Introduction: In order to implement the spirit of the sixth plenary session (expansion) of the 14th Yiwu Municipal Party Committee and give full play to the role of the city's social science think tank, on the morning of the 29th, the "Bridgehead Ruins Protection and Yiwu West Gate Construction Symposium" was held in Chengxi Street, and social science elites from relevant departments of Yiwu City, Chengxi Street, Qiaotou Village and all sectors of society discussed the protection of Qiaotou Ruins and made suggestions for the construction of Yiwu West Gate. The symposium was hosted by Yiwu Federation of Social Sciences and Chengxi Subdistrict, and co-organized by Yishang Think Tank, Yiwu Industrial and Commercial Vocational and Technical College, and Party School of Yiwu Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China. Some of the statements are published for the benefit of readers.
From the ancient ruins of Qiaotou, the origin of the name of Wuzhi County is briefly discussed
Text: Chen Rudong (Image from the Internet)
The discovery of the Yiwu Qiaotou site will take Fuxi as the Chinese civilization in the Yellow River Basin for the first 5,000 years, pushing forward 4,000 years, and the abundance of relics and archaeological value has shocked the archaeological community. The pottery on display on the spot is spectacular, divided into two kinds of milky white and red colors, including pottery with sun patterns and bagua patterns, which particularly attracted my attention, which contains ancient religious culture and philosophical culture.
In ancient times, the world worshipped the sun, but mostly stopped in mythology, while Our country is different, the worship of the sun, endowed with the factor of god, called the sun god, first in a mythical way to the folk, close to life, so that it is associated with a specific object in real life. The sun god in ancient Chinese mythology, the most prominent is "Xihe", Xihe is the mother of the mythical sun god. In addition to Xihe, it is followed by "Jinwu", which is the spirit of the sun in Han mythology, and its image is "three-legged Wu". The example of the sun god who came from myth to mankind is that the ancestors of our Chinese nation revered their ancestor Yandi as the sun god. It then developed into the "Divine Right of kings", which connected the monarch with the sun god. Influenced by Chinese culture, Japan also uses the sun as a national flag motif.
The Bagua pattern on ceramics belongs to the category of Zhou Yixue. In YiXue, Tai Chi gives birth to two instruments, followed by four elephants to Bagua to infinity, plus yin and yang, and the changes of the five elements (gold, wood, water, fire, and earth) are the simple ways for ancient people to explore nature. From this, feng shui is derived, such as in yang house feng shui, the concept of the sun god is introduced, and as an auspicious god, it can go in the direction of auspiciousness and avoid evil. The worship of the sun god is really pervasive.
The god-like sun is higher than the emperor's honor, and it is naturally worshipped by man, and the place where it first comes is supreme glory and envy. Yiwu belongs to the ancient Yue kingdom, the population is larger, located in the east, is the land of the first rising sun, naturally hope to be associated with the gods, this place is called "Day (Wu) Shang" is just right. For example, Fudan University's predecessor Aurora University, "Zhen" is the East in bagua, "Dan" is the sunrise horizon, and also contains the meaning of sunrise in the East, and the two are actually similar. The original east gate of Yiwu is associated with the sun, called Chaoyang Gate. The Sun is also called Wu in ancient times, and the "Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Great Wilderness Of the East Classic" says that "there are fumu on the Tang Valley, one day to the end, one day out, all contained in Wu", "Huainan Zi • Spirit Chapter" says "there is a three-legged Wu in the day", And Guo Pu's commentary on "There is a three-legged Wu in the day" is an explanation and explanation of the sun as the embodiment of Jinwu. "Wufei rabbit walking" is an idiom commonly used to this day. My ancestor Chen Tansun, from the Yuan Dynasty to the Zheng Dynasty, served as the superintendent of the Guozi School, and there is a poem left in the world to say that the farmer "After returning to the rice and being full of darkness, a song of high song and wine is half drunk", and here "Wu" also means the sun. Now the Yiwu dialect will be called "Wuru" when the sky is just dark, so the sunrise is called "Wushang (wound)", in line with the ancient Yue accent, Mr. Feng Zhilai of Yiwu, Mr. Ding Lie have mentioned this point of view, Yiwu ancient county name "Wu (Day) Wound (Shang)" is the analysis of sunrise, should be logical.
