Speaking of the founding lieutenant general Zhang Jingwu, he is not a fierce general who charges into the battlefield, but there is no shortage of brave people under his command, such as Xu Shiyou and Wang Jian'an. He has a skill that many senior cadres do not have, that is, outstanding negotiation ability. It can be said that General Zhang Jingwu is an uncompromising negotiator.
Lieutenant General Zhang Jingwu (1906~1971)
Zhang Jingwu is a native of Hunan Province, hunan Province, when he was a child, his family fell in the middle of the road, and at the age of 13, he entered the Hengyang Third Normal School (referred to as hengyang Third Normal School). During his normal studies, Zhang Jingwu became acquainted with Liu Shaoqi's first wife, He Baozhen. At that time, He Baozhen could be regarded as Zhang Jingwu's college sister, and this relationship also created conditions for Zhang Jingwu's later interaction with Liu Shaoqi.
Martyr He Baozhen (1902~1934)
In addition to his friendship with He Baozhen, Zhang Jingwu also had close contacts with Zhang Jichun, Zeng Xisheng, Wu Yunfu, etc., and often discussed the road to national salvation together. All three of them later became famous figures in our party, and the four of them were also known as the "Four Great Kongs of the Third Division of Hengyang."
Zhang Jichun, former deputy director of the Central Propaganda Department
In 1926, Zhang Jingwu had just turned 20 years old, and by this time he had already graduated from the Hengyang Third Division. Like other young people, Zhang Jingwu also chose to throw in the pen and apply for the military academy.
During this period, zhang Jingwu chose two military schools in his life path. One is the emerging Whampoa Army Officer School, and the other is the Henan Jianguo Officer School, both of which, Zhang Jingwu, was admitted. Interestingly, Zhang Jingwu finally gave up the opportunity to enter the Whampoa Military Academy and chose the Henan Jianguo Military Academy, after all, the words "Jianguo" in that period were more tempting for young people.
Whampoa Army Officer School
Zhang Jingwu's "wrong" choice also laid the groundwork for his next career. After graduating from the Jianguo Military Academy, Zhang Jingwu successively transferred to the units of the Jianguo Army, the Gui Clan, and the Xiang Army, and was also directly kicked out of the army system by Chiang Kai-shek because of his status as an officer student at the Jianguo Military Academy.
During his tenure in the Xiang Army, Zhang Jingwu also deeply felt that the army was extremely dark and corrupt, and could not realize his ambitions. Zhang Jingwu, who had a skill in the air but nowhere to show it, began to worry about his future and was depressed all day long.
At this moment, the deeds of He Long's revolution in western Xiang'e reached Zhang Jingwu's ears. Zhang Jingwu had already heard of He Long and longed for it in his heart. Therefore, he resolutely broke away from Tang Shengzhi's troops and prepared to return to Hunan and defect to He Long.
While passing through Wuchang, Zhang Jingwu happened to meet his former classmates Zeng Xisheng and Wu Yunfu. Zhang Jingwu unreservedly told his inner thoughts to the two old classmates. When they learned that Zhang Jingwu had the ambition to find the Communist Party, Zeng Xisheng and Wu Yunfu revealed their identities as Communists.
Zeng Xisheng, former first secretary of the Anhui Provincial PARTY Committee
Then, Zeng Xisheng gave Zhang Jingwu an idea, asking him to return to the Jianguo Army to do military movement work and wait for the opportunity to find the party organization. In this way, Zhang Jingwu once again returned to the Jianguo Army. This time, he happened to meet yao jin (a communist) classmate who used to attend military academy together.
In June 1930, Zhang Jingwu was introduced by Yao Jin and joined the Communist Party of China. Later, Zhang Jingwu came to Shanghai with Zeng Xisheng and entered a training class held by the central government to study.
In the spring of 1932, under the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Zhang Jingwu followed Zeng Xisheng from Shanghai to Ruijin in the Central Soviet Region and joined the Red Army. It can be seen that Zhang Jingwu's qualifications are still relatively shallow.
Zhang Jingwu during the Red Army period
However, it was the gold that would shine everywhere, and the military skills Zhang Jingwu learned at the military academy finally came in handy. At this time, the Red Army was preparing for the Red Army School, and it was in urgent need of military talents like Zhang Jingwu who graduated from regular military schools. Principal Liu Bocheng personally appointed Zhang Jingwu as the commander of the political battalion of the Red Army School and concurrently served as a teacher. Since then, Zhang Jingwu has successively served as the head of the military teaching regiment of the Central Military Commission, the deputy director of the Fifth Bureau of the Central Military Commission, the commander of the Guangchang Base, the deputy director of the Fifth Bureau of the Central Military Commission, and the head of the Huichang Teaching Regiment.
