The end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty was an important period in China's ancient history, not only because of the many influences brought about by the change of power and war, but also because China at this time also ushered in the enlightenment and liberation of ideas. For a long time, Confucianism, as the mainstream value of feudal society, has firmly imprisoned the minds of the people, and with the gradual development of ideas, this situation has finally changed.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, a group of scholars with relatively advanced ideas emerged, who questioned authority, advocated limiting the power of the monarch, and protecting the rights of the people, which provided a theoretical basis for the anti-authoritarian thinking of later generations and also had a far-reaching impact. Among the many Enlightenment thinkers of the late Ming Dynasty, Huang Zongxi, who was the "father of Chinese Enlightenment thought", was particularly prominent, born in the Ming Dynasty and died during the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, achieved great achievements in his long academic career, and is known as the last master of the Ming Dynasty.
In the thirty-eighth year of the Ming Dynasty (1610), Huang Zongxi was born in Yuyao County, Shaoxing Province, Zhejiang Province, and his father Huang Zunsu passed the examination as a jinshi at an early age, and later became an important think tank in the Donglin Party. Influenced by his father, Huang Zongxi was keen to learn from an early age, which laid a good foundation for him to become a big thinker.
For Huang Zongxi, the first major change in his life occurred when he was sixteen years old, when Huang Zunsu was killed by the castration party for angering Wei Zhongxian, and committed suicide after being tortured in prison. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Wei Zhongxian was removed by the Chongzhen Emperor, and Huang Zunsu was able to settle the injustice, but Huang Zongxi was not satisfied, and when he was young and angry, he wrote to ask for punishment for those who framed his father that year, and took advantage of participating in the trial of the Punishment Department to use the iron cone hidden in his sleeve to hit xu Xianchun and Cui Yingyuan, the remnants of the castration party. At that time, Huang Zongxi's actions were considered to be worthy of recognition, and even the Chongzhen Emperor commented that he was "the only son of a loyal subject".
After returning to his hometown after revenge, Huang Zongxi is determined to study hard, planning to inherit his father's mantle and make the Donglin Party "great again". However, the path of the great Confucian was not smooth, and he chongzhen fifteen years (1642) entered Beijing to catch the examination and failed, and after two years, the Ming Dynasty was destroyed by Li Zicheng. Not long after, the Nanming Hongguang regime was established, and Ruan Dacheng, who had defected from the Donglin Party to the castrated party, was appointed as a soldier's attendant, and he ordered the arrest of the Donglin Party, and Huang Zongxi was one of them.
It was not until the Qing army eliminated the Hongguang regime that Huang Zongxi was able to take advantage of the chaos and flee, and returned to Yuyao to form the anti-Qing armed "Shizhong Battalion". Unfortunately, because the gap between the enemy and us was too great, Huang Zongxi lost one after another, and simply went into seclusion in shame. Throughout the Shunzhi period, Huang Zongxi secretly tried to restore the Qing Dynasty, while taking advantage of the period of seclusion to sort out and summarize his thoughts, and gradually compiled them into books.
In the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, Huang Zongxi saw that the Qing court's search for the remnants of the Ming Dynasty had slowed down, so he began to set up a school near his hometown to give lectures, and it was also during this period that he wrote his masterpiece "Ming Yi to Be Visited". In the seventeenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1678), the Kangxi Emperor began to search for scholars with outstanding civil talents in order to better govern the country, and Huang Zongxi was invited many times, but all of them refused. Seeing Huang Zongxi's resolute attitude, the Kangxi Emperor had no choice but to order the magistrate to copy his writings as a reference for revising the history of the Ming Dynasty.
#pgc-card .pgc-card-href { text-decoration: none; outline: none; display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; } #pgc-card .pgc-card-href:hover { text-decoration: none; } /*pc 样式*/ .pgc-card { box-sizing: border-box; height: 164px; border: 1px solid #e8e8e8; position: relative; padding: 20px 94px 12px 180px; overflow: hidden; } .pgc-card::after { content: " "; display: block; border-left: 1px solid #e8e8e8; height: 120px; position: absolute; right: 76px; top: 20px; } .pgc-cover { position: absolute; width: 162px; height: 162px; top: 0; left: 0; background-size: cover; } .pgc-content { overflow: hidden; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .pgc-content-title { font-size: 18px; color: #222; line-height: 1; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; } .pgc-content-desc { font-size: 14px; color: #444; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; padding-top: 9px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.2em; display: -webkit-inline-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; } .pgc-content-price { font-size: 22px; color: #f85959; padding-top: 18px; line-height: 1em; } .pgc-card-buy { width: 75px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 50px; color: #406599; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; } .pgc-buy-text { padding-top: 10px; } .pgc-icon-buy { height: 23px; width: 20px; display: inline-block; background: url(https://lf6-cdn-tos.bytescm.com/obj/cdn-static-resource/pgc/v2/pgc_tpl/static/image/commodity_buy_f2b4d1a.png); }
The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi (12 volumes in total) (Fine) ¥766.4 To buy
As a citizen of the Ming Dynasty, Huang Zongxi was reluctant to serve the Qing Dynasty all his life, but he was very concerned about such a major event as the revision of the history of the country. Therefore, he agreed to let his son Huang Baijia and his disciple Wan Si enter Beijing to participate in the repair work, during which time Vance and others also firmly stated that they were assisting in the revision of history as a commoner and did not accept the official titles and feng lu given by the Qing court.
In the thirty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1695), the eighty-six-year-old Huang Zongxi died of illness at home, and he wrote a lot in his lifetime, and there are more than fifty kinds and more than three hundred volumes that have survived to this day, which involve a wide range of contents, such as philosophy, history, classics, geography, education, and even astronomy, musical rhythm, arithmetic, and so on. As a thinker who has been highly praised by later generations, his academic achievements and achievements are indeed highly commendable.
For example, Huang Zongxi advocates that "the world is the lord, and the king is the guest." However, it is the greatest harm in the world, and it is only a king. For the world, not for the king; For all the people, not for a surname also. This idea was inherited from Mencius's benevolent doctrine of "the people are noble and the king is light", and on this basis, it has diverged, that is, it further negates the feudal monarchical system of "family world". Objectively speaking, many of his ideas are similar or similar to the "civil rights" and "democracy" advocated in modern times, which reflects its advanced nature.