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Editor's Note
In the era of the Spring and Autumn Warring States Hundred Schools of Thought, a large number of academic masters called "sons" emerged in China, such as Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Mozi and so on. "Son" was an honorific title in ancient times, equivalent to the current "sir". As a famous school of scholars who were competing in academic controversy at that time, huishi, its founder, was a representative of the famous "contract difference" school, the most important organizer and supporter of the united anti-Qin, and because of its important academic and ideological status, it was revered as Huizi, and became one of the quite prominent celebrities in the Song Dynasty at that time. In the book "One Hundred Ancient Chinese Thinkers" edited by scholar Zhang Minjie, Huishi is listed among them.
As one of the outstanding representatives of the ancient culture of Shangqiu, Huishi lived in Fengzeze, active in the academic circles of "a hundred schools of thought" and the political arena of "a hundred schools of thought", and his influence at that time was very large, and his deeds and ideas added a thick humanistic background to this fertile land. Unfortunately, the history books did not give him a biography. In modern times, many scholars have established biographies of Huishi based on fragments and fragments of ancient books about his life and deeds. For example, the famous scholar Hu Shi wrote his doctoral dissertation "History of Pre-Qin Mingxue" in Columbia University in 1917, "Huishi Biography", Hao Liquan published "Huishi Biography" in Xiamen University Monthly in July 1926, and Qian Mu published the monograph "Huishi Gongsun Long" at the Commercial Press in 1931, all of which laid a solid foundation for the in-depth study of Huishi's thought and love affair with the Song Dynasty.
Huishi's hometown was in the Song Dynasty, and Zhuangzi was a fellow villager
Huishi statue
In the long course of history, many celebrities have passed on to future generations because of their brilliant ideas, but their townspeople are blurred or controversial due to their age, and Huishi is one of them. The Chronicle of History does not establish a biography of Hui shi, and even his name does not appear in the whole book. Although the Book of Han is slightly reflected, only two short 13 characters appear. This has led to some dissenting theories about his place of origin in later generations. For Huishi's township, there was actually no objection at the earliest, and scholars believed that he was a Song man. It was only in modern times that some scholars raised objections, such as the Qing Dynasty scholar Ma Guohan in the "Yuhan Shanfang Ji YiShu Huizi" that he was a Wei person, and the modern scholar Ji Wenfu's "Famous Family Origins from the Three Jins" and Yang Junguang's "Huishi Gongsun Dragon Commentary" from it. So, is Huishi a Song or a Wei?
Huishi was a native of the Song Dynasty, and there were already commentaries in the Han and Tang dynasties, and many people today follow it. The Eastern Han Dynasty's Gao Lulu "Lü Shi Chunqiu Trial Ying Lan Obscene Words" says: "Hui Shi, Song Ren ye, Shi Wei for Hui Wang Xiang Ye. He also commented on the Huainanzi Xiuwu Xun: "Huishi, Shi Yuliang, for Hui Wangxiang." The capital of the State of Wei was originally in Anyi (安邑, in present-day Yuwang Village, northwest of Xia County, Shanxi), but was moved to Daliang (present-day Kaifeng) in 361 BC (the ninth year of King Hui of Wei). Therefore, it was also called the State of Wei after the capital was moved to the State of Liang, and the King of Wei Hui was called the King of Liang Hui. In the Tang Dynasty, Cheng Xuanying's "Zhuangzi Getaway" was sparsely known, Huishi "surname Hui, name Shi, Song ren also, for Liang Guoxiang"; his "Zhuangzi Qiushui" Shu also said: "The surname Huiming Shi, Song Ren, is the face of Liang Huiwang." The annotations between the two of them are based on evidence, that is, the account of Zhuang Hui's friendship in the "Zhuangzi".
Today we study the book "Zhuangzi", and from many places in the book, we can see that Huishi and Zhuangzi are both friends and fellow countrymen. Huizi once met Zhuangzi on her way home, and the Huainanzi Qi Customs says: "Huizi multiplied by Mengzhu from Chebai, and Zhuangzi saw it", Xu Shennoted: "Mengzhu, Song Ze." According to the "Chronicle of Lao Tzu Han Fei Lie", "Zhuangzi, a Mongolian person, was also known as Zhou. The "Commentary on the Collection of Historical Records" quotes Liu to the "Beilu" Yun: "The Mongols of the Song Dynasty are also." "Meng" is a place name, about the area of Liangyuan District in present-day Shangqiu City, which belonged to the Song State in the middle of the Warring States period and was the benefactor of Zhuang Zhou. "Zhuangzi Xu Wu Ghost" says: "Zhuangzi sent a funeral, past the tomb of Huizi." This indicates that Huizi's fallen leaves return to their roots, and her tomb is in or near the "Mongolian" land, which belongs to the Song Kingdom. "Zhuangzi Zhile" says: "Zhuangzi's wife died, and Huizi hanged her", indicating that the two will not be too far apart. And the "Warring States Policy" says: "The sage Huizi of the King of Song is also unheard of in the world." There is also a record of the King of Chu "Bong Hui Zi Na Song" because of Feng Hao's advice. From this, huishi should be a Song person. Those who identified Huishi as a Wei because of his long-term activities in the State of Wei were not credible.
