Reporter Tao Houfu
At the recent press conference on "Zhejiang Archaeology and Chinese Civilization", the Shangshan culture was mentioned many times. In recent years, not only in the archaeological community, but also in the world's earliest rice farming remnants of the Shangshan culture and site group, but also by the ancient civilization enthusiasts.
Some scholars believe that the origin of agriculture coincided almost at the same time as the development of astronomy. Following this line of thought, Yiwu wenshi researcher Chen Rudong put forward the "sun worship" in the shangshan culture, explaining the inference of the origin of ancient place names in Zhejiang, including Wu Wound.
"Shangshan culture is the origin of Liangzhu culture, and Liangzhu culture is the precursor of Chinese civilization." Through the comparative analysis of relevant data, Chen Rudong said that among the prehistoric cultural sites that have been discovered, the Pujiang Shangshan Cultural Site is the earliest settlement in China to enter the Neolithic Era, and it is also the earliest settlement in China from the hunter-gatherer civilization to the hunting and farming civilization.
Chen Rudong's views are not without support. "Shangshan culture is not only the origin of rice cultivation, but also the beginning of rice culture, agricultural culture and agricultural society." At the academic seminar on the 20th anniversary of the discovery of the Shangshan site held last year, Zhao Hui, a professor at the School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University, said that rice cultivation provides a material basis for human society, on the basis of which there is a cross-lake bridge, Hemudu and Liangzhu culture.
"Looking at astronomy to detect the changes of time", the evolution of agricultural civilization is inseparable from the development of astronomy. For example, the Yangshao period mussel sculpture site in The Western Water Slope of Puyang, Henan, shows that the ancients had a considerable degree of mastery of astronomy.
So, in the Shangshan Cultural Site Group, are there any astronomical-related discoveries?
The Yiwu Qiaotou Cultural Site is part of the Shangshan culture, and the two faience pottery excavated from it have sparked a series of conjectures: one with a sun-patterned symbol and one with a white line shaped like a gossip. Zhang Juzhong, a professor at the University of Science and Technology of China, believes that "this will not be a random painting by people, and it may have the meaning of sun worship, which is very worthy of further study." ”
"The sun pattern is derived from the worship of nature, or the worship of the sun." Chen Rudong said, "There is nothing more for the government than for the agricultural time, and the agricultural time is nothing more than the celestial phenomenon", the ancients knew the agricultural time by observing the celestial signs, and these symbols symbolized the agricultural civilization and the level of astronomical observation on the mountain.
He said that the white lines in it, similar to "thunder and land Yu Gua", may be that the ancestors saw the phenomenon of lightning splitting the sky after a long absence, indicating that spring thunder bursts, the earth and all things recovered (close to the later "sting" season), and then can start farming, this behavior can be said to be "visual timing".
The word Wu wound originates from the historical fact of Qin Zhi Wu Wound County. Geographer Chen Qiaoyi believes that wu wound should be an ancient Yue transliteration. However, why the word "Wu Wound" was taken as the transliteration of Yiwu County at that time has been debated in academic circles.
Chen Rudong used the sun worship of the shangshan culture as a background to make a new interpretation of the origin of the place names of Wu wounds.
"Yiwu is located within the scope of the Shangshan culture, and the ancestors also had a tradition of sun worship, and recent studies have shown that sun worship still existed in the Wuyue region until the Bronze Age." He said that when Qin set up Wu wound county, he chose Chinese characters to transliterate the ancient Yue place name, which is exactly the meaning of the tradition of sun worship: "wu" refers to the sun; "wound", the ancient sound hljas, traditional "wound", belongs to the Yangbu, all related to the sun, and the black wound is the meaning of "sunrise". At the same time, he also proposed that since the Spring and Autumn Warring States, people have interpreted this ancient place name and its Chinese transliteration respectively, which is related to the political and cultural needs of the time.
A similar transliteration of place names is also reflected in the place names of the ancient capitals of Yue. For example, "Wu Wound", "Zhi Zhi (i.e., Zhu Ji)", "Hui Ji", etc. show that the chinese characters taken when transliterating the ancient capital of the Yue Kingdom are all related to "day", that is, related to the worship of the sun.
