Title XIX, Chapter 6
Zi Xia Yue: "Erudite and determined, asking questions and thinking closely, benevolence is in it." ”
Du Zhi: It can be understood as firmly remembering, zhi can understand the meaning of "knowledge" and "remember", such as "silent knowledge, learning without tiredness, teaching people tirelessly, why should I be aware?" The "consciousness" in it means to remember.
Kong Anguo believes that "erudition and dedication" means "extensive learning and thick knowledge". It means erudition and then remembering it firmly.
Zhu Xi believes that Duzhi should be interpreted as interest, and Duzhi means adhering to one's own interests.
According to a passage that Confucius once said to Zigong: "Give it to you!" Women think that those who have learned a lot are related to those who know more?" Right: "Yes, non-and- "Non-also! Be consistent! To interpret, the "dedication" here should be understood as "practice".
Confucius believed that "learning more and knowing" is not enough, but also "consistent", that is, using practice to run through it. As the Disciple Rules say, "I don't practice what I do, but I learn the text." Long and flashy, who becomes"?
The Book of Rites and The Middle Way mentions: "Eagerness to learn is almost wisdom, practice is almost benevolent, and shame is almost courageous: knowing the three, then knowing so self-cultivation, knowing so self-cultivation is knowing so governing people, knowing so governing people is knowing why ruling the world and the country." ”
Some people summarize "erudition and dedication" as follows: "Learning is still good, stopping at the highest good", which is an organic combination of the way of learning, the way of doing things and the way of being a man.
Cut: The ancient word "cut" is a shape and sound word and a ideographic word. The word "knife" on the right is a symbol, indicating that it is related to the tool of "knife", and its role is self-evident;
The "seven" on the left is a sound note indicating the pronunciation. "Seven" is to cut off a stick at the waist, which is the earliest word for "cut".
When the word "seven" was used as a number word, the ancients had to add "knife" to the "seven" and created a new "cut" as a special word for the meaning of "cut".
The glyph of "cut" has not changed much in ancient and modern times, and some Lishu writes "seven" as "ten", which can be seen as following the way oracle bones are written.
The original meaning of the word "cut" means "cutting an object with a knife", such as the "Li Nei Ze": Nie and cut it as a knife.
The severed object can only be cut in close contact with the knife, in this sense, "cutting" also means that two things are in contact and friction, but then it is pronounced as "qiè".
Looking, smelling, asking and cutting are the traditional diagnostic methods of Chinese medicine. Among them, "cutting" refers to the diagnosis of the disease by touching the pulse of the patient with the hand, which contains the meaning of contact; such as the "History of Bian Que Biography": do not wait for the pulse to be cut.
Contact or friction must be very close, so "cut" also contains the meaning of "close" or "close". For example: "cut the body", "cut the teeth", "cut the skin".
"Cut" also has the meaning of "in line with", "urgent", "must", "just right", such as "cut the topic", "remember", "cut in" and so on. Another example is the "Ritual Instrument": The matter of sacrifice will be gradually revered by accumulation, and dare not force it.
Shi Gu Yue: Everything, the right thing. Such as cutting objects with a knife. Take the neatness, regardless of the length and length, so say everything.
Cut is also an ancient method of Chinese character phonetics, that is, reverse cutting. According to historian Fan Wenlan, phonology began at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when some Confucians were inspired by Sanskrit pinyin and created anti-cutting methods to note the pronunciation of characters.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zheng Xuan's disciple Sun Yan wrote "Erya Yinyi" (which has been lost), using reverse cut notes, and it is generally believed that Sun Yan was the founder of reverse cut. In fact, Sun Yan had already used reverse cutting before, such as the Eastern Han Dynasty classicist Fu Qian's annotation of the Book of Han, there was "惴, Yin ZhangRui reverse".
Meaning: 惴, the pronunciation of this word is: the vowel zh of the chapter, the vowel of the taker, the combination is zhui.
