2018-05-09 09:34 | Yiwu Business Daily
Zhu Yixin (1846-1894), a native of Zhudian, Chi'an Town, Yiwu. In the second year of qing guangxu, he was a scholar in the cabinet of officials, an editor of the Hanlin Academy, and a governor of Shaanxi Province. For the sake of official justice and uprightness, patriotism and concern for the people, outspokenness has been degraded. He is the chief lecturer of Duanxi College in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, and the chief (president) of Guangzhou Guangya College (the predecessor of Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen University). He is a well-known scholar of the late Qing Dynasty and one of the representatives of the Han and Song dynasties.
Former residence of Zhu Yixin
Wu Ge is a research librarian of Fudan University Library, the director of the Research Center for the Protection of Ancient Books, a part-time professor of the Institute of Ancient Book Protection and the Institute of Collation of Ancient Books, and a doctoral supervisor of classical philology. He is also a member of the Expert Committee of the State Council's Ancient Books Collation and Publication Planning Group, the National Center for the Protection of Ancient Books, and the chief editor of the sub-sections of Cihai and Da cihai (book edition). Based on the library post for a long time, he is committed to the protection and collation of ancient books, and has great experience in the identification of ancient books, the compilation of ancient books catalogs, the study of classical documents, and the teaching of classical philology. He has sorted out and published "Three Collections of Poems", "Sunzhitang Miscellaneous Notes", "Jiayetang Collection", etc., and has successively participated in the compilation of a series of large-scale ancient book collation projects such as "General Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Books", "Continuation of the Four Libraries of the Whole Book", "Four Inventory Bibliography Series" and so on, and is still undertaking the collation and research of the key planning project of the Ancient Committee of Colleges and Universities," "Quanming Poems" (editor-in-chief), the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" key scientific research project of the Ministry of Education, "Outline of the General Catalogue of the Continuation of the Four Libraries" (editor-in-chief).
Hello everyone, today I come with the new and old Yiwu people to remember the life of a township sage more than 100 years ago, Mr. Zhu Yixin of Zhudian Village, Chi'an Town, Yiwu Nanxiang, and his writings.
I am a native of Yiwu, I have been away from my hometown for forty or fifty years, and I had the experience of living in the rural bay village of Yuanping domain when I was a teenager. In recent decades, I have been busy with work and neglected to return to my hometown, and the hometown sound has gradually decreased, but the love for my hometown, the familiarity with and the remembrance of my hometown have not diminished.
After bluntly speaking and being degraded, a large number of educational talents have been created
Mr. Zhu Yixin was a scholar in Yiwu at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and he left many books, many stories, and many topics, which deserve our common remembrance as the new and old Yiwu people of today.
Zhu Yixin, who lived in the last years of the Qing Dynasty, was born in 1846 and died in 1894 at the age of 48. In feudal society, when a minister of a certain rank died, the deceased's protégé or relatives and friends would sort out the deeds for the deceased minister, that is, a life review and a memorabilia. Zhu Yixin's deeds and biographies were compiled by two friends of his age and seniority. After the lines and biographies are sorted out, they are handed over to the authorities.
In both the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was an institution in the central government called the National History Museum, which was responsible for collecting biographies of ministers who died each year. After Zhu Yixin's death in Guangdong in 1894, the Guangdong Xuezheng sent Zhu Yixin's biography to Beijing, specifically reporting that Mr. Zhu Yixin was so well educated that he lectured at the famous Guangya Academy in Guangdong, creating a large number of two Guangdong disciples, which had a very great impact. Therefore, in the part of the "Biography of Ru Lin" in the archives of the Current Qing Dynasty National History Museum, there is a biography of Zhu Yixin.
In addition, after the end of the Qing Dynasty, during the Beiyang government, the Qing History Museum was established from 1914 to 1928 as the history of the former dynasty. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, published in 1928, also includes a biography of Zhu Yixin.
