the Sardinian army, occupied Turin, and the whole of Italy fell into French hands. However, the actual strength and reserve strength of the anti-French coalition forces were superior to those of the Republic, and they attacked from italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands in a big way, and with the defeat of the French army, the small republics on the outskirts of France were occupied, and the coalition army won several new victories, and could already attack the birthplace of the revolution itself.
On the 28th of the Wind Moon, on March 18, Napoleon began to attack Acre.
In May, the Governorate held elections for a new term, and the Republicans once again had the upper handicap in the two houses elected. Of the five Overseers, Lebel was removed by law and replaced by Sieyès; Barras abandoned his colleagues and turned to the Republicans; Trela was removed from office and replaced by Goière.
On the 1st of May and 20th, after two months of hard work and heavy losses, Napoleon was still unable to conquer Akka, so he led his army back to Cairo.
On 30 June and 18 June, the Governors Melan and La Riveyère were forced to resign, Moulins and Roche-Dico were elected to the Governor's government, and the Republicans won a total victory. Within the Directoire, the republicans split into moderates and extremists: the moderates, led by the two Governors Sieères and Roche-Dico, relying on the Senate in the legislature and the moderate masses and the middle class outside the government, demanded a strong, calming government, one that did not remember the old evils and did not make new enemies; the extremists, led by the Governors goaier and Moulin, relied on the Five Hundred House in the legislature, and outside the government with the support of the Manej faction, who advocated the restoration of the republican three-year constitution Barras was neutral between the two factions, and he became the overseer of the royalist party opposed to the three-year constitution of the republic. The domestic situation in the republic thus became chaotic.
On the 28th of Thermiduary and 15 August, the Combined Austro-Russian forces under Suvorov defeated the French at Novi and Jourbe was killed. But thanks to Champione's efforts, the French border was not breached. Soon, the IRA crossed the border and began a counter-offensive.
On 19 September, Brunner defeated the Anglo-Russian forces under the command of the Duke of York at Bergen, forcing the Duke of York to retreat from his warship and abandon his attempt to invade.
In March and September 25, Massena defeated the Austro-Russian coalition commanded by Korsakov and Suvorov in Zurich, defeating the Russian army and thus breaking up the anti-French coalition.
On the 17th of The Portuguese Month, on October 9th, Napoleon, after hearing of the changes in the domestic political situation, left General Klébel in Egypt to command the army, took a fast three-masted sailing ship, crossed the Mediterranean Sea throughout the British ships, returned to China, landed at Frejus, entered Paris as a victor, and was drawn by various factions. At the urging of their friends, Napoleon and Sémouilus eventually interacted with each other and reached an agreement.
On the 15th of the Misty Moon and 6 november, Séères and Napoleon drew up a plan to overthrow the ultra-republicans: move the legislature to Saint-Croix and appoint Bonaparte, the only one who could save the motherland, as commander of the forces, then overthrow the Governorate by force and temporarily dissolve the legislature.
On the 18th of the Misty Moon, on November 9, the Senate and the House of five hundred accepted the arrangement to move to Saint-Croix, Napoleon was appointed commander of the Seventeenth Division, and Silères and Roche-Dico offered their resignations. When Barras, Moulins, and Goié learn of the events, they attempt to use their powers and the Overseer Guard to protect themselves, but the Guards have received orders from the Senate relayed by Napoleon and refuse to obey them. Seeing that the tide was gone, Barras resigned and returned to his hometown. The Governor's Government has by this time effectively dissolved.
On the 19th and 10th of November, Napoleon dissolved the Five Hundred People's Court by force, the ultra-republicans completely collapsed, and the rule of the Governorate came to an end.
Misty Moon Coup
On 12 October, the Provisional Government was proclaimed with three ruling powers: Napoleon, Sémouilus and Roche-Dicco, and two legislative councils were set up to draft a constitution and establish a definitive system. The Provisional Government abolished the mortgage law and stopped issuing forced public bonds; allowed the return of missionaries who had been exiled after the 18th of the Month of Goul; and released from prison and in the Republic of The Republic those who had been swept to the sea by the revolutionary storm and who had been detained in France for four years or forced into exile.
On December 24, the eight-year constitution of the republic was promulgated and the executive government was proclaimed. Napoleon changed the non-exclusive, long-term constitution designed by Sieères and put power in his own hands. Napoleon was in the first place, and under the first government there were two deputy governors who were only consultative; the Senate, elected by each ruling party, elected members of the National Council and the Legislative Yuan from the list of candidates in the country, made the right to create laws completely to the government. Napoleon influenced the revolutionaries and royalists by appointing the second consul, Cambaceres, and the third consul Le Brunn, for the same purpose, the former great feudal nobleman Talerand was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and the former Montagnard Fouché was appointed Minister of Police.
In 1800
On 6 May, Napoleon offered peace to England, but was rejected and decided to continue the war. Napoleon appointed Mauro to command the Rhine Front, while he himself went to Italy to command the battle.
In June, the Papal States was re-established.