During the Warring States period, the Area of the Qiantang River Basin was originally inhabited by the ancient Yue ethnic group, with Yuyue in the south and Juwu in the north. It was a family of two countries, and its language was Vietnamese, but there was no writing at that time. For example, the "Yue Nu Song" that described love at that time, and Liu Xiang's "Good Sayings" of the Han Dynasty recorded that this song was 32 ancient Yue syllables, which were recorded by the Chu script assimilated by the Central Plains culture, and became 54 syllable characters, indicating that the two were not in the same language and could not be translated word by word.
In 222 BC, Qin Shi Huang sent Wang Zhai to pacify Jiangnan, and the whole country implemented a county system, with Huijian County under the jurisdiction of Wujiao County, and the county administration was located in the present-day Yiwu city, and the geographical area included the area of present-day Jinhua City. In order to facilitate the rule, the Yue people were expelled and the Northern Han people moved south, but a large number of place names were preserved in the ancient Yue transliteration, such as Wu Wound, Yu Hang, Yu Yao, Jurong, Zhuji, Gusu, Wuxi, Shexian and so on. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the Han Chinese Central Plains culture was introduced, transliterating Yue with Chinese characters, such as the same "Yue" character, Sima Qian's translation of "Yue" in the "Records of History", and Ban Gu's translation of "Yue" in the Book of Han, all of which are transliterated. Many of the ancient Yue phonology of the current Wu dialect are preserved, mainly concentrated in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou in Jiangsu, and Huizhou in Anhui. Agreeing with the ancient Yue transliteration of ancient geographical names, experts and scholars in Ningbo Wenzhou, Suzhou, Huizhou and other places have issued articles to support the argument, especially under the interpretation of Zheng Zhangshangfang, an expert in ancient phonology, a consensus has been reached in the Wu language area, and Yiwu is naturally impossible to be an exception. After the Northern Han chinese moved in, the ancient Yue language without writing gradually declined. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the imperial power, Dong Zhongshu adopted the governing concept of "deposing a hundred families and respecting Confucianism alone", emphasizing "divine right of kings", deifying the autocratic royal power, and maintaining the order of feudal rule, so it was respected by the ancient Chinese feudal rulers and became the orthodox and mainstream thinking of traditional Chinese culture. Later, in order to cater to the culture of loyalty and filial piety of Confucianism, many stories were conjectured according to the Chinese translation of place names, and during the late Han Xuan Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, the literary scholar Liu Xiang wrote in the "Saying Garden": "Yan Wu, Wu hurts people." Relatives died, the negative soil was the big tomb, the flock of crows was thousands, and the soil helped each other. The crows died, and the crows were buried. The Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty Song Liu Jingshu's "Alien Garden" said, "Dongyang Yanwu, known for his filial piety, was followed by a group of Wu to help the soil block as a grave, and the mouth of the Wu was injured." Yijing thought that Yan Wu was filial piety, so he sent a message to Ci Wu, and wanted to make the sound of filial piety far away, also known as its county Wu Wu Wounded." The content of the Story of Yan Wu persuades people to be filial piety, so it is widely circulated, and it is later cited as the county name "Wu Wound" out of the canon.
Yan Wu's story is obviously a legend, and interpreting it as a historical fact will certainly be questioned by the world. Yiwu Yan surname people moved from other places to Yiwu Yanwu, Yancun and other villages during the Ming Dynasty. The name of Wujiao County first comes from the ancient Yue transliteration, and then injected into the Confucian didactic culture, and is named after the legendary story of the Zhongxiao culture becoming a traditional mainstream culture and gradually evolving into the crow of the filial piety Yan Wufu Mother, and the academic community should not separate them, because the two are not contradictory, but the result of the evolution of social ideology. The discovery of the sun-patterned pottery at the head of the bridge provides a good supporting material for uncovering the origin of the famous black wound in Yiwu Ancient County.