According to the record of Zhu Yixin's biography in the "History of the State and Rulin Biography" of the Guoshi Museum at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yixinzi Dingfu, a native of Yiwu, Zhejiang, was a person who ruled for nine years. After doing the work of raising people, he used to work as a cabinet secretary, mainly dealing with writing and clerical work. During this time, he was also preparing for the triennial national entrance examination. Until 1876, he was elected to the priesthood, and then stayed in Hanlin Temple for ten years.
In the eleventh year of Guangxu, he had a mission to serve as the deputy examiner of the Hubei Township Examination. At that time, the selection of people was to pass the triennial township examination held by the provinces. In this examination, we must send the main and deputy examiners from the central government to the Hanlin Academy to find someone with certain qualifications. Zhu Yixin returned to Beijing after serving as a deputy examiner in the Hubei Township Examination, and was appointed as the Inspector of Shaanxi Province. From the compilation and revision of the Hanlin Academy to the supervision of the imperial history, the post changed, and he did not fully do the writing work, and he became more concerned about the government and major affairs of the country, including diplomacy, military affairs, and official governance.
In the twelfth year of Guangxu, the country encountered successive disasters. The emperor issued an edict for everyone to give advice and suggestions. Zhu Yixin gave the imperial court a book called "Repairing the Province in the Face of Disasters", bluntly saying that our country has encountered disasters continuously, and what is the most important thing to do at present? To repair the province. To revise, it is necessary to correct some errors and to have some revisions to the policy. Province, Confucius said that I have three provinces and I should reflect on myself. The letter did not directly criticize the Guangxu Emperor and his mother Empress Dowager Cixi, but it did criticize Empress Dowager Cixi's favorite vassal Li Lianying( Li Lianying, the governor of the Great Interior) very harshly. Because Li Lianying was very powerful, the consequence for Zhu Yixin was to "rebuke the will, demote the principal, and return."
Originally wupin supervision of imperial history, was demoted to the six pin chief, Zhu Yixin was very stubborn, after being punished, said that his mother was sick, originally busy with official duties, could not go home to serve the old mother, and now made a mistake, provoked the empress dowager to be unhappy, just take the opportunity to go back, accompany the sick old mother, it is equivalent to resigning.
The following year after returning to his hometown, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Liangguang, thought that Zhu Yixin should not be wronged in this way, but he offended Empress Dowager Cixi and had no way to directly help him ask for forgiveness, so he invited him to Guangdong and serve as the head of Duanxi Academy. Two or three years later, the Guangya Academy in Guangzhou was also set up, and Zhu Yixin was transferred to Guangzhou as a teacher until his death in 1894.
Three years after his death, in 1897, The Scholar of Guangzhou, Yun Yanbin, reported to the imperial court that Zhu Yixin was originally a Wupin official, because he had given the empress dowager the title of "Repairing the Province in the Face of Disasters" and saying some inappropriate things, which provoked the empress dowager's will to rebuke him, so he resigned and went home. But he later came to Guangzhou and created a large number of talents in Guangdong's education, and he still had to be affirmed and requested that his punishment be revoked.
The Biography of Guoshi Rulin records zhu Yixin's life and story
Zhu Yixin's biography of Guoshi Rulin records a very famous story. Zhu Yixin played with children when he was 4 years old, and when he saw other children wrestling, he would go to help them. Adults feel that this child is different from Chang'er, and he must not be a person who is alone in the future.
When taking the exam, Xu Shuming, a student in Zhejiang, saw Zhu Yixin's homework and examination papers and was very appreciative. The two examiners who took him were Liu Youming and Li Wentian, especially Li Wentian, who was very famous in the late Qing Dynasty. During his work at the Hanlin Academy, Zhu Yixin was friendly with Yuan Chang, Zhu Cai, and Huang Guojin. Yuan Chang is also a celebrity in Zhejiang, a Tonglu person, who is very good at learning and is a good friend of Zhu Yixin. The two are of the same age, and they are all comrades with each other. Zhu Yixin died, and he was very sad to pay homage to the sacrifice.