During the Red Army's Long March, Zhang Jingwu was appointed as the head of the teaching instructor under the direct jurisdiction of the Central Military Commission, and it was He Changgong who served as the political commissar at that time. On September 18, 1935, the Central Red Army was reorganized in Hada and renamed the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment, with Peng Dehuai as the commander and Mao Zedong as the political commissar. The Shaanxi-Gansu detachment had three columns under its jurisdiction, of which Ye Jianying was the commander of the third column, Deng Fa was the political commissar, and the chief of staff was Zhang Jingwu. At this time, Zhang Jingwu, who had only been in the Red Army for three years, had become a senior general of the Red Army, and his future was bright.
He Changgong, former vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Zhang Jingwu's promotion was so rapid that in addition to his excellent military qualities, it was also closely related to the appreciation and promotion of two other people, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai.
Zhang Jingwu's introducer to the party was Yao Jin, who had a very close relationship with Mao Zedong and Yang Kaihui. When Zhang Jingwu entered the Central Soviet Region to meet Mao Zedong, the two exchanged, Zhang Jingwu inadvertently mentioned his introduction to the party, Yao Jin, and Mao Zedong felt very kind. In addition, Zhang Jingwu was a man with quick thinking and outstanding eloquence, and soon left a deep impression on Mao Zedong.
Mao Zedong and Zhu De
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Kuomintang and the Communists cooperated for the second time, and the Eighth Route Army set up several important offices throughout the country, under the full responsibility of Vice Chairman Zhou Enlai. However, Zhou Enlai lacked a right-hand man by his side, and at this time he set his sights on Zhang Jingwu. Zhang Jingwu and Zhou Enlai first met in 1931, when Zhang Jingwu followed Zeng Xisheng to the central of Shanghai to study for a short period of time, although the two did not have too much intersection, but after all, they had a friendship. Moreover, Zhang Jingwu, Zhou Enlai and Guo Chuntao were all familiar with each other, which further narrowed the distance between the two.
Therefore, Zhou Enlai applied to the Central Committee to keep Zhang Jingwu by his side and serve as a senior staff officer of the Eighth Route Army's office in Hankou. At that time, Zhang Jingwu was Zhou Enlai's first assistant in military and political affairs.
However, Zhang Jingwu's outstanding ability in united front work should also be reflected in the treatment of the joint resistance of the Northwest Army's Song Zheyuan and Han Fuyu's troops. It was on the eve of the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan that Zhang Jingwu was instructed by Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to come to the Hebei front to do united front work with Song Zheyuan's troops, who had anti-Japanese tendencies, hoping that Song would unite with the Red Army to resist Japan.
Song Zheyuan was the former subordinate of Feng Yuxiang of the Northwest Army, and was then chairman of the Jicha Political Council of the National Government and chairman of the Hebei Provincial Government. In view of his prominent position in the whole of Jirecha, not only the Kuomintang was fighting for it, but also the Japanese government was also co-opting, so Zhang Jingwu also immediately began to work.
Under Zhang Jingwuxiao's explanation of the stakes, Song Zheyuan's attitude toward resisting the Japanese Kou was more firm than before. In the end, Song Zheyuan actually left Zhang Jingwu with a red background in the army as a major staff officer, and during this period, a large number of Communists entered Song Zheyuan's army, further consolidating the achievements of the united front.
Song Zheyuan
At the same time, taking advantage of the relationship between the Northwest Army, Zhang Jingwu also established a relationship with Han Fuyu, chairman of the Shandong Provincial Government of the Nationalist Government and commander-in-chief of the Third Army.
At that time, the Japanese army successively captured Beiping and Tianjin, and the next target was Shandong. Han Fuyu has always been a person with two sides and three knives, seeing the wind and making the rudder, and living the role of a wall-headed grass, and when the Japanese army pressed the border, as the supreme responsible person of the party, government, and army in Shandong Province, he was helpless.
Han Fuyu
Zhang Jingwu put forward to Han Fuyu the idea of uniting with the Communists to resist Japan, and under the explanation of the interests and stakes, Han Fuyu was also quite moved. At the same time, he went so far as to promise to release all the more than sixty members of our Party who were imprisoned in the Military Justice Department of the Third Army. These people are all backbone personnel of the Shandong party organization, including Zhao Jianmin, a big figure who later became a "hard bone."
