There are so many delicate rivers and mountains, causing countless heroes to bend their waists.
Emperor Han Wu of Qin lost his literary style slightly; Emperor Songzu of Tang was slightly inferior.
A generation of heavenly pride, Genghis Khan, only knows how to bend the bow to shoot large eagles.
Count the popular characters, and look at the present dynasty.
Qinyuan Spring. The reason why "Snow" is revered by Liu Yazi, the leader of the Republic of China's poetry circle, is that in addition to the magnificent and magnificent snow scenery and the magnificent and unrestrained momentum, the heroic mind of the great man is even more fascinating to future generations. Think of the Qin Emperor Han Wu's generation, for more than two thousand years, how could he not be a model for the emperors of all generations and a hero of the world who was respected by the world? At this moment, it seems that the requirements are a little high.
However, what is convincing is that the great man who wrote this majestic poem, no matter from which dimension to evaluate, is enough to compete with the above five, and the achievements in literature are even more unique, thus having the qualification of "talking nonsense". In his view, the criterion for evaluating ancient emperors is not only military and political achievements, but also literary talent. Then, when the heroes of thousands of years are not enough, what kind of people and poetry have entered the eyes of great men?
In the summer of 1954, Mao Zedong came to Beidaihe. According to xu Tao, a health care doctor, he often whispered "Guancang Sea" when he was strolling on the beach or working in his spare time. This is the one that Mao Zedong most admired among the twenty-one Lefu poems left by Cao Cao, and was composed when Wei Wu led the army to pacify Wuhuan on the way to the Jieshi Mountain where Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wu of Han had come, and when he overlooked the spectacular scene of the sea. The whole poem is grand and open, which not only expresses the joy of the poet after winning the war, but also shows the poet's open-mindedness and ambition to make meritorious achievements.
The chairman even found a map to verify, saying that Cao Cao "sent troops to conquer Wuhuan in May of the twelfth year of Jian'an, and in September, the class master passed through Jieshi Mountain to write "Guancang Sea", "Cao Cao came here", and Mao Zedong touched the scenery and felt a lot of emotions, and then brewed and created the famous article "LangTaosha" and then brewed and created the famous article "LangTaosha" . Beidaihe".
Heavy rain fell on the swallows, the white waves were monstrous, and fishing boats outside Qinhuangdao were playing. A vast ocean is gone, who do you know?
In the past, wei Wu waved his whip, and there was a posthumous chapter on the east side of jieshi. The autumn wind is now again, changing the human world.
The so-called "last chapter" naturally refers to "GuanCang Sea", while "XiaoSer Autumn Wind" is a use of the phrase "Autumn Wind XiaoSer, Flood Waves Rise", Mao Zedong used it here in reverse: "XiaoSer Autumn Wind" is no longer there, and today after a thousand years has "changed the human world". This was inseparable from the construction of New China, which was in full swing at that time, when the three major socialist transformations were in full swing, and the Communist Party of China promptly put forward the general line for the transitional period in accordance with the requirements of the political and economic situation at that time: "From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the basic completion of the socialist transformation, this is a transitional period." The general line and the general task of the Party in this transitional period is to gradually realize the socialist industrialization of the country and the socialist transformation of agriculture, rival industry and capitalist industry and commerce by the state over a considerable period of time. ”
"Waves and Sands. "Beidaihe" shows Mao Zedong's pride and confidence in the socialist transformation and construction of New China at this time, and his magnificent songs are lyrical, remembering the heroes of the ages, and chasing the heroic poetic style and transcending them.