When I was in Beijing, there was a story like this: "When I tried to travel with my friends to the Western Mountains and encountered rain, I felt sick and talked wildly." Zhu Yixin and his friends encountered rain when they were playing in the West Mountain, and after the rain, they had a cold and fever. Zhu Yixin was in the heat, talking nonsense in a confused way. Saying that the country is too poor and the finances are too difficult, if the officials do not strive to cheer up, they will not only have external troubles, but also internal troubles.
Around 1870, France turned Vietnam into its colony, repeatedly provoking on the Guangxi border. Zhu Yixin repeatedly put forward specific proposals for national defense construction and naval construction. The history books mention that his views are that in view of the different climates and the neighboring countries facing each sea frontier, beiyang should be divided into one army, Jiangsu and Zhejiang as one army, and Fujian and Guangdong as one army. It is necessary to "manage the water division, the main danger, the storage of generals, the fine equipment, the training of the regiment, and the source of salary", because the navy involves many funds, and some ships and cannons have to be purchased abroad. It is necessary to seek truth from facts and do practical things, not to do many things that are laborious and fruitless, but to stress practical results. These coastal defense strategies he proposed had a certain impact at the time. The evaluation in the history books is "the discussion of the times is magnificent", and everyone has made a remarkable evaluation, saying it very sharply and concretely.
During Zhu Yixin's teaching at Guangya College, the college included hundreds of students of various levels in each of the two Guangya students according to the quota. Zhu Yixin set up the rules of the academy, he believed that the academy should have rules and regulations for management, "first read and then examine the arts, and re-implement and screen huashi." He imitated the ancient educational method of "the study of the Mongols", divided the two hundred students into four subjects: classics, history, science, and literature, and asked four sub-teachers to be responsible for the education of these students. And each student is required to prepare a notebook when reading, write down the questions that need to be asked to the teacher, meet with the teacher in a certain order, and talk one-on-one. No matter what kind of question, the teacher will answer them one by one according to his own understanding. The history books write that Zhu Yixin "achieved a great deal" and also brought a work, which was compiled into "Answers to Questions from the Innocence Hall" based on the content of his lectures and the content of his answers to students.
The Biography of Guoshi Rulin concludes with an evaluation of Zhu Yixin's scholarship. His main point of view is that in modern times, Sinology and Song credits, articles and academic points, Tao and art points, such a statement he does not agree with, in his view Confucius set up Confucianism, there are differences between the end and the end, there is a sequence, but did not regard the literature and practice of scholarship and governance as irrelevant things. He also believes that since Daoxian, there has been a custom in the intellectual circles and academic circles that likes to talk about the ram science of the Western Han Dynasty, and it is not impossible to pay attention to the ram science of the Western Han Dynasty, but it has produced a certain amount of abuse and caused many skeptical arguments, which he also opposes.
The "Biography of Guoshi Rulin" also devotes a lot of space to Zhu Yixin's comments on Japan's eastern neighbor. At that time, Japan's Meiji Restoration, the slogan was to break away from Asia and enter Europe. By about 1880, Japan had been changing the law for more than twenty years, and many initial results had already been shown. At that time, China's far-sighted and international-minded bureaucrats actually saw that Japan was thriving, and its national power, democracy, and even its aggressiveness were slowly forming a threat. Although Zhu Yixin is no longer in the government and the opposition, and is already in the non-governmental sector, he is very concerned about the whole situation in this country. In the "Biography of Guoshi Rulin", there are two paragraphs dedicated to Zhu Yixin, who talk about Sino-Japanese relations and Japanese-Russian relations. The last paragraph mentions that China and Japan have not yet reached a positive conflict, but the crisis of war is already inevitable and objective. Later generations said that the commentators sighed at the far-reaching, and Zhu Yixin's vision was really very sharp. ]
The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty details why Zhu Yixin offended Empress Dowager Cixi
The above is the "Biography of Guoshi Rulin", and the following is the second official biography of Zhu Yixinshengping. In the early years of the Republic of China, using the materials of the "National History Museum and The Biography of Ru Lin", the history of the Qing Dynasty was officially revised. This history book was later called the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", and Zhu Yixin had a biography.