However, Sun Yan sorted out the reverse cut. The above information clearly shows that the reverse cut was produced during the Han Dynasty.
In geometry, it is said that straight lines and circumferences, circumferences and circumferences, or planes and spheres infinitely approximate and become a point as tangent, this meaning is pronounced qiē.
One of the processes in the process of processing jewelry and jade is also called cutting, such as "On Balance": "Cutting and pondering is a treasure weapon." "Post-extension refers to the mutual observation of learning and morality, learning from each other's strengths and complementing each other's weaknesses.
To ask is to earnestly ask for advice. Xing Fushu: "Those who ask questions kindly ask what they have learned and have not yet realized, and do not ask questions indiscriminately (fàn). ”
For example, the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi, Sun Deng's Biography": "The husband of the Shu zi official is the closest, and it is advisable to use Jude." Qin Mu "Art Sea Picking Shells and Knowledge Network": "Go deep into life, erudite and ask questions." ”
Asking a question also means asking urgently. For example, Xu Gan's "Middle Theory and Nuclear Debate" during the Three Kingdoms period: "Those who are sharp-tongued, the heart is enough to see the decimals, the words are enough to make clever words, the giving is enough to answer the question, and the difficulty is enough to judge the common doubts." ”
Near-term thinking: non-cranky thoughts, non-marginal thoughts. "He Yan Ji Xie": "Those who think closely, think closely about what they can do." "The Southern Song Dynasty Great Confucian Zhu Xi and Lü Zuqian co-authored the "Record of Recent Thoughts", the title of the book is derived from this.
The full text is understood to mean:
Zixia said: "Extensive study, practice, earnest questions, and at the same time to reflect on the nearby, the way of benevolence is among them." ”
"Zhongyong" mentions the "Three Virtues": Zhi (Wisdom), Benevolence, and Courage, how to achieve "Benevolence"? "Zhongyong" says: "Practice is close to benevolence", that is to say, practice can be close to "benevolence", if you add erudition, asking questions and thinking, then you can achieve "benevolence".
Erudition should be based on the "sutra", because: the sutra, the path also! Ren is in it! "Jing" is the path of "benevolence".
In short, erudite classics, practicing what you preach, and asking questions and asking questions is the only way to pass through "benevolence", and now people rarely read the sage classics, so "benevolent people" are extremely lacking, which is worthy of our deep consideration.
Lü Zuqian of the Three Sages of the Southeast
Lü Zuqian (1137-1181), also known as Bo Gong, was born in Donglai, Shandong, and later moved to Henan. Song Room south, great-grandfather Lü Hao asked for refuge and moved south. His grandfather moved to Jinhua District.
Good questions and indices are inherited and studied principles. Zu Qian inherited his family's learning and obtained the inheritance of the Central Plains literature. And chang, from Lin Zhiqi, Wang Yingchen, Hu Xianyou, and friendly with Zhang Yu and Zhu Xi.
In the first year of Longxing (1163), he served as a professor of Southern Foreign SectOlogy. Three years later, his mother died, guarding the tomb of Mingzhao Mountain in Wuyi County. In the meantime, people from all over the world rushed to learn.
In the sixth year of Longxing, he served as a doctor of Taixue, supplemented professor Yan Zhou, and was also a doctor and a reviewer of the National History Academy and the Institute of Records. Taste the summons to the museum, the ceremonial examination department.
In the second year of Chunxi (1175), Lü Zuqian visited Zhu Xi at the Hanquan Jingshe in Chong'an, Fujian Province, and compiled the works of Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, and Zhang Zai into the "Records of Recent Thoughts" (counting 14 doors and 662 articles), which became the ancestor of later books on sexual theory.
Chunxi spent three years, serving as a secretary Lang and an official, and was ordered to revise the Records of Emperor Huizong. Five years later, he was promoted to the post of Lang lang and ordered to interpret the "Holy Song Wenhai", which was broken from zhongxing, and Emperor Xiaozong gave him the name "Imperial Dynasty Wenjian", counting 150 volumes. Ascend straight to the secret cabinet.