On July 23 of the same year, Mao Zedong wrote to his daughters Li Ne and Li Min about Cao Cao again, and hoped that their daughters would read Cao Cao's "Jieshi Poems". He wrote: "The area around Beidaihe, Qinhuangdao, and Shanhaiguan are the places where Cao Mengde went. He was not only a politician, but also a poet. His jieshi poems are famous, and there are selected ancient poems in my mother's place, so I can ask my mother to teach you to read them. ”
It was here that Mao Zedong gave the most direct evaluation of Cao Cao's poetry: "I still like Cao Cao's poetry. Majestic, generous and sad, real man, big strokes. ”
In addition to "Guancang Hai", Mao Zedong also studied Cao Cao's other poems, and in the "Notes on the Poetry of Emperor Wei Wendi of Weiwu" in his former residence, he circled Cao Cao's "Short Song Line", "Guan Cang Hai", "Soil Difference", "Turtle Although Shou", "Xue Lu Xing", "Artemisia Li Xing", "Bitter Cold Line", "But East and West Door Line", etc., and so on.
The chairman once drew two lines with red pencil next to "Emperor Wu" in a book of Ancient Poetry Sources, and circled and broke sentences on the commentary of the editor of "Emperor Wu" on Cao Cao's poetic style. The commentary reads: "Meng De's poems are in Chinese. Zi Huan below, pure Wei Xiang. Shen Xiong Junshuang, Shi Lu domineering", that is, Cao Cao's poetry inherits the heroic and heroic atmosphere of the Han Dynasty to open up the territory, and Cao Pi is followed by the "Wei and Jin demeanor" of the wilting and fabricated, without the previous xiongjun domineering. Mao Zedong more agreed with this judgment, and he once praised Cao Cao's literary talent: "Cao Cao's articles and poems are extremely authentic, straightforward and open-minded, and should be studied." ”
For example, "Turtle Although Shou" was also written on the way to Wuhuan in the Northern Expedition, and the 38-year-old genius military master Guo Jia died early, which triggered the 53-year-old Cao Cao's feelings about life. Mao Zedong very much agreed with the materialist idea contained in "the period of surplus and contraction, not only in heaven; the blessing of Yangyi, you can get eternal years", and also believed that Cao Cao's lifelong military career would not be very comfortable, and the medical conditions would not be very good, but he lived to be 65 years old, "can be regarded as a long-lived old man who can maintain health."
On August 17, 1961, Mao Zedong's secretary, Hu Qiaomu, was in a nervous breakdown and unable to work normally, so he wrote to Mao Zedong asking for sick leave. On the 25th, Mao Zedong replied to the letter agreeing, and quoted these four poems in the letter, comforting Hu Qiaomu for "long-term cultivation, not counting the days, in order to heal", and suggested that he "take the ex-situ recuperation as appropriate, with the change of climate, engage in sightseeing, read idle books, do not read the main books, and do not care about current affairs, so that it may be better to be better and faster." ”
In 1954, Mao Zedong swam in the Beidai River
In fact, the chairman also attaches great importance to exercising and practicing his own health care ideas throughout his life. In his youth, he invited wind and rain baths with his friends, and put forward the view of "civilizing its spirit and barbarizing its physique", and his first article was also "Research on Sports" on the issue of physical fitness. In the years of revolutionary construction, no matter how complicated his affairs were, Mao Zedong always loved and insisted on the sport of swimming. Physical exercise strengthened his courage, tempered his will, and overcame all difficulties and obstacles in "fighting with the heavens, its fun is endless; fighting with the earth, its fun is endless; fighting with people, its fun is endless".
"Now we want to overturn the case for Cao Cao, our party is a party that stresses the truth, and all wrongful cases and unjust cases must be translated in ten or twenty years, and they must be translated in one thousand or two thousand years."
Not only poetry, Mao Zedong also recognized Cao Cao's historical image, and he did not agree with Cao Cao's image of a traitor on the stage of historical novels and dramas since the Ming and Qing dynasties, and he insisted on overturning the case for Cao Cao after the founding of New China.
▲ Today's Tongquetai
As early as August 1918, the young Mao Zedong, Luo Zhanglong, Chen Shaoxiu and other friends made a special trip to the old ruins of Weidu in Yicheng, about 30 miles from Xuchang, where Cao Cao had built new water conservancy projects, developed Tuntian, and vigorously resumed production. However, in the face of the desolation in front of them, both Of Them sighed and sighed, so they jointly composed a poem "Passing weidu":
Horizontal hammer with poetic flying (Luo),
Self-evident Ben Zhi good article (Mao).