About the Author:
Chen Rudong Is a senior researcher of literature and history in Yiwu, who has worked in townships, state-owned enterprises, and Zhejiang Zhongxin Bao, and is good at ancient poetry and good feng shui.
Participating experts visit the archaeological site
>> Further reading:
<h1 class="ql-align-center" > the Qiaotou site in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, has found a ring trench-terrace settlement of Shangshan culture dating back about 9,000 years</h1>
Text: Lin Sen, Chen Kun, Huang Meiyan, Jiang Leping
The Qiaotou site is located in the west of Qiaotou Village, Chengxi Subdistrict, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, on the north bank of the Yiwu River in the Jinqu Basin. Tongxi, a tributary of the Yiwu River, flows from north to south 50 meters to its east side. The ruins sit on a high ground with a relative height of about 3 meters and an altitude of about 89 meters. In November 2012, the Yiwu Museum provided important clues to the Qiaotou site. In mid-December of the same year, the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted an investigation, exploration and test excavation of the site, which confirmed that it was a site of the middle and late Shangshan culture. In order to cooperate with the capital construction, with the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has officially excavated it since 2014, and the excavation work continues to this day.
The current excavation area of the bridgehead site is about 2300 square meters. Cleaning up the remains of various periods, including 1 house site, 45 tombs, more than 160 ash pits and 3 ash ditches, some of the ash pits of the Shangshan culture period have unearthed a large number of well-preserved pottery, with the nature of "utensil pits", more than 110 pieces of pottery have been restored, and the two tombs in the middle and late period of the Shangshan culture are the earliest well-preserved tombs found in Zhejiang so far.
Years of systematic excavations have shown that the bridgehead site is a relatively independent ring trench-terrace settlement unit, the east, south and north sides of the site are artificially excavated ring trenches, the west side of the site is washed away by the river, and the middle part forms a slightly square incomplete terrace. The eastern terrace and the inner edge of the ring trench are basically preserved, but the outer edge has been washed by the ancient river channel and destroyed by modern soil movement, and only the eastern, southern and northwest corners of the site have been partially preserved. The inner edge of the ring trench is relatively deep and steep, and the outer edge is gentlely sloped and the height is lower than the inner edge. On the east side of the site, there is also a passage that extends outward in the ring trench. In general, the integrity of the ring trench ruins at the bridgehead site is basically established. The ring trench is 10 to 15 meters wide and 1.5 to 2 meters deep. Bounded by the inner edge of the ring moat, the side length of the central terrace is about 40 meters.
Unearthed pottery
Pottery found inside the ash pit
The burial of human bones is relatively well preserved
The bridgehead site has been cleared to the (8th) floor, of which the (5th)-(8th) floors are the shangshan cultural layer. The upper cultural layers are distributed in the central terrace. The remains of the shangshan cultural layer include house sites, ash pits and tombs, etc., and there are several column foundations with a certain regular distribution near the ring trench on the east side of the terrace, and there may be architectural remains. During the existence of the Shangshan cultural layer, the overall characteristics of the ruins are more consistent, showing the abandonment of domestic garbage, and the "artifact pits" or tombs are the mainstay. There may be functional partitions in the terrace, of which the site (F1) is located in the south of the terrace, opened under the (6th) floor, with a nearly irregular rectangle shape, long from east to west, narrow from north to south, semi-crypt, with a large amount of red-boiled soil accumulated in the pit, surrounded by pillar holes. The remains of the shangshan cultural layer on the north side of the terrace are mainly "artifact pits" and tombs, such as H98 and H150 are piled up with a large number of well-preserved pottery, of which H98 has repaired more than 50 pieces of pottery, and there is still a certain superimposed relationship in these ash pits, which may be formed by multiple activities. The two tombs of the middle and late Shangshan culture, M44 and M45, are both earthen pit vertical cave tombs, buried on the side with bent limbs and the head to the east.
