At the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in April 1927, a father and son were elected as members of the Central Committee and entered the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at the same time. This is the only time in the history of the Chinese Communist Party that it has ever been done.
What is even more rare is that everyone who participated in the election did not favoritism, and all party members approved that all three people jointly served in the Central Committee.
The three fathers and sons who impressed him with his talents were Chen Duxiu, Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian.
However, Chen's door eventually ended up with a sighing ending.
Chen Duxiu had four wives in his lifetime and had seven children. Among them, his wife Gao Xiaolan had three sons and a daughter, and eventually only the younger son lived to the founding of New China; the second wife, Gao Junman, had a son and a daughter, the third wife had a daughter, and the fourth wife had no heirs.
Chen Duxiu's wife, Gao Xiaolan, who was three years old and was a typical feudal woman, was born into a bureaucratic family in the late Qing Dynasty and was the eldest daughter of the then deputy general of the Anqing camp of the Qing army.
Under the careful cultivation of her father, she became a qualified "big girl": three from four virtues are all smooth, but she knows almost nothing in books.
Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian were born in 1898 and 1902 respectively, and their fathers were far away when they were born.
At that time, Chen Duxiu was influenced by the Penghu Reform Law and went to Hangzhou Qiushi College to study alone despite the opposition of his family, which was also the place where he first carried out revolutionary activities. It's just that while studying, he has always neglected his family.
Chen Duxiu
The two brothers, Yannian and Qiao Nian, who have grown up together with a difference in age of four years, have a sharp heart, but there are great differences in personality and appearance: the eldest brother Yannian has dark skin, calm and introverted, and is called "black-faced martial arts" by neighbors; the second brother Qiao Nian is white and handsome, more lively, and is known as "white-faced students".
Like most of the children of officials and eunuchs at that time, they received a strict private education and laid a deep foundation in traditional Chinese studies; like many progressive young people at that time, they deeply realized that such a dark and unfair society needed to be changed, and at a very young age, they broke with feudal ideas and began to find a way to save the country.
Yuan Shikai's raid on his family made the two brothers more determined to walk on the revolutionary road. In 1913, when Chen Duxiu was the secretary general of the Anhui Governor's Office, he participated in the "Second Revolution" and declared the independence of Anhui.
Unfortunately, the "second revolution" did not succeed, and Chen Duxiu, who had become a "thorn in Yuan Shikai's eyes," had to take refuge in Japan. Yuan Shikai, who must report the favor, set his sights on Chen Duxiu's family.
At the end of August 1913, The anti-warlord Ni Sichong, who had defected to Yuan Shikai, sent a group of bandits to storm the home of Chen Duxiu's uncle Chen Yanshu.
Fortunately, someone had reported it in advance, and the two brothers, Yannian and Qiao Nian, quickly climbed the roof and fled to the neighbor's house for temporary shelter, and then fled to the countryside of Huaining overnight and hid in the home of another relative.
Their cousin Chen Yongnian was unfortunately arrested and nearly died in prison. Even though Chen Yongnian was released after the interrogation revealed that he was not Chen Duxiu's child, the shock he received left him insane for life.
After the two brothers Yannian and Qiao Nian learned of what happened to their cousins, they were even more determined to take the revolutionary road and resist the darkness of society. So they went to Shanghai two years later to find their father.
It's just that the two brothers didn't expect that they would never return to their hometown again after leaving, and they never saw their mother again.
Chen Yannian
Chen Duxiu returned to Shanghai from Japan in 1915 to start Youth magazine, the same year he wrote to his hometown asking his sons to study in Shanghai.
Originally, this was a good thing for the two brothers, but Chen Duxiu pursued an "animal nature" education, determined not to let his son live in his own home, and only gave them a small amount of living expenses, requiring them to work and study on their own.
Chen Duxiu believes that this is a way to change the "strength of the chicken without the hand and the strength of the heart without a husband" of the young people in our country.
During their studies in Shanghai, Yannian and Qiao Nian boarded in the store hall of the "New Youth" distribution office of the Yadong Library on The Fourth Road, and the manager of the library was Chen Duxiu's hometown friend, and he paid 10 yuan per month to his two children for living expenses.