Depression Alien Nishida Tomb (Mao),
The Copper Sparrow fell into the sunset (Luo).
Mao Zedong's "good article" of "self-evident benzhi" refers to Cao Cao's "Order of Letting the County Self-Ming Benzhi", which was written after Cao Cao unified the north and has always been regarded as his self-description. Cao Cao confessed in the text that he was forced by the situation and was elected to a high position, and he did not intend to replace the Han Dynasty, but only sought the reunification of the country and the people to live and work in peace and contentment, and was willing to give up the three counties that he had sealed. Mao Zedong affirmed Cao Cao himself and his ambitions with a "good" word.
Later, when Mao Zedong read Lu Bi's "Commentary on the Collected Works of the Three Kingdoms", he wrote a criticism of Lu Bi's evaluation of the "Let the County Self-Ming Ben Zhi Ling". Lu Bixian quoted others as saying: "The words are absolutely toneless, and it is a pity that they are not happy to read." He also said that Cao Cao's article was "a treacherous and deceitful language" and "a proud and arrogant, and exaggerated speech", and believed that Chen Shou's writing of the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms was "cut and not recorded, and his words were not insincere" in his words.
Mao Zedong then wrote this criticism at the tiantou of Lu Bi's commentary, refuting this:
This annotated article, pasted by Wei Wu a lot of big character posters, want to add sin, why suffer from no words (words). Li Taibaiyun: "Emperor Wei's camp eight poles, ant view a you balance." This is close.
Mao Zedong believed that Lu Bi's view was that "if you want to add to your sins, you have no words." "Emperor Wei's camp eight poles, ant viewing a you heng" is from Li Bai's "Looking at parrot island sad you heng", friends familiar with the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" should remember the bridge section of "You Heng naked clothes scolding Cao Cao", this arrogant talent was not valued by Cao Cao, but was regarded as an ant and sent to others. Li Bai affirmed Cao Cao's merits in unifying the north and pointed out that he despised You Heng's faults, and Mao Zedong more agreed with this assessment, saying that "this is close."
Still in the summer of 1954, mao Zedong talked about Cao Cao with xu Tao, a health doctor in Beidaihe, and said: "Cao Cao was a white-faced traitor, and it was said in the book, it was performed in the play, and the common people said so, that was an unjust case created by the concept of feudal orthodoxy, and those reactionary clans, they were the monopolists of feudal culture, and they wrote things to maintain feudal orthodoxy." This case has to be turned over. ”
When Mao Zedong read Lu Xun's article "Wei Jin's Demeanor and the Relationship between Articles and Medicine and Wine", he said that "in fact, Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero, although I am not a party of Cao Cao, but in any case, I always admire him" This passage is drawn with a red pencil to show his agreement with Lu Xun's views.
On April 10, 1957, Mao Zedong said in a conversation with the head of the People's Daily: "The novel says that Cao Cao is a traitor. Don't believe those deductions. In fact, Cao Cao is not bad. At that time, Cao Cao represented the righteous side, and Han was in decline. ”
In early November 1957, when Mao Zedong was in Moscow discussing the history of the Three Kingdoms with Guo Moruo and Hu Qiaomu, he suddenly asked the translator: "Tell me, cao cao and zhuge liang, who is more powerful?" Then he answered himself: "Although Zhuge Liang is resourceful in using soldiers, Cao Cao is not a simple person, and singing always dresses him up as a big white face, but in fact, he has been wronged." This man is remarkable. ”
“ ... ... Now we have to overturn the case for Cao Cao. Our party is a party that stresses the truth, and all wrongful cases and unjust cases must be translated in ten or twenty years, and they must be translated in one or two thousand years. On November 20, 1958, Mao Zedong convened Ke Qingshi, Li Jingquan and others to discuss the Romance of the Three Kingdoms at the East Lake in Wuhan.