On 14 June, Napoleon completely defeated the Austrian army on the Marengo Plain, forcing the Austrian army to withdraw from Italy and allowing the French army to completely occupy the area.
On 3 December, Morrow defeated the Austrians at Hornlinden.
On 24 December, the Shu'anists assassinated Napoleon on St. Nicos Street, and Napoleon escaped. The Minister of Police, Fouché, felt sudden and helpless, blamed the democrats, and democracy was purged. Napoleon took the opportunity to establish a special military tribunal.
In 1801
On 8 January, Austria and France signed the Treaty of Luneville. Austria agreed to all the terms of the Treaty of Campoformio, ceded Tuscany to the son of the Duke of Bama, and recognized the independence of the equal republics of Batavia, Helvicher, Liguria and Sichar.
On 18 February, the Kingdom of Naples signed the Peace of Florence with France, ceding the island of Elba and the Principality of Piombino to France.
On 15 July, Napoleon held a grand ceremony in the Notre Dame Cathedral of Paris to sign a special agreement with the representatives of Pope Pius VII. Under this agreement, France resumed the establishment of dioceses, and the state power allowed monks to participate, but monks were under the jurisdiction of foreign popes. The monastic class was rebuilt.
On 29 September, Portugal signed the Treaty of Madrid with France.
On October 8, Russia and France signed the Treaty of Paris.
In 1802
On 25 March, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, the Second Coalition collapsed, and peace was achieved in Europe.
On 6 April, the legislature approved the Ecclesiastical Ordinance, reinstating Sundays and four religious holidays, while ending the system of one day after another every ten days.
On 6 May, the legislature announced the appointment of Napoleon for another ten years in power.
On 15 May, Bonaparte introduced a bill to establish the Legion of Honor, which was approved by the legislature. The Legion of Honor consisted of men with lifetime knighthoods, divided into fifteen brigades, divided into several ranks, centres, organizations, and seniority; Napoleon was the commander of the legion, and each team consisted of seven officers of the second class (colonel), twenty officers of the third class (major), thirty officers of the fourth class (non-commissioned officer) and three hundred and fifty members of the fifth class (ordinary) regiment. A new aristocratic class was thus established.
On 7 June, Napoleon sent an expedition of 40,000 troops to Santo Domingo, which had declared independence, and after conquering most of the territory, lured and arrested the black leader Toussaint-Louverture in the name of peace talks, and reconfirmed Santo Domingo as a colony. However, after the initial victory, the French army was constrained by unfavorable climatic conditions, and eventually lost this territory as the new uprising continued to rise.
On 2 August, the legislature announced the appointment of Napoleon as the first consul for life.
On August 4, the legislature promulgated the Constitution of the Republic for a Decade. The Constitution fixed the public and executive functions and powers, as in the case of the central Government; the electors became tenure-electers; the first consul had the power to increase the number of electors; the Senate had the power to change the organization of the State, to cease the powers of the jury, to declare the counties not constitutionally protected, to revoke court decisions, and to dissolve the Legislative Yuan and the National Conservatory. Napoleon's autocratic rule was thus supported by the Constitution.
On 26 August, Napoleon incorporated the island of Elba into France.
On 11 September, Napoleon incorporated Piedmont into France.
On 9 October, Napoleon occupied the Principality of Bama.
On 21 October, Napoleon sent an army of 30,000 men into Switzerland in support of the Swiss Federal Regulations, which had been disrupted by the revision of cantonal laws.
In 1803
On 15 May, negotiations between Britain and France broke down completely, and the British ambassador, Sir Whitworth, left Paris.
On 26 May, Napoleon sent an army into the territory of the Elector of Hanover.
In 1804
On 28 February, with the consent of the British government, exiles led by Piszgru and Georges Caddar secretly landed on the French coast and infiltrated Paris, contacting General Moro and attempting to plot a conspiracy. As they were about to make their move, the police arrested most of them, George Kadudar was executed, Piszgru hanged himself in prison, and Moro was sentenced to two years in prison, which was later exiled.
On 15 March, Napoleon, on the basis of reports from the police, believed that the Duke of Dangan in the Duchy of Baden had participated in the 2.28 conspiracy and sent troops to arrest the Duke of Dangan. Duke Danggan was immediately escorted to Wansen, where he was shot in a trench outside the castle after several hours of trial by a court-martial.
On 21 March, Napoleon promulgated the French Civil Code.
On 18 May, the legislature passed a proposal to establish an imperial system, ending the French Republic and proclaiming the French Empire. On the same day, the Senate issued a resolution amending the Constitution to bring it into line with the new situation. Napoleon became emperor, his brothers Joseph and Louis were promoted to imperial princes; Murat, Moncey, Ney, Davu, Lana, Jourdan, Massena, Augero, Sirte, Bruna, Motier, Bessiere, Kleman, Berthier, LeFeffer, Pérignon, Cerrieuil and Bernadotte were appointed Marshals of the Empire.
On 2 December, Pope Pius VII personally came to Paris to hold a grand coronation ceremony for Emperor Napoleon.