The manager still remembers that Qiao Nian, who was always more lively, entered the store to get living expenses, and the more dull yannian waited outside.
Chen Qiao Nian
The brothers' aunt, Gao Junman, who is also Chen Duxiu's second wife, is very unaccustomed to this way of education, and she has repeatedly expressed her objections to Chen Duxiu: Guests from the south to the north can live in the Chen family, so why should they turn away their own heirs? It was just that Chen Duxiu insisted on going her own way, but instead reprimanded her for being "a woman's benevolence."
Therefore, the life of the two brothers is very difficult. According to their French teacher, they worked half-time during the day and read half-time, and at night they could only use the floor as a bed, eat burnt bread, and drink tap water. Mosquitoes are infested in the summer, not even a quilt in the winter, and the same jacket is used all year round. Even he couldn't help but "weird duxiu no forbearance." ”
Under such difficult conditions, thanks to the two brothers' talent and diligence, they were admitted to the famous Aurora University in Shanghai in the year they came to Shanghai.
The university is the first private school in China and has the reputation of "University of Paris of the East". The older Yannian went to undergraduate, and Qiao Nian read the attached middle school.
This year, Chen Duxiu also went north to teach at Peking University, earning 300 yuan per month, but he still only gave his two sons only 5 yuan per month for living expenses.
In "The Age of Awakening", Chen Duxiu, played by Yu Hewei
Chen Duxiu is really not good for the two sons, which also makes the father-son friendship between the three very weak. Therefore, although Chen Duxiu had begun to spread Marxist ideas at this stage, it did not affect his two sons.
During this period, both Yannian and Qiao Nian believed in anarchism and worshipped the domestic anarchist Wu Zhihui and others.
In the second half of 1919, the trend of work-study in France arose throughout the country. At the end of December of that year, Yannian and Qiao Nian also took a boat to Marseille, France, after more than 40 days, and arrived in Paris on February 3 of that year.
Both studied French while in Shanghai and had a good foundation in reading, and they were soon admitted to the Arions School attached to the University of Paris, where they attended classes for 4 hours a day. In their spare time, the two brothers liked to study in the library of the University of Paris and tried to complete the course in one year.
When they came to Paris, France, the brothers held a hint of "pilgrimage", because Paris was one of the birthplaces of anarchism. Here, however, they were disappointed.
Half a year after coming to France, the "Huafa Education Association" led by Wu Zhihui and others suddenly cut off support for all work-study students, so that most of the students lived an almost wandering life.
Wu Zhihui
Under the organization of Cai Hesen and others, the work-study students studying in France launched a protest in 1921 against the withholding of work-study funds by the minister in France to the students, but Wu Zhihui, who had been deeply respected by Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian, and others forcibly expelled 104 students, including Cai Hesen and Chen Yi, to China at this time in conjunction with the French authorities.
This incident also made Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian completely determined to break with anarchism.
After that, with the help of Zhou Enlai, Zhao Shiyan and others who also studied in France, the two brothers began to devote themselves to the study and research of Marxism.
In 1922, Chen Yannian participated in the revolutionary activities of preparing for the establishment of a communist organization in Europe; in June of that year, he was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Young Communist Party of China in Europe, and was responsible for editing and printing their organ publication, The Youth.
In August, under the introduction of French Communist Party member Nguyen Aiguo, later the father of the Vietnamese nation, Ho Chi Minh, Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian joined the French Communist Party together, and were soon recognized by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China as members of the Communist Party of China.
Chen Yannian talked with Mr. Lu Xun
In 1923, Chen Duxiu, then head of the CPC Central Committee delegation to Moscow, sent a letter of instruction, giving 12 of the young people who were working and studying in France the opportunity to study in Moscow, including Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian.
This is not an opportunity for them to rely on their status as "chen duxiu's son," but an opportunity for them to become the best of the young Communists and earn them by virtue of their own ability.
In April of that year, Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian entered the Eastern Workers' Communist University together, and went farther and farther down the road of communism.
While studying in Moscow, the two brothers saw the vitality of Soviet society, which inspired them, and firmly believed that such a path could certainly bring good changes to China.