Because the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty was revised in the early years of the Republic of China, it has a different focus from the "National History Museum". In the "National History Museum", Empress Dowager Cixi was still in the dynasty, and Zhu Yixin was on the book at that time, but was demoted and returned, and the reason for this was not unfolded. However, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" has a detailed explanation. The reason for the so-called offense was that because Li Lianying was very powerful at that time, Prince Yizhen of Alcohol went to inspect the Beiyang Marine Division trained by Li Hongzhang, and Li Lianying also followed. Just as the Yellow River was in trouble, and Yan, Jin, Shu, and Fujian were flooded, Zhu Yixin, as an inspector of yushi, expressed his concern, and he took the disaster to repair the province as a word, and gave suggestions to the emperor and empress dowager.
According to the book, the family law of the Qing Dynasty has always been strictly managed and controlled by the eunuchs in the palace. In the era of Shizu Shunzhi, the palace specially set up an iron plate, and it was forbidden to allow internal servants to manage the affairs of the outer dynasty. Even if there was a eunuch named An Dehai after empress dowager Shi Cixi hung the curtain, who left the country under the guise of purchasing goods for the emperor and for the palace, and ran to the border of Shandong, the inspector of Shandong arrested Andehai, saying how good the eunuch was to go out of the palace to do things, flaunting the signs of the emperor and the empress dowager, and punishing him severely. When the Guangxu Emperor ascended the throne, there was a eunuch named Zhang Dexi, who also broke the rules and was reduced to a slave. Speaking of the present, inspecting such a large-scale activity of the Beiyang Marine Division, sending a eunuch to follow Prince Shuo to Tianjin, the road was rumored, and the soldiers were shocked. Maybe there is a last resort in the deep palace, but those of us who are ministers really don't understand. No matter how you think about it, send the prince to the parade, how can you let the eunuch follow you? How can this make the sergeant raise the military and the national prestige?
Empress Dowager Cixi was very angry when she read the recital, saying that Zhu Yixin's recital mentioned what kind of distress there was in the deep palace, and the foreign court did not know, and what it meant was, and asked him to answer.
Zhu Yixin said, my so-called unavoidable bitterness, said that Prince Alcohol was going to travel far away, and sent a eunuch from the inner court to accompany him, perhaps the empress dowager wanted to show sympathy to the prince. But in the eyes of those of us who are ministers, we still think it is a kind of creative idea. We heard that the Minister of Beiyang sent a ship to greet the Prince of Alcohol. Prince Alcohol did not want to get on the boat, Li Lianying said I will sit, he sat on the boat in a big way, so that the people who saw it on the side felt "shocking.". It can be seen from this that Zhu Yixin is a person who believes that he is dead, and he is also a person who will stick to the right things to the end, and his personality is very straight.
The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" clearly introduces the reason for Zhu Yixin's offense as it was. The biography of Zhu Yixin in the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" has only more than 700 words, and the biography of Zhu Yixin in the "National History Museum" has more than 1100 words, and the detailed explanation is also different. Compared with the two, the "National History Museum" has more text and richer content, but it avoids the content of Zhu Yixin's sonata that offended Empress Dowager Cixi. The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" is written in the "Disaster Repair And Evacuation", and the other parts are relatively simple.
