As the "first force" in the history of the development of psychology - behaviorism, in the dispute between various schools of learning theory, also occupies a very important position, often appears in the teacher recruitment examination, need to be prepared in the form of a full question type, involving the main types of questions are multiple choice questions, judgment questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, case questions, judgment and reasoning questions, etc. In the behaviorist learning theory, especially the relevant knowledge points of Sandike, Pavlov, and Skinner, it is easy to be confused, next, let's sort out the relevant knowledge points in detail and master this part of the content.
First, Thorndike's attempt - wrong to say
Main point of view: he believes that the process of learning is a process of gradually reducing errors through blind attempts, thereby establishing a connection between stimuli and responses, so he also calls his views trial and error theory.
Experiment: "Cat open cage feeding" experiment
Thorndike locks the hungry cat in a cage full of devices and allows him to explore the environment in the cage. At this time, the cat may encounter various devices, such as bells, ropes, buttons, panels, one of which is connected to the switch that opens the door. If the cat finds the device, it can escape and receive a food reward — "fish." Thorndike repeated the process several times, observing and recording the time it took the cat to open the camouflage door each time.
Experiments have found that after the first trial and error, the cat found the escape mechanism, escaped from the cage and ate the fish, and then the number of subsequent attempts will gradually decrease, because the cat has learned which behaviors can get rewards such as "fish" and which behaviors are ineffective.
Pavlov's classical theory of conditional action
The main point of view: reflexes are divided into unconditioned reflexes and conditioned reflexes, unconditioned reflexes are innately inherited, and conditioned reflexes are acquired. Pavlov believed that the essence of learning is the process of training and forming conditioned reflexes.
Experiment: "Rattle of Dog Feeding" experiment
Pavlov first found when studying the eating behavior of dogs that when dogs eat food, they will secrete saliva, which belongs to unconditioned reflexes, and the stimulus that causes this reaction is food, called unconditional stimulation. Then the dog every time eating at the same time to sound the bell, after a period of time, the dog as long as the bell will also secrete saliva, this is because as a neutral stimulus ringtone due to multiple links with unconditional stimulation, and has a signal significance, become a conditional stimulus, the resulting saliva secretion is conditioned reflex, posterity called "classical conditional effect".
Skinner's theory of operational conditional action
Main point: There are two kinds of human and animal behavior: responsive behavior and manipulative behavior. Responsive behavior refers to a certain response to a specific stimulus, is passive, and belongs to the study object of classical conditioning. Operant behavior, on the other hand, is not associated with any particular stimulus, is active, and is the object of study of the action of operant conditions.
Experiment: "Maze" experiment
Skinner improved Thorndike's camouflage and designed the "Skinner Box"—the maze. Skinner locks a hungry mouse in a maze with a joystick that, when pressed, drops a pill from the trough. At first, the mouse wandered around, but when it accidentally pressed the joystick to eat the food pill, it would get the food pill by pressing the joystick continuously until it was full. Skinner thinks that the mice have learned to press the lever to get the behavioral response to food.
Sandike, Skinner vs Pavlov
1. In Thorndike's experiment, the cat opened the cage door by actively trying to find the switch (R), and obtained a "reward"--fish(s), which is in line with the operational behavior proposed by Skinner, that is, the active formation response (R)-stimulus (S) connection.
2. In Skinner's experiment, mice ate a pill (S) by pressing a lever (R), emphasizing that there was a reaction first, and then a reinforcement was obtained, which was an operational behavior. This kind of operational behavior also often appears in the daily teaching process, for example, when a student with "hyperactivity" problems accidentally shows the behavior of concentrating on writing homework in class, the teacher immediately gives praise, and after that, his concentrated homework behavior will be more and more.
3. In Pavlov's experiment, the dog first heard the sound (S) of the person to shake, and then there was a saliva secretion reaction (R), emphasizing that there was a stimulus first, and then reacted passively. It belongs to skinner's mention of responsive behavior. This kind of responsive behavior also often occurs in daily life, for example, children who have eaten lemons will drool uncontrollably when they see lemons.
Practice:
1. [Multiple choice question] ( ) is an unconditioned reflex.
A. The pupil contracts under the action of strong light B. Talk about tiger discoloration
C. Drooling at food D. Wangmei quenches thirst
Answer: AC. Analysis: Unconditioned reflex refers to the reflex that people and animals do not learn, which is inherited. Option AC belongs to the unconditioned reflex, while both BD options are language-mediated conditioned reflexes, known as the second signaling system.
2. [Judgment Theory] The trial error study studied by Thorndike and pavlov's classical conditional action are essentially the same, and they are both classical conditional reactions.
【Answer】This question is incorrect, and the stem describes Skinner's operating conditional reaction.
Pavlov studied classical conditioned responses, which are responsive behaviors caused by specific stimuli; Thorndike's experiment of opening the cage for hungry cats is formed by blind attempts, gradually reducing errors (trial and error), is the reinforcement of its behavior, is not associated with any specific stimulus, and is a spontaneous response of the organism. Consistent with Skinner's operating conditions. Therefore, the trial error studied by Thorndike is not the same as pavlov's classical conditional effect.
In summary, the stem statement is wrong.