▲ Mao Zedong and Guo Moruo
At the call of Mao Zedong, chinese academic circles launched an influential discussion in 1959 on "restoring Cao Cao's reputation", and scholars such as Guo Moruo and Zhai Bozan wrote articles to restore Cao Cao's reputation. On August 11 of the same year, Mao Zedong said in his speech at the Lushan Conference that Cao Cao had been scolded for more than 1,000 years and was now restored to his reputation. Good is not bad, for a while you can talk about bad, one day you will recover, and bad is not good.
It was under the impetus of Mao Zedong that Cao Cao's historical reputation was finally restored, and all sectors of society began to objectively evaluate Cao Cao, and even the white-faced Cao Cao on the Peking Opera stage had an extra red dot in his eyebrows to show a good person.
But mao zedong wanted to overturn cao cao's case not because of his poetic achievements, but mainly based on his achievements in national unification. In the commentary of the Twenty-Four Histories, Mao Zedong left such a passage: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, a great split began, and the Yellow Turban Rebellion destroyed the feudal rule of the Han Dynasty, and later formed the Three Kingdoms, which developed towards unification." Several politicians and military figures of the Three Kingdoms contributed to unification, and with Cao Cao as the largest, Sima Shi once completed unification, mainly the foundation he laid at that time. ”
This is obviously a pertinent evaluation, and the sentence "Let the country have no orphans, I don't know when a few people are called emperors and a few people are called kings" is not a self-effacing statement, but is appropriate. Mao Zedong said: At that time, the Yellow River Valley was the central region of all of China, and he was meritorious in reforming many of the evil governments of the Eastern Han Dynasty, curbing the mighty and powerful, developing production, and implementing the tun tian system, and also supervising the opening up of land, promoting the legal system, advocating frugality, and enabling the society that had suffered great damage to begin to stabilize and develop.
Another important reason may be because of Cao Cao's open-mindedness. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that Liu Biao once summoned 55 members of the Self-Respecting Liu Clan in Jiangnan to deliberate, and as a result killed them all, Mao Zedong, who has always opposed the abuse and killing of prisoners, drew a curve next to the three words "all beheaded" and wrote that "the killing is unknown, And Meng De is not for it." In his opinion, only a mediocre person like Liu Biao could do such a thing, and an excellent politician like Cao Cao was dismissive of it.
▲ On the issue of captives, the People's Liberation Army should have the most say
Indeed, the historical Cao Cao was by no means a benevolent person, and the record of slaughtering the city was also shocking, but there was no record of killing and surrendering, but there were many famous generals who surrendered, such as Zhang Xiu of Wancheng, Zhang Liao of Xia Pi, Pound De of Hanzhong, and Xu Huang of Luoyang. And Chairman Mao is not like this, Chen Mingren, Tao Zhiyue, Dong Qiwu, Zeng Zesheng, Kong Congzhou... Which one was not convinced and gave the Republic a great deal?
"Cao Cao is a man who knows how to employ people, recruits talents and scholars, engages in 'all corners of the world,' and does not engage in sectarianism." --Quoted from "The Great Leader on the People of Geographical Names"
In fact, Chairman Mao praised Cao Cao's way of employing people, the so-called suspicious people are not used, the use of people is not doubtful, Cao Mengde, who bears the title of "suspicious", almost never doubted the loyalty of his subordinates, even for Fancheng's renegade Yu Ban only expressed regret, but Sima Yi, who focused on prevention, just proved his poisonous vision.
"Cao Cao was a great politician, a military man, and a great poet."
This was Mao Zedong's most complete evaluation of Cao Cao, and the only time he used the term "politician, military man, poet" to evaluate the same person. It is true that there are some people in the ancient emperors who have both literary and martial arts, but it is very rare for people like Cao Cao to be first-class in all aspects, and the color of the bells and drums displayed by Mao Zedong for Cao Cao is a divine intercourse spanning thousands of years, if people go and have a spirit, although the two are completely incomparable in terms of life, personality and achievements, the common attributes of the "three first-class" should be enough to make the wine talk happy, get drunk, and interpret the flow.