This article is selected from the journal of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Engineering Science, Issue 4, 2023
Authors: Deng Mingjiang, Wang Quanjiu, Tao Wanghai, Wang Zitian, Cao Jingjing
Research on the development mode of modern agriculture in the arid region of Northwest China[J].Strategic Study of Chinese Academy of Engineering,2023,25(4):59-72.)
Editor's note
The arid region of Northwest China is an important land resource reserve base in the mainland, which is restricted by the shortage of water resources and low land quality, and it is difficult to achieve high-quality agricultural development, so it is urgent to explore and construct a development model for improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture in the arid region of Northwest China, which is of great value for improving the agricultural production efficiency and promoting the efficient utilization of water and land resources in the arid area.
The research team of Academician Deng Mingjiang of the Chinese Academy of Engineering published an article entitled "Exploration of the Development Model of Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Modern Agriculture in Northwest Arid Areas" in the 4th issue of the Journal of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Engineering Science in 2023. Based on the analysis of natural resources, climate and economic development in the arid areas of Northwest China, this paper systematically analyzes the current situation and problems faced by agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China, constructs a theoretical framework for improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China, and conducts in-depth discussions on the key ways and development models of agricultural quality and efficiency improvement, in order to provide reference for the high-quality development of agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China.
I. Preface
The northwest arid region of the mainland includes Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, as well as the Yellow River Basin, inland arid areas and semi-arid steppe areas within the region, with an area of about 3.45×106 km2, accounting for 35.9% of the total land area. The arid region of Northwest China is located in the inland area of the continent and the marginal area of the dominant monsoon, with an annual precipitation of less than 200 mm (about 47% of the national average precipitation), and an annual evaporation of more than 1000 mm, and the water resources per unit area are only 1/6 of the national average. In addition, the terrain and landform of the arid region of Northwest China are complex, with a variety of terrains such as mountains, plateaus, basins, and plains, as well as various ecosystems such as grasslands, farmlands, deserts, and forests. Due to the combined influence of poor natural environmental conditions and slow economic development, the matching of water and land resources in the arid region of Northwest China is in a serious state of misalignment, and agricultural development is facing great obstacles. Therefore, it is of great value to construct a development model of improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China to improve the agricultural production efficiency and promote the efficient utilization of water and soil resources in the arid areas.
In recent years, driven by the national rural revitalization strategy, the academic community has grasped the direction of agricultural development and carried out in-depth research from the perspectives of land circulation, business model, Internet of Things technology, intelligent equipment, soil health and resource utilization, and green development of the industrial chain. With the advent of the information age, the era of big data and the era of intelligence, the development of modern agriculture will be the main trend of agricultural development and has become a consensus. In this context, agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China urgently needs to break through the constraints of resource factors, comprehensively improve the utilization efficiency of existing resources, take the road of resource-intensive modern agriculture, and actively develop low-carbon, green and high-end modern ecological agriculture.
Based on the analysis of natural resources, climate and economic development in the arid region of Northwest China, this paper analyzes the main problems faced by agricultural development in the region, and focuses on the key ways to improve the quality and efficiency of agriculture and the construction of development mode, in order to provide reference for the high-quality development of agriculture in the arid region of Northwest China.
2 The current situation of agricultural development in the arid region of Northwest China and the main problems faced by improving quality and efficiency
The cultivated land area in the arid area of Northwest China is about 3.67×108 mu (1 mu≈666.7 m2), accounting for 18.1% of the total cultivated land area of the country.