Among them, the M44 human bones are relatively well preserved, the face faces to the south, and a clay pot is buried with it, placed between the upper limb bone and the pelvic bone. Both the north and south sides of M45 have been broken by late ruins, which are poorly preserved, with the face facing north, and no complete burial items are missing.
From the north-south sectional view washed out by the destruction of the river on the west side of the site, the raw soil surface of the site is relatively flat, and it is speculated that there are a series of construction behaviors such as repairing and piling the terrace in the earliest utilization stage of the site. T1721 Exploratory Square Ring Trench found a containing H87 that clearly belongs to the Shangshan culture, combined with the characteristics of the distribution of the Shangshan cultural layer limited to the central terrace, it can be determined that the construction of the ring trench and the tutai began in the Shangshan culture period, and it can be presumed that it was built first and then used. At present, the accumulation in the ring trench exposed belongs to the cross-lake bridge cultural stage, but because the damage to the cultural layer in the upper part of the terrace is more serious, the cross-lake bridge cultural layer has disappeared above the upper mountain cultural layer, and the causes of the accumulation in the ring trench, whether the accumulation is formed continuously in a relatively short period of time or formed intermittently for a long time, etc., need to be explained by finding further archaeological evidence. In general, ring trenches should be built and used during the Shangshan culture period, during which less waste accumulation is dumped in the ring trenches, or there is a conscious clean-up, which is also consistent with the nature of the terrace that is de-living and may be used for feasting and sacrifice. By the time of the cross-lake bridge culture, the functional nature of the ring trench-terrace was weakened, and the ring trench was abandoned and a large amount of garbage from the cross-lake bridge culture was piled up.
The relics excavated from the Qiaotou site are mainly pottery and stone tools. Stone tools include stone grinding discs, stone grinding rods, stone axes, stone chisels, stone knives, etc., and stone tools are rare. The preservation of pottery is better, mainly coarse clay pottery, the surface of pottery is mostly red, and a small amount is black-brown pottery. The types of pottery include large-mouth basins, flat bottom plates, egg belly pots, amphora pots, circle foot plates, etc., and the pottery clothes are bright, mainly red clothes, but also milky white clothes, reflecting the superb craftsmanship of pottery decoration. A certain amount of faience pottery appeared, divided into two kinds: milky white color and red color. The red color is dominated by stripes. The milky white color pattern is more complex, and there are patterns such as sun patterns and short-term combination patterns. The faience pottery of the bridgehead site has the basic factors of the cross-lake bridge culture faience pottery, and the sun pattern is also in the same vein, which fully shows that the Shangshan culture is an important source of the cross-lake bridge culture.
Carbon chip samples obtained from the early cultural layer of the test excavation party were carbon 14 years ago, and data such as 7985±50 (T1(6)), 8090±45 (T1(7)) were obtained, and the corrected age was about 9000 years ago. Recently, a batch of dating samples have been collected through flotation systems in different stratigraphic units, and it is expected to obtain more accurate dating data.
Exploration shows that there is still a large area of highland area on the east side of the site, and whether there is a site area related to the function of the existing terrace is yet to be carried out in the next archaeological excavation work.
The Qiaotou site is an important and distinctive site of an early Neolithic settlement, which not only enriches the understanding of the Shangshan culture, but also raises the understanding of the cultural landscape of the upper reaches of the Qiantang River and even the entire southeast region of China around 9,000 years ago. A large number of exquisitely produced pottery with rich vessel types provide new materials for understanding the pottery technology of human beings at that time, the origin of faience pottery technology, and spiritual beliefs. The excavation of human bones from tombs provides valuable information for understanding the migration and exchange of human races in southern China in the early Neolithic period. With the further in-depth development of the archaeological work at the Qiaotou site, the life patterns, social forms and spiritual beliefs of human beings in this region will be more clearly and completely revealed around 9,000 years ago. (Photo and text transferred from: State Administration of Cultural Heritage)