Chen Yannian worked very hard during his studies, and his understanding of Marxism was very profound, and he was called "Little Lenin" by comrades; Chen Qiaonian cooperated with Xiao San to translate the lyrics of "Internationale" into Chinese, which played an important role in the dissemination of "Internationale" among the broad masses of Chinese people.
Stills of Chen Yannian chen qiao nian in the TV series "The Age of Awakening"
After studying in Moscow for more than a year, due to the advance of the revolutionary situation in the country, comrades in Russia were successively transferred back to work in the country.
Chen Yannian arrived in Shanghai in late September 1924 and was later transferred to Guangdong; Chen Qiaonian returned to China in early 1925 to work in Beijing.
This is the first time that two brothers who grew up together, read together, and wandered abroad together separated. After this separation, the two did not see each other again until their deaths.
His older brother Chen Yannian was first in charge of the Communist Youth League of Guangdong Province in Guangzhou, and then in December 1924 he took over as Premier Zhou as secretary of the Guangdong District Committee of the Communist Party of China. As the center of the Great Revolution, Guangdong was of unparalleled strategic importance.
Chen Yannian worked hard for the Guangdong District CPC Committee and party building, established the secretariat, the organization department, the workers' department, the women's department and other work departments, vigorously developed activists on all fronts to join the party, and held various forms of workshops to enhance the theoretical knowledge level of the students.
Chen Yannian did a great thing in Guangdong: he commanded and defeated the armed rebellion launched by the reactionary business groups of the local big compradors and large landlords.
Stills of Chen Yannian in "The Age of Awakening"
In October 1924, a reactionary business group headed by Chen Lianbo and Chen Gongshou attempted in vain to force Dr. Sun Yat-sen to step down and overthrow the revolutionary government.
Chen Yannian, together with Liao Zhongkai, the leader of the Kuomintang left faction, personally went to Shaoguan to persuade Dr. Sun Yat-sen to order the Northern Expeditionary Army to return to Guangzhou, and at the same time established a revolutionary military committee.
As a member of the Revolutionary Military Commission, Chen Yannian commanded the Workers' Corps and the Peasants' Self-Defense Forces in Guangzhou, as well as the students of the Whampoa Military Academy organized by Contacting Premier Zhou, and defeated the reactionary caravan in one fell swoop.
Subsequently, he suggested that the revolutionary government in Guangzhou go on a crusade to eliminate the counter-revolutionary forces entrenched in the Dongjiang area in less than two months, and also killed the two reactionary forces of the Dian army and the Gui army.
By the beginning of 1926, the revolutionary regime in Guangdong had been basically consolidated and unified. Among them, there is a credit to Chen Yannian.
Speaking of Chen Yannian's greatest credit in Guangdong, it is also the provincial and Hong Kong general strikes. On June 19, 1925, in solidarity with the "May Thirtieth Movement" in Shanghai, Chen Yannian, together with Deng Zhongxia, Su Zhaozheng and others, led a 16-day provincial and Hong Kong general strike.
May Thirtieth Movement
The strike left Hong Kong almost completely locked down and paralyzed the economy. The 16-month-long general strike dealt a heavy blow to imperialism and promoted the development of the revolution.
At the same time, his younger brother Chen Qiaonian also contributed his strength to the revolution in Beijing. In the spring of 1925, as soon as he returned to Beijing, he became the head of the organization department of the Beijing Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, and did a lot of organizational and propaganda work under the leadership of Mr. Li Dazhao.
After the outbreak of the "May Thirtieth Movement", he also followed the leadership of Li Dazhao and organized a large number of anti-imperialist struggles and strikes among workers, peasants, and students.
One of Chen's greatest contributions was the design of sophisticated statistical tables to strengthen the rigor of the party organization, a measure that was promoted by the party central committee to all parts of the country after the Beijing prefectural party committee achieved good results.
Li Dazhao
As two young and ambitious early leaders of the party, the brothers Yannian and Qiao Nian could have become the backbone of the party's leadership, but they both lost their young lives early because of the betrayal of traitors.
