Keynote speaker Wu Ge
He is a research librarian of Fudan University Library, the director of the Research Center for the Protection of Ancient Books, a part-time professor of the Institute of Ancient Book Conservation and the Institute of Ancient Book Collation, and a doctoral supervisor of classical philology. He is also a member of the Expert Committee of the State Council's Ancient Books Collation and Publication Planning Group, the National Center for the Protection of Ancient Books, and the chief editor of the sub-sections of Cihai and Da cihai (book edition). Based on the library post for a long time, he is committed to the protection and collation of ancient books, and has great experience in the identification of ancient books, the compilation of ancient books catalogs, the study of classical documents, and the teaching of classical philology.
Zhu Yixin (1846-1894), a native of Zhudian, Chi'an Town, Yiwu. In the second year of qing guangxu, he was a scholar in the cabinet of officials, an editor of the Hanlin Academy, and a governor of Shaanxi Province. For the sake of official justice and uprightness, patriotism and concern for the people, outspokenness has been degraded. Later, he served as the main lecturer of Duanxi College in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province, and the chief of Guangya College in Guangzhou. He is a well-known scholar of the late Qing Dynasty and one of the representatives of the Han and Song dynasties.
Hello everyone, today I come with the new and old Yiwu people to remember and reminisce, more than a hundred years ago, the life of Mr. Zhu Yixin of Zhudian Village, Chi'an Town, Nanxiang, Yiwu, and his writings. I am a Yiwu native, I have been away from my hometown for forty or fifty years, my boyhood has the experience of living in the countryside of Yuanping Domain, the last few decades have been busy with work, neglect to return to the hometown, the sound of the countryside is gradually less, but the love for the hometown, the familiarity with and remembrance of Yiwu Xiangxian has not weakened. Mr. Zhu Yixin was a scholar in Yiwu at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and he left many books, many stories, and many topics, which are worth remembering together with the new and old Yiwu people of our day.
Zhu Yixin lived in the last years of the Qing Dynasty, he was born in 1846, died in 1894, and died at the age of 48. When a minister of a certain rank died in feudal society, the deceased's protégé or relatives and friends would sort out the deeds for the deceased minister, that is, a review of his life and a chronicle. Zhu Yixin's deeds and biographies were compiled by two friends of his age and seniority. After the lines and biographies are sorted out, they are handed over to the authorities.
Both the Ming and Qing dynasties had an institution in the central government called the National History Museum, which was responsible for collecting biographies of the ministers who died each year. After Zhu Yixin's death in Guangdong in 1894, the Guangdong Xuezheng sent Zhu Yixin's biography to Beijing, specifically reporting that Mr. Zhu Yixin was so well educated that he lectured at the famous Guangya Academy in Guangdong, which created a large number of two Guangdong disciples, which had a very great impact. Therefore, in the section of the "Biography of Ru Lin" in the archives of the current Qing Dynasty History Museum, there is a biography of Zhu Yixin. In addition, during the Beiyang government period after the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing History Museum was established in 1914 as the revision of the history of the former dynasty. In the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", which came out in 1928, there is also a biography of Zhu Yixin.
According to the record of Zhu Yixin's biography in the Guoshi Rulin Biography of the Guoshi Museum at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yixin was a native of Yiwu, Zhejiang, and was raised in the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870). After becoming a juren, he used to work as a cabinet secretary, which was the work of handling words and clerical work in the cabinet. During this time, he was still preparing for the exam, taking the triennial national entrance examination. It was not until the second year of Guangxu (1876) that he was a jinshi, and then stayed in Hanlin Temple for about ten years.
In the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), he had a mission to serve as the deputy examiner of the Hubei Township Examination. At that time, the selection of people was to pass the township examination held once every three years in each province. In this examination, we must appoint the chief and deputy examiners from the central government and find someone with certain qualifications from the Hanlin Academy. After Zhu Yixin returned to Beijing as deputy examiner of the Hubei Township Examination, he was appointed as the Inspector of Shaanxi Province. From the compilation of the HanYuan to the supervision of the imperial history. His post changed, and when he did not fully do the writing work, he became more concerned about the government and major state affairs, including diplomacy, military affairs, and official governance.
In the twelfth year of Guangxu, the country encountered successive disasters. The emperor issued an edict for everyone to make suggestions. Zhu Yixin gave the imperial court a recital called "Repairing the Province in the Face of Disasters", bluntly saying that our country has encountered disasters continuously, and what is the most important thing to do at present? It is necessary to "repair the province". To revise is to correct some mistakes and to revise the policy. Province, Confucius said, "I am in three provinces and my body", and I must reflect on myself. The "Xiu Province" did not directly criticize the Guangxu Emperor and his mother Empress Dowager Cixi, but very severely criticized Empress Dowager Cixi's favorite vassal, Li Lianying, the governor of the Great Interior.