Zhao Jianmin, former secretary of the Yunnan Provincial Party Committee
When Zhao Jianmin was arrested, Han Fuyu gave him a blank stare several times, but he did not kill him. And he also has a rather chapter in the history of the Shandong base area, one person and one bicycle, one by one, he restored and established the party organizations in Shandong. In his later years, Zhao Jianmin was persecuted and imprisoned in Qincheng Prison. The prison guards could beat whomever they wanted, but when he ran into Zhao Jianmin, instead of hitting Zhao Jianmin, he was beaten by Zhao Jianmin. At that time, Zhao Jianmin was more than half a hundred years old, but his prestige was still undiminished.
Zhang Jingwu's current trip to Hebei and Shandong made a sound and outstanding united front work and saved a large number of backbone personnel of our party, which was highly praised by Chairman Mao Zedong.
In early April 1938, Li Yu, secretary of the Shandong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, went to Yan'an to report on his work. In addition to reporting on the work, Li Yu also asked the central government to send cadres to Shandong to strengthen the backbone of Shandong.
Li Yu, political commissar of the Shandong Column
The Party Central Committee first sent Guo Hongtao to Shandong with about 50 cadres, and then Mao Zedong personally ordered generals to have Zhang Jingwu lead more than 200 people from Kang Da, graduates of Northern Shaanxi Public School, and a battalion of armed forces to Shandong to help Li Yu open up the situation in Shandong. In addition to taking into account Zhang Jingwu's excellent military qualities, the leader's general this time is also a full affirmation of his united front capability. After all, the anti-Japanese situation in Shandong was very complicated, and in addition to the war against Japan, it was indispensable to deal with the Kuomintang diehards.
Soon, the Shandong Branch of the COMMUNIST Party of China was established, with Guo Hongtao as secretary and Zhang Jingwu and Li Yu as members.
In December of the same year, the Shandong Column of the Eighth Route Army was established, with Zhang Jingwu as the commander-in-chief, Li Yu as the political commissar, Wang Jian'an as the deputy commander (June 1939), Jiang Hua as the director of the political department, and Wang Bin as the chief of staff. There are 25 regiments under the jurisdiction of the Shandong Column, including 24,500 regular troops and about 10,000 local armed forces.
Zhang Jingwu, commander-in-chief of the Shandong Column
Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent Xu Xiangqian, Zhu Rui, and other comrades to lead the work of the Shandong Column, which shows the importance attached to this anti-Japanese armed force. Although Zhang Jingwu only stayed in Shandong for more than a year (October 1938 to the beginning of 1940), his contribution to the development of the Shandong column could not be ignored.
From left: Xu Xiangqian, Fu Zhuting, Song Renqian, Xiao Hua
The Shandong column was composed of a number of local anti-Japanese guerrilla forces in Shandong, with complex compositions, and its combat effectiveness and military quality naturally could not be compared with the 115th Division, which had the foundation of the Red Army. In view of this, Zhang Jingwu strictly grasped the management and training work of the troops, and also held training classes for cadres and personally taught them to cultivate military backbones. At the same time, Zhang Jingwu also always implemented the instructions of the party Central Committee and carried out three phases of army reorganization, which not only improved the overall quality and combat effectiveness of the mountain column, but also sent a large number of soldiers to the 115th Division of the Eighth Route Army.
In the united front work, Zhang Jingwu adhered to the principle that "no one offends me, I do not offend; if anyone offends me, I will offend.", and at the same time united the forces of all sides to jointly resist the war. In the struggle against Shen Honglie, chairman of the Kuomintang diehard Shandong Province, Zhang Jingwu showed great toughness, personally commanding the troops to annihilate qin Qirong's troops, which deliberately created friction, revenge for the "Taihe massacre," and safeguard the authority of our party in Shandong.
Li Yu, political commissar of the Shandong Column, had this to say about Zhang Jingwu: "With his excellent qualities and style, Comrade Jingwu has won a high prestige among the comrades of the column and has been respected and loved by everyone! ”
In early 1940, Zhang Jingwu and Guo Hongtao were ordered to return to Yan'an from the Shandong front and participate in the "Seventh National Congress" of the Party. Because of the postponement of the "Seventh National Congress", Zhang Jingwu was left to work in Yan'an.
In early 1940, Zhang Jingwu was ordered to return to Yan'an from the Shandong front, attended the "Seventh National Congress" of the Party, and was elected as a deputy to the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Because of the postponement of the "Seventh National Congress," Zhang Jingwu was left to work in Yan'an, and successively served as chief of staff of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Jinsui Joint Defense Army Headquarters, deputy commander of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Left-behind Corps, chief of staff of the Jinsui Military Region, and chief of staff of the Northwest Military Region. This was the first guard work of the Party Central Committee, and it was also a general personally ordered by Mao Zedong, which shows the degree of attention Zhang Jingwu received at that time.