After the end of the "Five Congresses" of the Communist Party of China, Chen Yannian went to work in Shanghai, where he was immersed in the white terror. Before he left, he already knew that this trip was bound to be more vicious and less auspicious, but he had a firm belief: "The sacrifice of a Communist Party member is better than a million leaflets!" ”
On the morning of June 26, 1927, the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee was meeting at No. 104 Hengfengli, and when Chen Yannian was just announced as the secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, a secret report came that a traffic officer had been arrested.
The people at the meeting immediately withdrew, and when they did not see anything unusual until about three o'clock in the afternoon, Chen Yannian and two other comrades thought that the address of the organ had not been leaked, and returned to the work of the organ. Unexpectedly, after a bag of cigarettes, the organ was surrounded by military and police groups.
After Chen Yannian was arrested, he insisted that he was employed by a family's tea house, and the enemy army saw that he was dark-faced, coarse-clothed and short-shirted, not much different from ordinary workers, and believed it.
Comrades who learned that he had not yet revealed his true identity immediately launched a rescue, and they found Hu Shi to help, who in turn asked Wu Zhihui, a member of the Kuomintang Central Supervision Commission.
Who expected wu Zhihui to resent Chen Yannian's "betrayal" of anarchism and turn to communism, and he immediately sent a letter to Chiang Kai-shek and the commander of the Shanghai Garrison Department to inform Chen Yannian of his true identity.
On the night of July 4, Chen Yannian, who was being tortured, was secretly escorted to the Longhua Execution Ground. Here, once again, he wrote a legend with zhengzheng's proud bones: in the face of the Kuomintang executioners, he resolutely refused to kneel, and finally he was hacked to death by the executioners who were embarrassed and angry, and the body after death was missing. At this time, Chen Yannian was only 29 years old.
"The Age of Awakening" Before Chen Yannian's sacrifice
In the autumn of that year, his younger brother Chen Qiaonian was transferred to Shanghai as the head of the organization department of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China. On February 16 of the following year, Chen Qiaonian, who held a meeting at the Embroidery Girls' School on North Chengdu Road in the British Concession, was arrested along with 10 other comrades for informing of traitors.
When he was first imprisoned, he pretended to be Zhou Zhichu's name, who expected that this person's father was a wealthy businessman in Nanyang, who got the opportunity to visit the prison through connections, and when he saw Chen Qiao Nian, he lost his mouth and said: "This is not my son."
Chen Qiaonian's identity was thus exposed. On June 6, chen Qiaonian, who was only 26 years old, was shot and killed at the Longhua execution site.
After the successive sacrifices of Yannian and Qiao Nian, Chen Yuying, the only girl of a mother's compatriots, was greatly stimulated, and since then she has been ill, and died in Shanghai Baolong Hospital in the same year that Qiao Nian died at the age of 28.
Her mother, Gao Xiaolan, could not bear the news of the death of her three children one after another and died on September 9, 1930. Among Gao Xiaolan's four children, the only one who remained alive was his youngest son, Chen Songnian.
The Age of Awakening chen Qiaonian died before his death
Chen Songnian's life is not as magnificent as his brothers, and he is not as weak as his brothers. As early as 1913, when Yuan Shikai raided his home, SongNian was separated from his two older brothers. When he was young, he was unable to climb on the roof and hide next door, and was stripped naked by the neighbor's wife and pressed in the bathtub to pretend to be taking a bath to avoid the disaster.
Songnian first met his father in the early 1930s, in a prison in Nanjing. Seeing his father, who had not been seen for many years, being tortured, Matsunian completely forgot that "boys have tears and do not flick."
Therefore, when the Japanese invaders were about to occupy Anqing, Chen Songnian came to Wuhan with his grandmother Xie Shi and accompanied Chen Duxiu on the last journey of his life.
Having a son and granddaughter by his side added a lot of happiness to Chen Duxiu's later life. He once carried out "animal nature" education for the eldest son and the second son, and in his later years, it was inevitable that he would enjoy the joy of heaven like an ordinary old man.
The second from the left is Chen Songnian
Song Nian is also a filial piety, he not only respects his father Chen Duxiu, but also respects his stepmother Pan Lanzhen, who is not much older than himself, and lets his children call her "second grandmother".