Because Li Lianying was very powerful, the consequence of the omission to Zhu Yixin was "Yi Yi's will to rebuke, demote the principal, and return." The original Wupin Inspector Yushi was demoted to the position of Liupin Chief. Zhu Yixin was very stubborn, and after being punished, he said that his mother was ill, and he was busy with official duties and could not go home to serve, but now he made a mistake, which made the empress dowager unhappy, and just took the opportunity to go back and accompany his sick old mother. This is tantamount to resigning. The following year after returning to his hometown, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Liangguang, thought that Zhu Yixin should not be wronged in this way, but he offended Empress Dowager Cixi and could not directly exonerate him, so he invited him to Go to Guangdong and serve as the president of the Duanxi Academy in Zhaoqing. A few years later, The Guangya Academy in Guangzhou was also established, and Zhu Yixin was transferred to Guangzhou as a teacher until his death in 1894.
Three years after Zhu Yixin's death, in 1897, Yun Yanbin, a scholar in Guangzhou, reported to the imperial court that he was originally a Wupin official, because he had given the empress dowager the title of "Repairing the Province in the Face of Disasters" and saying some inappropriate things, which provoked the empress dowager to rebuke him, so he resigned and went home. But he later came to Guangzhou and created a large number of talents in Guangdong's education, and he still had to be affirmed and requested that his punishment be revoked.
Zhu Yixin's biography of Guoshi Rulin records a very famous story.
When Zhu Yixin was four years old, he played with children, and when he saw other children wrestling, he would come forward to help them. Adults see it and feel that this child is different from Chang'er, and he must not be a person who is alone in the future.
When taking the examination, Xu Shuming, a student in Zhejiang, saw Zhu Yixin's homework and examination papers and was very appreciative. The two examiners who took him were Liu Youming and Li Wentian, who was very famous in the late Qing Dynasty. During his work at the Hanlin Academy, Zhu Yixin was friendly with Yuan Chang, Zhu Cai, and Huang Guojin. Yuan Chang is also a celebrity from Zhejiang, a Tonglu native, who is very good at learning and is a good friend of Zhu Yixin. The two were of the same age and were comrade with each other. Zhu Yixin died, and he was very sad to make an elegy to commemorate it.
When I was in Beijing, there was also such a story: "When I tasted the rain in the Western Mountains with my friends, I felt sick and talked wildly." "Zhu Yixin and his friends encountered rain when they were playing in xishan, and after the rain, they had a cold and fever. Zhu Yixin was in the heat, talking nonsense in a confused way. Saying that the country is too poor and the finances are too difficult, if the officials do not strive to cheer up, they will not only have external troubles, but also internal troubles.
Around 1870, France turned Vietnam into its colony, repeatedly provoking on the Guangxi border. Zhu Yixin was the main war faction and repeatedly put forward specific proposals for national defense and naval construction. The historical biography mentions his point of view, such as for different regional climates, each sea frontier faces different neighboring countries, it is proposed to divide Beiyang into one army, Jiangsu and Zhejiang as one army, Fujian and Guangdong as one army. It is necessary to "manage water masters, strangle dangers, store general talents, refine equipment, revitalize the regiment, and open up the source of wages." Because there are many money involved in running the navy, some ships and cannons have to be purchased abroad. It is necessary to do practical things, not to do things that are ineffective without hard work, and to stress practical results. These coastal defense strategies he proposed had a certain impact at that time, and the history books evaluated "the discussion of the times and the grandeur of the times", which everyone felt remarkable, and said very sharply and concretely.
During Zhu Yixin's teaching at Guangya College, the college included 100 students from each of the two Guangya students according to the quota every year. Zhu Yixin set up the rules of the academy, he believed that the academy should have rules and regulations for management, "first read and then examine the arts, and re-implement and screen huashi." He imitated the ancient "study of The Study of The Mongols" and divided the two hundred students into four subjects: classics, history, science, and literature, and then asked four others to teach them to be responsible for the education of these students. And each student is required to prepare a notebook when reading, write down the questions that will be asked to the teacher, and talk one-on-one when it is the turn to meet with the teacher. No matter what questions the students ask, the teacher answers them one by one according to their own understanding. The history books write that Zhu Yixin "achieved a great deal" to his students, and he also brought out a work, that is, based on the content of his answers to the students' speeches, compiled the famous "Answers to questions from the Innocence Hall".