Chunxi spent six years in charge of wuyi mountain chong Taoist temple and enjoyed the ancestral temple. He died in July of the eighth year and was buried in Wuyi Mingzhao mountain. Yu Cheng, posthumously sealed Kaifeng Bo.
Zu Qian vigorously advocated resisting the gold and reforming the maladministration. In order to learn and advocate clear reasoning, to apply the history of the scriptures, "to stress the truth, to cultivate practical talents, and to seek practicality." Knowledgeable and knowledgeable, good at taking advantage of the strengths of all, Wei Ran became a master of science, and Zhu Xi and Zhang Yu were equally famous, known as the "Three Sages of southeast".
The school of shi lixue was divided, Zhu Xi advocated mingli, and Lu Jiuyuan and Lu Jiuling advocated mingxin, all of which emphasized empty lives. Zu Qian takes both his strengths and emphasizes practicality.
In the second year of Chunxi (1175), Zu Qian invited and presided over an academic discussion at the Ehu Temple in Leadshan, Xinzhou (present-day Shangrao, Jiangxi), known in history as the "Meeting of Goose Lake".
The "Meeting of Goose Lake" is essentially a debate between Zhu's objective idealism and Lu's subjective idealism. It is an exemplary colloquium in the history of Chinese philosophy, and it is the first time that the academy will give lectures.
Zhu Xi emphasized "the knowledge of the lattice object", believing that the lattice object is the reason for exhausting things, and the knowledge is to deduce its knowledge to the extreme. He also believes that "knowing the grid is only one thing" is two aspects of cognition. Advocate reading more books, observing things more, analyzing, synthesizing and summarizing according to experience, and then drawing conclusions.
The Lu brothers started from the "heart is reason" and believed that the grid object is to recognize the original mind. Advocate "inventing the original mind", the mind is clear, the truth of all things is naturally through, there is no need to read more, there is no need to be busy investigating external things, to this heart, you can understand things, so respect, nourishing the mind is the most important, against doing more reading and poor reasoning, thinking that reading is not the only way to become the most virtuous.
The "Goose Lake Meeting" was later likened to a groundbreaking debate.
At the meeting, Zu Qian tried his best to reconcile the similarities and differences between the Zhu and Lu factions, and although he did not succeed, all parties admired Zu Qian's character and learning. Zhu Xi also sent his son Zhu Shu to study at Zu Qian, and Zhu Shu settled in Jinhua.
In his later years, Lü Zuqian lectured and befriended Yu Lize Shutang (located in the east Lize Lane, Wucheng District, Jinhua City). Academics are inclusive and self-contained. Together with Chen Liang and Tang Zhongyou, he was the main figure of the Jinhua branch of the Zhejiang Eastern School and the founder of the Jinhua School (also known as Wuxue and Lüxue).
After his death, the county people built the Lü Cheng Ancestral Hall at the site of the Lize Shutang to commemorate it. He is also known as Mr. Donglai because of his uncle Lu Benzhong, who is also called Mr. Donglai, so he is also called Mr. Xiaodonglai. Together with He Ji, Wang Bai and Xu Qian, he was called "Four Gentlemen of Jinhua (County)", plus Lanxi Jin Luxiang, and was collectively known as "Jinhua (Fu) Five Sages".
Lü Zuqian's works include "Ancient Zhou Yi", "Shu Shu", "Lü Family School Reading Poems", "Spring and Autumn Zuo Clan Legend", "Spring and Autumn Zuo Clan Biography Continuation", "Detailed Notes on the Discussion of the Eastern Lai Zuo Clan", "Memorabilia" and "General Interpretation", "Solution to the Problem", "Recent Thoughts" (co-authored with Zhu Xi), "Shaoyi Wai Biography", "Li Ze Commentary", "Commentary on the System of Past Dynasties", "Dong Lai Collection" and so on.