Zhu Yixin's extensive work "Answering Questions from the Innocence Hall" is the most important
Finally, a brief introduction to Zhu Yixin's works. As a talented, talented, person-lifting, and jinshi who was born in the three examinations, his basic job was to do poetry, do ancient texts and other kinds of writing training, study traditional literature and history, and write many works during this period. The "Homophone Collection Interpretation" is Zhu Yixin's combination of many homophone words into a homophone collection, which is a dictionary, and the manuscript is collected in the Zhejiang Library. "Hanshu Guanjian" is a textbook that readers learn when they first learn. The Situation in Jilin is a book that focuses on the geography of the frontier. "[Guangxu] DeqingZhou Zhi" is a state chronicle in Guangzhou, and it is also a work in which Zhu Yixin participated.
In addition, when he was a Beijing official, he completed the "Jingshifang Lane Chronicle", which is highly valued by the current academic community. Zhu Yixin once participated in the compilation of the "Shuntianfu Zhi", he undertook the part of the "Jingshifang Lane Chronicle", through the field investigation of the streets and alleys to complete this work, and now has become the most authoritative work on the investigation of the streets and alleys of the old city in the late Qing Dynasty of Beijing's urban history, transportation history, and urban planning. "Jingshifang Alley Chronicle" has two volumes, four volumes, there are original manuscripts, there are also later collated drafts, and in the Republic of China era there were ten volumes, the basic content has not changed.
Zhu Yixin's most important work was answering students' questions when he was a teacher at Guangya Academy, "Answers to Questions from innocence halls", which already had more than ten engraved copies during the Guangxu years. The reason why today's intellectual circles and academic circles have a strong interest in Mr. Zhu Yixin is that in the book "Answers to Questions from the Innocence Hall", which simply records the lecture notes of his discussion of academic issues with students, we can understand many dynamics, concepts and developments in the academic circles in the late Qing Dynasty.
Zhu Yixin's book also had several editions during the Guangxu period, called the "Relics of On Learning". Sometimes he is called "Yiwu Zhu Shi", and sometimes he is called "Zhu Rongsheng Shiyu", which are some of the letters he discussed and learned. Mr. Zhu's letter is very beautifully written, not flowery, but like an old farmer and a villager talking about home, simple, reasonable, reasonable, very good.
There were also Zhu Yixin and his younger brother who simultaneously took the Zhu Scrolls of the Zhejiang Provincial Examination in the Ninth Year of Tongzhi, and the Zhu Scrolls that Zhu Yixin went to Beijing to participate in the examination in the second year of Guangxu. "Zhu Yixin's Narrative" is a major event of his son's life that came forward to write about his father's life. The "Records of Zhu Yixin's Lamentations" is that after Zhu Yixin's death, those salutations, poems, and sacrifice texts offered by relatives and friends have been engraved at the end of the Qing Dynasty. After Zhu Yixin's death, his younger brother Zhu Huaixin collected his brother's works and compiled a series of books called "Humble Temple Series Manuscripts".
In recent years, the Editorial Board of Yiwu Series has included the works of Yiwu celebrities in the past. As the basic database of our Yiwu township literature, this work has been done for many years. I am also one of the participants in the Yiwu series of books. "The Complete Works of Zhu Yixin" is the task entrusted to me by the editorial board, and I and my team spent several years to complete the compilation and collation of "Zhu Yixin's Complete Works", which was published at the beginning of this year. Because the "Complete Works of Zhu Yixin" was compiled, there is also today's report. This is the origin of my report.
As a Yiwu person and a descendant, I would like to conclude with my three-point summary of Mr. Zhu Yixin: Shusheng serves the country, and after death, he is a model of traditional knowledge molecules; loyal to his duties and unscrupulous rumors, which is the embodiment of Yiwu's loyal and straight hometown style; mastering famous teachers and cultivating talents is the practice of education and transformation of society.
(The original title is "Zhichen Shuoxue Recalls Xiangxian - Wu Ge As a Guest Of The Shangcheng Lecture Hall Zhu Yixin's Record", the original author Ying Yue.) Edited by Tong Xiao)