The Biography of Guoshi Rulin finally evaluates Zhu Yixin's scholarship. His main point of view, that since the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Sinology and Song credits, articles and academic points, Tao and art points, such a concept he disagrees with. In his view, the Confucian classics established by Confucius have differences between the end and the end, and there are successive differences, but they do not regard the literary practice as irrelevant to scholarship and healing. He also believes that since Daoxian, there has been a custom in intellectual circles and academia, which likes to talk about the ram of the Western Han Dynasty. It is not impossible to pay attention to the ramology of the Western Han Dynasty, but it has produced a certain amount of abuse and caused many skeptical arguments, which he opposes.
The "Biography of Guoshi Rulin" also devotes a lot of space to Zhu Yixin's comments on Japan's eastern neighbor. At that time, Japan's Meiji Restoration, the slogan was "break away from Asia and enter Europe" . By about 1890, Japan had been changing the law for more than twenty years, and many initial results had already been shown. At that time, China's far-sighted and international-minded bureaucrats saw that Japan was thriving, and its national power, including its aggressiveness, was slowly forming a threat. Although Zhu Yixin was no longer in the imperial court and was already in the people, he was still very concerned about the whole situation in the country. There are two passages in Zhu Yixin's biography in the "History of the State And Rulin", which specifically introduces him on Sino-Japanese relations and Japanese-Russian relations. The last paragraph mentions that there has not yet been a positive conflict between China and Japan, but the crisis of war is objective and inevitable. Posterity praised him for his far-sightedness, and Zhu Yixin's vision was really very sharp.
The above is the content of Zhu Yixin's biography of "National History and Rulin Biography", and the following is the second historical biography of Zhu Yixinshengping.
At the beginning of the Republic of China, using materials such as the "National History Museum • Ru Lin Biography", he began to formally revise the history of the Qing Dynasty. This history book was later called the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, which also contains a biography of Zhu Yixin. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty was revised at the beginning of the Republic of China, and it has a different focus from the "National History Museum" biography. In the "History of the State and the Biography of Ru Lin", Empress Dowager Cixi was still in the dynasty, and Zhu Yixin was on the throne at that time, and was demoted to a lower official, and the reasons for this were not unfolded, and there is a detailed explanation in the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty". The reason for the so-called offense was that because Li Lianying was very powerful at that time, Prince Yizhen of Alcohol went to inspect the Beiyang Marine Division trained by Li Hongzhang, and Li Lianying also followed. Just as the Yellow River was in trouble, and Yan, Jin, Shu, and Fujian were flooded, Zhu Yixin, as an inspector of imperial history, expressed his concern, and gave suggestions to the emperor and empress dowager on the pretext of "repairing the province in case of disasters."
Song Shuzhong said that the family law of the Qing Dynasty has always been strictly managed and controlled by the eunuchs in the palace. In the era of Shizu Shunzhi, the palace specially set up an iron plate, prohibiting internal servants from interfering with foreign affairs. Even after Empress Dowager Cixi was listening to the government in the near future, a eunuch named An Dehai, under the guise of purchasing goods for the emperor and for the palace, went out of Beijing and ran to the border of Shandong, and the inspector of Shandong arrested him, saying how good it was for the eunuch to leave the palace without permission, flaunting the signs of the emperor and the empress dowager, and punishing him with a beheading. When the Guangxu Emperor ascended the throne, there was a eunuch named Zhang Dexi, who was also reduced to a slave for violating the rules. Speaking of the present, inspecting such a large-scale activity of the Beiyang Marine Division, sending a eunuch to follow Prince Shuo to Tianjin, the road was rumored, the soldiers were shocked, perhaps there was a last resort in the deep palace, but those of us who were ministers really did not understand. Come to think of it, no matter what, send the prince to the parade, how can you let the eunuch follow along? How to raise the prestige of the military and the prestige of the country in this way? Empress Dowager Cixi was very angry when she saw the song shu, and said that In Zhu Yixin's song shu, she mentioned what kind of hardships the deep palace had, and the foreign court did not know, what did this mean? Ask him to answer. Zhu Yixin said, My so-called unavoidable bitterness is that Prince Shuo wants to travel far away, and sends a eunuch from the inner court to accompany him, perhaps the empress dowager wants to show sympathy for the prince. But in the eyes of those of us who are ministers, we think it is a pioneering act. We heard that the Minister of Beiyang sent a ship to greet the Prince of Alcohol. Prince Alcohol did not want to get on the boat, Li Lianying said I will sit, he sat on the boat in a big way, so that the people who saw it on the side felt "shocking.". It can be seen that Zhu Yixin is a person who recognizes the reason of death, and is also a person who will persist to the end as long as he thinks it is right, and his personality is very straight.