A lifetime of activities multi-Weidi giant life or decryption
Huishi was born in the Song dynasty and spent most of his time in the Wei state, returning to live in the Song state in his later years. The date of his birth and death, because there is no clear record in the history books, there are many theories in the academic community, all of which are roughly inferred based on his life deeds and travels. The famous scholar Qian Mu in his "Huishi Gongsun Long Huishi Chronology" believes that "his birth and death years are recently set as 370-310 BC." This statement is accepted by many scholars. Huishi lived mainly in the Wei kingdom during the reign of King Hui of Wei and King Xiang of Wei. According to the records of "Liang Xiang Died, Huizi Desires Liang" and "Warring States Policy Zhao Ce III" Wei Xiang Wang ordered Hui Shi to make Zhao, it is inferred that his main experience was from 336 BC to 314 BC. Some scholars believe that Huishi's birth year was about 350 BC, so it is estimated that he was about 14 years old when he "wanted to go to The Phase" from Song to Wei, which is unlikely. In terms of Huishi's death year, some scholars agreed that it was 318 BC, which is also obviously wrong. If that were the case, then the matter of Huishi envoy Zhao and The need to persuade Tian in 314 BC could not be explained.
As a representative of the famous school, Huishi was a giant in the academic community at that time, and his life was also concerned by the world. What kind of social background is Huishi? Some people think that he was born into the working people ("Lü Shi Chunqiu Unyi" "Shi Buyiye"), some people think that he was born in a rural commune ("Lü Shi Chunqiu Unyielding" "Shi And Rule the Peasants"), and others think that he was an intellectual born of commoners. The author believes that Huishi is an official who has risen from "soldier". From the "Talking Garden, Miscellaneous Talks" in which he wants to go to Liang as a portrait, his contempt for the boatman", "the son is better than me, blinded as the dog's ear", and kuangzhang's attack on Huishi 's "no cultivation and food" in "Lü's Spring and Autumn Unyielding", Huishi's reply that he is a "farmer who governs the peasants", we can know that Huishi was born from the "scholar" class who greatly despised laborers and regarded "governing farmers" as his duty, and later rose to the feudal official class.
The famous artist Kaishan called Keiko self-contained non-ink road
The term "famous family" originated in the Han Dynasty and was first seen in Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of the Six Schools". In the pre-Qin writings, it is called "debater". The Hanshu Yiwenzhi believes that the famous school has "seven schools and thirty-six chapters", such as two articles of "Deng Yanzi", one article of "Yin Wenzi", fourteen articles of "Gongsun Longzi", five articles of "Chenggongsheng", one article of "Huizi", four articles of "Huang Gong", and nine articles of "Mao Gong". Most of these writings were written early. In the Sui Shu Jing Zhi, only Deng Yanzi and Yin Wenzi were written; "Gongsun Longzi" was omitted and later reproduced in Tang Wang's "Treatise on The Quasi-Gongsun Longzi" and the following public and private bibliographies. These three books all exist today, and the academic circles have long been relatively unanimous in believing that the "Deng Yanzi" and "Yin Wenzi" in them are forgeries, and the original books no longer exist but are based on the later Wei Jin or Chen Suijian people who copied his books. It may even be believed that according to the reliable ancient records of Deng Yan and Yin Wenwen, the two were not famous at all, and the original book contained in the Book of Han and Yiwenzhi was only relied on by the people at the end of the Warring States period when they edited the words of the pre-Qin famous masters who did not know the main name. In this way, Huishi is also the founder of the famous school.
The Book of Han lists Huishi as a "famous master". "Famous family" was originally a title given by later generations, and Huishi, Gongsun Long and others did not call themselves famous masters, nor did they necessarily form factions such as Confucianism and Mo. However, they are non-Confucian, non-Mexican, non-Taoist, and illegal thinkers, which is a kind of historical existence. As for the later generations, huishi is believed to be from the Mozi school and is the so-called "legitimate representative of the Beimo school"; it is believed that Huishi is from the Laozi school and is a "disciple of Yang Zhu"; and there are also those who believe that Huishi belongs to the Fa, but these claims cannot be established. Although Huishi thought was more deeply influenced by the Mo and Dao schools, it was a school of its own, as Liang Qichao said, "not only using debate as a means of governance, but also thinking that it is the ultimate goal of Pizong", so it is not just "slightly more advanced than other families". In this sense, Huishi is unique as a representative of famous artists.
Source: Internet information shangqiu