From 1901 to 2021, after a gap of 120 years, it has once again entered the year of the ugly.
In a reincarnation, China's reform has gone from passive to active.
1901 The Year of the Ugly Year holds a practical and new study
In 1901, the year of the Ugly Year, China ushered in an extraordinary year.
The year before, the Gengzi Incident broke out, the Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing, and Cixi could only accept peace talks in order to survive, and ran out of Beijing in a disheveled face. Li Hongzhang, the great framer, and Cixi's trusted distant uncle Yi Li, began the last important and humiliating negotiation of his life in the year of the wind candle.
Under tremendous pressure, Cixi almost swept away the stubborn old-fashioned faction within the imperial court.
In 1901, Li Hongzhang died, and Empress Dowager Cixi returned to Luang sarcastically.
The Qing government reformed and implemented most of the plans proposed by the Wushu Reform Law, and the reform plans proposed by the Six Gentlemen of the Wushu Were implemented one by one after great pressure and repeated conservatives.
The three years, from 1898 to 1900, were the last chance for the conservative system within the Qing dynasty to counterattack. They suppressed the reformers in the imperial court, but they were once again defeated by the guns of the strong ships.
The reformists were once again active, and feudal officials, including Yuan Shikai, Liu Kunyi, Zhang Zhidong, and others, came up to give advice and suggestions. With Cixi's approval, the imperial court successively introduced new policies in the political, military, economic, educational, and other fields.
In June 1901, the imperial court reopened the special section of economic affairs and ordered the minister of home and abroad to sponsor it; In August 1901, the eight-strand form was abolished, and the township meeting test "is not allowed to use the eight-strand script", and changed the test policy theory, that is, the students need to provide the policy of governing the country; In September 1901, the local colleges were converted into university halls and middle school halls, and Mengyang Schools (i.e., primary schools) were set up in various places; In September 1905, it was announced that the examination would be suspended from the following year.
China's most important education system and talent selection system, after more than 1300 years, has changed a pattern, the umbilical cord between the rural gentry and the imperial court has been cut off, and some poor readers have been mourned.
It was also in this year that the Qing Dynasty rewarded industry with great fanfare, and the ranking of scholars, farmers, industrialists and merchants underwent a great change.
In April 1901, the "Supervision and Administration Office" was established as a specialized agency for planning the implementation of the "New Deal"; In September 1903, the Ministry of Commerce was established, and a series of industrial and commercial regulations and measures for rewarding industry were promulgated, allowing the free development of industry, rewarding the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises, and encouraging the organization of chambers of commerce. Recognize that "trade benefits the country and is an important government of the economy".
Private capital flocked to enter industry and commerce.
In the more than thirty years before 1900, there were more than 150 national industrial and mining enterprises with a capital of more than 10,000 yuan and a total capital of more than 50 million yuan; in the ten years from 1901 to 1911, there were more than 320 newly established factories and mines in the country, with a total capital of more than 100 million yuan, more than twice that of the previous 30 years.
Just in 1901, Zhang Jian, an industrialist and industrialist in the Guangxu years, founded another enterprise, reviving flour mills, yarn mills, flour mills, mines, sericulture and other industries, which were the most valued industries for private enterprises at that time.
At that time, private entrepreneurs mobilized resources from all aspects, and Zhang Jian found Zhang Zhidong, Liu Yikun and other important members of the imperial court and asked for capital to enter and solve the urgent need.
On January 8, 1902, Cixi and Guangxu returned to Beijing from Xi'an to enter the Forbidden City Imperial Palace, ending more than a year of fugitive life. After that, he no longer dared to produce a big demon moth, but the control of the Qing Dynasty was greatly weakened.
This is the history of China in 1901.
1901 Ugly Year The UNITED COUNTRY's GDP surpassed that of the United Kingdom for the first time
What was the United States like in 1901?
Most of the problems we have now were encountered by the United States at that time. We must be good at learning all advanced experiences for our own use.
In 1900, the UNITED's GDP surpassed that of the United Kingdom for the first time.
Even if the economy is golden, the market is still panicking. It's not that the economy is good, the market is necessarily good.
In May 1901, there was a crisis in the United States exchange, and on May 9, a plunge began.
It is worth highlighting two people, one is Harriman and the other is Levy Moore.