The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" clearly introduces the reason for Zhu Yixin's offense as it was. The biography of Zhu Yixin in the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" has only more than 700 words, and the biography of Zhu Yixin in the "National History Museum" has more than 1100 words. Compared with the two, the "Biography of Guoshi Rulin" has more text and richer content, but it avoids the content of Zhu Yixin's offense against Empress Dowager Cixi; while the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" expands the "Disaster Repair Province" and the other parts are simpler.
Finally, a brief introduction to Zhu Yixin's works.
As a scholar who was born in the three examinations of Xiucai, Juren, and Jinshi, his basic homework was to do poetry, ancient texts and other kinds of writing training, and also studied the traditional study of scripture and history, leaving many works.
The Homophone Collection Interpretation is Zhu Yixin's combination of many homophone character collections to compile a homophone collection, which is a homophone dictionary, and this manuscript is collected in the Zhejiang Library. The "Hanshu Guanjian" is a research work on the "Book of Han" that readers should write about history. The Situation in Jilin is a book on the geography of the northeast frontier. The Guangxu Deqingzhou Zhi is the Zhishu of Deqing Prefecture in Guangdong Province, and is the Fang Zhi that Zhu Yixin participated in compiling.
In addition, when he was a Beijing official, Zhu Yixin completed the "Chronicle of Jingshifang Lane", which is now highly valued by the academic community. Zhu Yixin once participated in the compilation of the "Shuntianfu Zhi", he undertook the "Jingshifang Lane Chronicle" part, through the field investigation of the streets and alleys and completed this work, and now has become the most authoritative work of Beijing's urban history, transportation history, urban planning and other scholars, in the late Qing Dynasty Beijing's old city streets, fang alleys and other history. There are two volumes and four volumes of the "Jingshifang Alley Chronicle", there are original manuscripts, there are also later collated drafts, and when the Republic of China came, there were ten volumes, and the basic content remained unchanged.
Zhu Yixin's most important work is "Answers to Questions from innocence halls" that answered students' questions when he was a mountain chief at Guangya Academy. This book already had more than ten engravings during the Guangxu period. The reason why today's intellectual circles and academic circles still have a strong interest in Mr. Zhu Yixin is that because the book "Answers to Questions from innocence hall" not only records the lecture-style questions and answers left by him to discuss academic issues with students, but also learns about many dynamics, concepts and developments in the academic circles of the late Qing Dynasty.
Zhu Yixin's book also had several editions during the Guangxu period, called the "Relics of On Learning". Sometimes he is called "Yiwu Zhu Shi", sometimes he is called "Zhu Rongsheng Waiter", which are some of the letters he discussed with his teachers and friends. Mr. Zhu's letter is very beautifully written, not flowery, but like an old farmer and a villager talking about home, it is simple and reasonable, very good.
There were also Zhu Yixin and his younger brother who simultaneously passed the Zhu Scrolls of the Zhejiang Provincial Examination in the Ninth Year of Tongzhi, and the Zhu Scrolls that Zhu Yixin went to Beijing to participate in the examination in the second year of Guangxu. "Zhu Yixin's Narrative" is a major event of his son's life that came forward to write about his father's life. After Zhu Yixin's death, the poems, and texts offered by relatives and friends have been engraved at the end of the Qing Dynasty. After Zhu Yixin's death, his younger brother Zhu Huaixin collected his brother's works and compiled a series of books called "Humble Temple Series Manuscripts".
In recent years, the editorial board of Yiwu Series has collected the works of Yiwu celebrities in the past as the basic database of our Yiwu township and state documents, which has been done for many years. I am also a participant in the compilation of the Yiwu Series. "The Complete Works of Zhu Yixin" is the task entrusted to me by the editorial board, and I and my team spent several years to complete the compilation and collation of the "Complete Works of Zhu Yixin", and the new book was published at the beginning of this year. Because of the compilation and collation of the "Complete Works of Zhu Yixin", there is today's report. This is the origin of my report.
As a Ukrainian and a junior, I would like to conclude with a three-point summary of my understanding of Mr. Zhu Yixin:
The first is to serve the country as a scholar, die and then die, worthy of being a model for traditional knowledge molecules;
The second is to be loyal to their duties and to be unscrupulous in rumors, which is the embodiment of Yiwu's loyal and straight hometown style;
The three masters and famous teachers and the cultivation of talents are his practice of transforming society with education.
Read the article
Let's give this Yiwu sage a thumbs up
Everybody loves to watch