From left: Zhang Jingwu, Xiao Jinguang, He Long
Zhang Jingwu partnered with He Long for a long time, up to 8 years before and after. He Long liked Zhang Jingwu very much, and Zhang Jingwu also admired the 8-year-old future marshal of the republic with a slight "jianghu atmosphere". And this overly intimate relationship may also be the root cause of the bitter fruit in the future!
"You see, Zhang Jingwu is a man who is stronger than Chiang Kai-shek's two sons in terms of name, and Chiang Kai-shek's two sons, Chiang Ching-kuo and Chiang Wei-kuo, are known as Jingwen Weiwu, and we here will destroy them all!"
After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Kuomintang and the Communists had a brief period of mediation, and a special military mediation office was set up in Beiping. Zhang Jingwu, who was good at united front work, was once again entrusted with a heavy responsibility, and successively served as a representative of the 30th group and chief of staff of the executive department of the Military Mediation Office.
After the founding of New China, Zhang Jingwu was appointed director of the General Office of the Central Military Commission and minister of the People's Armed Forces, and concurrently served as director of the General Office of the President of the People's Republic of China, which was a very important and prominent position at that time.
In 1951, Zhang Jingwu was appointed as the representative of the central government in Tibet and the secretary of the Tibet Regional Working Committee, the first political commissar of the Tibet Military Region, and the secretary of the Secretariat of the Southwest Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. At that time, there were three other people sent by the central authorities to Tibet to preside over the work, namely Zhang Guohua, Tan Guansan, and Wang Qimei. In 1955, Zhang Jingwu, Zhang Guohua and Tan Guansan were all awarded the rank of lieutenant general, and Wang Qimei was awarded the rank of major general. The fact that the PARTY Central Committee dispatched four senior cadres to Tibet at once shows the importance attached to the Tibet issue.
When Zhang Jingwu was about to go to Tibet, Mao Zedong sent him all the way to the door and personally explained important matters: "Jingwu, pay attention to work methods, unite the upper echelons of the front, and love the country and the family." ”
The great man can be said to have high hopes for Zhang Jingwu, and Zhang Jingwu also lived up to the trust of the great man. During his work in Tibet, he has always faithfully implemented the instructions of the party Central Committee on Tibet work, conscientiously implemented the party's ethnic and religious policies, and made important contributions to safeguarding the reunification of the motherland and developing Tibet's economy. After the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Zhang Jingwu was transferred back to Beijing and served as deputy director of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee.
Zhang Jingwu is in Tibet
In the Second National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held in 1954, Zhang Jingwu was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and the army was also elected as a member of the Standing Committee, along with the later Marshal Chen Yi and General Lu Zhengcao.
In 1955, Zhang Jingwu was awarded the rank of lieutenant general, and at the same time was awarded the Order of August 1 of the First Class, the Order of Independence and Freedom of the First Class, and the Liberation Medal of the First Class.
What is less well known is that Zhang Jingwu was actually awarded the title of lieutenant general. There was a small episode in this: in the 1952 army rating, Zhang Jingwu was rated as a deputy corps rank, and according to his contributions and resume, the central government was ready to award him the rank of general. At that time, after reading the list of proposed generals reported by the party committee of the Southwest Military Region, Mao Zedong specifically proposed that Yan Hongyan, who had been transferred to local work, be selected as a general. Zhang Jingwu also heard about this, and He Long told Zhang Jingwu the good news of the proposed general. Zhang Jingwu immediately said that he would give up his title and be demoted to lieutenant general, which was also out of consideration for the overall situation of carrying out work in Tibet. The Central Military Commission accepted Zhang Jingwu's offer to concede the rank, and in the end, Zhang Jingwu was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.
Marshal He Long
After Liu Shaoqi became president, Zhang Jingwu continued to serve as the director of the general office of the president of the country. He admired Zhang Jingwu very much, and once commented on him: "Zhang Jingwu, who is a scholar of literature and a warrior, can fight wars, has both martial arts and literature, and has not failed in his mission on the Tibet issue. This is the first definition of Zhang Jingwu in the party, and the second is He Long.
During the Cultural Revolution, out of his close relationship with Liu Shaoqi and He Long, Zhang Jingwu was persecuted by the "Gang of Four", who was not only interrogated in wheel wars, but also guarded by martial arts.
Zhang Jingwu and his wife Yang Gang
In order to prove his innocence, Zhang Jingwu went on a hunger strike for a week to fight, but finally failed to survive, and died on October 27, 1971, at the age of 65, in a division hospital in the Sanlitun Garrison District.
In September 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a solemn memorial service for Zhang Jingwu to rehabilitate him and restore his reputation, and this generation of famous generals who made major contributions to the great cause of peacefully liberating Tibet, strengthening ethnic unity, and consolidating the reunification of the motherland can finally be seen.