Harriman was an American financier and railroad magnate, from handyman to Wall Street broker, and later began a career as a railroad management officer at the Illinois Central Railroad, the most fashionable railroad company of the time.
At that time, the railway companies were pursuing monopoly positions, and in 1898 they organized a consortium to acquire the Union Pacific Railway Company, and soon after, the United Pacific Railway Company was on the verge of bankruptcy, and he used some unpopular commercial means to obtain some other railway companies, the most famous of which was the South Pacific Railway Company. In 1901 he fought with J.J. Hill for control of the North Pacific Railroad.
His vision was to buy North Pacific stock and enter the board.
He shares the same ideas as the big financiers Hill and Morgan, who are the non-absolute controlling majority shareholders of the Great Northern and North Pacific Railroad.
The north pacific stock rush begins.
On Wednesday, May 1, the price of North Pacific stocks soared to $115, and at the opening of the market on May 3, 1901, Harriman began buying all north Pacific Railroad stocks in the secondary market, and the stock price soared.
On Sunday, the New York Herald commented: "This is the largest week of financial speculation in the history of the world." ”
On Monday, May 6, brokers from the Morgan-Hill Group poured into stock exchanges in London and New York to buy all the North Pacific stocks they could buy. On that day, NYSE North Pacific closed at $127.5 per share, reaching $149.75 the next day.
At the same time, the most important stock players of the time hyped railroad companies in the market.
Levy Moore, the most famous stock maker, has done much of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Livermore said in his memoirs that people in the trading room at the time discouraged him from going long for the North Pacific Railroad, but he saw a trend of the North Pacific Railroad going higher from the paper tape of the quotation machine and bought 1,000 shares and made $50,000.
The market is too crazy, he judged that the North Pacific stock price is approaching the limit, the market will be strongly volatile, followed by a big dive, and then a rapid correction.
Livermore was right, but $50,000 was lost in one day. On May 9, Livermore entered the market operation, the US stock market plunged, and the account was zeroed in the short term.
A sharp drop in northern railroad stock prices dragged down other railroad stocks, including Burlington, St. Paul, Missouri Pacific, Union Pacific and a number of other stocks.
The New York Stock Exchange crashed for the first time ever, and the economy declined for months.
In 1903, the United States entered a full-blown economic crisis. Iron ore mining fell by 22.5 percent, pig iron production by 8.4 percent, steel production by 7.3 percent, and unemployment as high as 10.1 percent.
The Morgan Hill consortium won, but led to a financial crisis unprecedented on Wall Street. In 1904, the J.P. Morgan Railway Trust Company was dissolved by the Supreme Court. The United States attaches great importance to antitrust.
Déjà vu flowers fall away.
The rapid economic growth, the market is violently shaken, and looting occurs in an endless stream, which is the market law in the initial period.
Who is contributing to humanity?
Reformers in China.
Without Zhang Zhidong, Yuan Shikai and others, China could not have entered modern civilization.
From the perspective of the history of human civilization.
On January 14, 1901, Planck published a paper entitled "On the Theory of the Law of Normal Spectral Distribution", which concluded that the radiated energy of blackbody comes from the vibrations of charged particles in cavity matter, and these vibrations are distributed according to different vibration patterns, thus deriving the famous quantization formula for the radiated energy of electromagnetic waves. This is one of the cornerstones of quantum theory.
The X-ray was patented by Roentgen in 1901.
It was the shining period of human technology, the renaissance of civilization from the 16th century was about to reach its peak, and the industrial age would also usher in its peak.
This year, the British Christmas food is so abundant that people who have read the novels of the queen of detective novels Agatha Christie know that she always eats turkey, salmon, pudding, and various birds until she can stand up.
Chinese, and now finally out of the era of hunger.
The unusual thing about this year's ugly year is that there is no spring in the ugly year.
Lichun is calculated in the lunar calendar, and in the year of Gengzi, there are two lichun, one is the eleventh day of the first month, the other is the twenty-second day of the waxing moon, and the corresponding solar calendar is February 4, 2020 and February 3, 2021, so that you can understand what a double spring year is.
The rural areas also popular this saying "xin ugly encounter no spring, a year five grains climbed", which means that no spring year and the year of the ox are combined, then the year of grain is abundant, and grain production is increased.
In the ugly year, there is spring in the heart.
I wish you all a happy Year of the Ox.
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