After liberation, Chen Songnian encountered many difficulties, so that his family was very poor. It was not until Chairman Mao inspected Anqing in 1958 that he learned that Chen Duxiu still had his descendants alive and personally said that "Chen Duxiu's descendants can be taken care of" that Chen Songnian received a living allowance of 30 yuan per month and a stable job.
In his later years, Chen Songnian often told his children: "Your grandfather's business is a major national affair, don't interfere!" ”
But there is also one thing within the family: the repair of the tomb.
When Chen Songnian moved Chen Duxiu's tomb from Wuhan back to Anqing, for fear of getting into trouble, he carved "Chen Qiansheng" on the coffin—the name that Chen Duxiu had used during his scientific expeditions, and when he was buried, he was only buried hastily.
On the centenary of Chen Duxiu's birth, the Anqing Municipal Bureau of Culture invested 200 yuan for a simple repair. At this point, Chen Duxiu's tomb is still relatively simple.
At the beginning of 79, Chen Songnian's children wrote a letter to Comrade Xiaoping, mentioning that they hoped to repair Chen Duxiu's cemetery. Comrade Xiaoping personally instructed that Chen Duxiu's tomb could be protected as a historical relic, and the Anqing Municipal Government allocated 20,000 yuan to make a relatively large repair.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping
In 1998, after Chen Duxiu's descendants wrote a letter to the Central Committee again, they received a total of 1.3 million yuan in funding at the end of 1999 to overhaul the Chen Duxiu Cemetery; around 2005, the Chen Duxiu Cemetery was rebuilt again before it was expanded to its current form, and a bronze statue was erected.
Chen Duxiu's other children did not end up very well. In 1923, Gao Junman left Chen Duxiu with a son and a daughter he had, Chen Henian and Chen Zimei.
Chen Henian studied at Peking University in his early years, was a preparatory party member of the underground party of the Communist Party of China, and one of the "three university student leaders" in Peiping. After the victory of the War of Resistance, he sent his wife and children back to Beijing, but he remained in Hong Kong for a long time until his death in Hong Kong in 2000.
Chen Zimei's experience is similar to that of her younger brother, who is only one year old and is not deeply impressed by her father because her parents were separated when she was a child, and she learned to be independent at a very young age and learned a good hand in obstetrics and gynecology.
Later, she risked her life to smuggle to Hong Kong, where she moved to Canada and lived in the Chinese area with her own medical skills until her death in New York in 2004.
Chen Duxiu's third wife, Shi Zhiying, was 22 years younger than him, and the two were basically in a state of hidden marriage, breaking up in March 1927. Shi Zhiying gave birth to a daughter for Chen Duxiu in 1924, and it is said that she looks exactly like Chen Duxiu, and other circumstances are unknown.
Among Chen Duxiu's seven children, the only ones who can impress everyone are Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian, who have shed their status as "Chen Duxiu's son" and stood proudly in the world as "martyrs" and "revolutionaries."
Since June 30 this year, under the road sign of "Yanqiao Road" in Hefei, Anhui Province, many bouquets of flowers have been successively added. Among those who sent flowers, some silently put them down and left, and some children wearing red scarves seriously raised their hands to salute the Young Pioneers.
With the popularity of the TV series "The Age of Awakening", this road that was once unnoticed, this once unattractive street sign, has entered people's sight.
More and more people know the meaning of the word "Yanqiao" - Chen Yannian, Chen Qiaonian, the two sons of Mr. Chen Duxiu, two young fighters who sacrificed their lives for the glory of the revolution.
Among the flowers, there are also cards addressed to the martyrs. It reads: "This prosperous world, as you wish", "The years are long, the mountains and rivers are unharmed; the smoke of war is gone, and the dawn is all over" "This prosperous world, we will be your eyes, for you to see through."
Like Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian, there are still many benevolent people who do not rely on the yuyin of their fathers and are unwilling to take a shortcut.
They turned into a cluster of sparks to light up the land of China, not to leave a name in the history of Qingqing, but to bury their bones in the green mountains, so that this beloved homeland can maintain its most beautiful appearance.