Some scholars disagree that yue was once in Yiwu, but Chen Rudong believes that the pronunciation and meaning of the place names in Wu hurt indicate that the ancient capital of Yue was once in Yiwu.
Yu Yueben was a generation of indigenous people in the Qiantang River and Taihu Lake basins, from tribes to princely states, there was a process of gradually strengthening and developing. The "Records of History" records: "Yue Hou passed on the kingdom for more than thirty leaves, and when He Yin was king of Zhou Jing, there were Yue Hou Fu Tan, Zi Yue Yun Chang, Tuoba Shi Da, and called the king. ”
Chen Rudong believed that after Yun Chang, he would destroy Wu and seek hegemony in the Central Plains in the north. In order to gain the recognition of the various princely states in the Central Plains, Dayu was recognized as the ancestor and Wuyu was recognized as the ancestor of the tribe. From this, the "Records of History" has such a record: "Yue Wang Shu Jian, his ancestor Yu's Miao descendants, and the Xia Emperor Shaokang's shuzi also." Sealed in huiji, in order to serve the worship of Yu. Tattoos and broken hair, draped in grass and elegant. After more than twenty lifetimes, as for Yun Chang. ”
Chen Rudong speculated that this record was actually an explanation of the "appendage" of the Gou Jian at that time in response to the needs of hegemony, and since Wuyu was recognized as the ancestor of the tribe, it was necessary to link the yuyue place name within the jurisdiction with Wuyu. Later generations also took this as a tradition when they were scheduled to transliterate Chinese characters by Yue place names, such as Yuhang, Yuji, Yuyao, And Yugan.
However, the name of the ancient capital of Yueguo is very special. Zhang Xuefeng, a professor in the History Department of Nanjing University, believes that its sounds are all related to "The Will", wherever the core team of the Yue people goes, it is called "The Will", and the Yue King takes this as the clan, that is, the "Zhi Zhi Clan".
"The Will of the One" appears in "The Will of the King of Yue", which is now in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum. Cao Jinyan, a professor at Zhejiang University, believes that the "purpose of the person" is Zhuji, and Zhuji will be the same. As a result, after the Yue King destroyed Wu, the core team was called Huijian in "Gusu" and "Gusu"; after the northern hegemony of Langya, Langya was also called Huijiao.
Chen Rudong believes that the "Wu" of wu wounds is "Yu" and "Yu", such as the Wu King Yu Xuanjian, whose "Yu" character is using the word "Wu"; and the word "wound" is actually a long-term reading of the ancient Yue language of "Ren Zhi". At that time, other place names in the Wuyue area also had similar pronunciations, such as Zhang Min, a researcher at the Nanjing Museum, who believed that gecheng's "ge" was the pronunciation of "sentence Wu".
Chen Rudong speculated that in the beginning, the ancient Yue language of "Wu Wound" meant "sunrise", but in the stage of Gou Jian's recognition of Wu Yu as his ancestor seeking hegemony, Wu Yu was given the meaning of "the old capital of Wu Yu Tribe".
At that time, not only the Yue Kingdom, but also the naming of the capital city of the Wu Kingdom also followed this logic. Professor Zhang Xuefeng believes that in the middle and late Spring and Autumn, the Wu people came to the Taihu Plain. During their migration from the Yangtze River to the southeast, a series of place names with similar pronunciation appeared: Jiuzi (present-day Wuhu), Gushu (present-day Dangtu), Hu (present-day Nanjinghushu), and to today's Suzhou is called "Gusu" or "Guxu", and its pronunciation is close to "ko-so" or "ko-su". That is to say, wherever the core team of the Wu people goes, it is called "ko-so" or "ko-su", and Wu Wang also takes this as a surname.
Personal names affect place names, which also triggered some conjectures by Chen Rudong: for example, The Yue King Gou Jian, also known as Jiu Qian, qiantang river ancient name gradual river, may be related to the historically famous yue king name; there may be a harmonic connection between the two words of the person and the other two titles of the Qiantang River, "Zhejiang" and "Zhi".