(1) The current situation of agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China
1. Characteristics of land resources in the arid region of Northwest China
The topographic conditions in the arid region of Northwest China are complex, with obvious differences in natural factors such as light, heat, water and soil, and diverse land use patterns, forming complex and diverse types of land resources. The distribution of soil types in the arid region of Northwest China showed a north-south (or northeast to southwest) trend, with dark brown soil \u2012 chernozem \u2012 chestnut limestone \u2012 brown loam soil in the warm zone from east to west, and brown loam soil \u2012 brown soil \u2012 black loamine \u2012 limestone soil type from east to west in the middle temperate zone. Affected by irrigation, tillage, water and salt conditions, the non-zonal soil is composed of meadow soil, swamp soil, saline soil, aeolian sandy soil and irrigated soil, among which saline soil and aeolian sandy soil are mostly distributed in the lower reaches of the basin. The soil fertility grade of cultivated land in the arid area of Northwest China is generally low, most of which are 6~8 and other places, with low soil organic matter content and nutrient deficiency. In addition, the climatic characteristics of drought and lack of rainfall lead to serious soil salinization in the arid region of Northwest China, with 1.5×108 mu of salinized land, accounting for 82% of the total saline-alkali land area in China. Among them, salinized cultivated land in Xinjiang accounts for nearly 51% (see Table 1). Soil salinization seriously threatens the cultivated land resources in the arid areas of Northwest China, and the cultivated land area decreased by nearly 1.5×107 mu due to soil salinization from 2004 to 2012.
Table 1 Proportion of salinized cultivated land in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020
2. Water resources utilization in the arid region of Northwest China
Precipitation is the fundamental source of water resources in arid areas, and the precipitation in the arid areas of Northwest China is less and the spatial distribution is uneven, which is manifested in more precipitation in mountainous areas and less precipitation in plain areas, and the precipitation from east to west decreases from less than 400 mm to less than 50 mm. In 2021, the total water resources in the arid region of Northwest China were about 1.352×1011 m3 (accounting for 7.9% of the total water resources in China), and the water resources per square kilometer were only 3.9×104 m3 (about 12.7% of the national average), of which the surface water resources were 1.248×1011 m3 and the groundwater resources were 7.444×1010 m3. The total water supply in the arid region of Northwest China is 6.693×1010 m3, of which 4.84×1010 m3 is from surface water and 1.787×1010 m3 from groundwater. In terms of water use structure in the arid region of Northwest China, agricultural water use was 6.039×1010 m3 (about 90.2%), industrial water use was 1.65×109 m3 (about 2.5%), domestic water use was 2.29×109 m3 (about 3.4%), and ecological water use was 2.60×109 m3 (about 3.9%). Figure 1 shows the water use structure of the main provinces in the Northwest Arid Region and the comparison between the water use structure of the Northwest Arid Region and the whole country.
Fig. 1 Water use structure of the whole country and the major provinces in the arid region of Northwest China
3. Overview of agricultural product production in the arid region of Northwest China
The arid region of Northwest China is the main production area of agricultural products and animal husbandry on the mainland. Figure 2 shows the production of grain crops, vegetables and forest fruits in the arid areas of Northwest China in 2020, of which the total output of grain crops was 8.212×107 t (accounting for 12.3% of the country), the output of cash crops was 6.733×107 t (accounting for 9.7% of the country), and the fruit output was 5.238×107 t (accounting for 20.8% of the country). Relying on unique natural resources, the arid areas of northwest China have formed a number of leading industries with special advantages, such as mutton and milk from Inner Mongolia, cotton and forest fruits from Xinjiang, apples from Shaanxi, potatoes from Gansu, cattle and Tibetan sheep from Qinghai, small grains from Shanxi, wolfberry and Tan sheep from Ningxia, and other special agricultural products. Among them, Xinjiang's cotton output accounts for more than 80% of the country's total, Ningxia's wolfberry production accounts for about 50% of the country's total, Shaanxi's apples account for about 25% of the country's total, and Inner Mongolia's mutton and milk account for 22% of the country's total. In short, the arid region of Northwest China has an irreplaceable and important position in the production of agricultural products and the development of animal husbandry.
Fig. 2 Output and proportion of grain, fruits and vegetables in the arid region of Northwest China in 2020
4. Development status of water-saving irrigation in the arid region of Northwest China
Under the situation of serious shortage of water resources, the application of high-efficiency water-saving irrigation technology is of great significance to ensure the security of grain production and promote the sustainable development of local economy in the arid areas of Northwest China. The average canal water use coefficient was 0.65, the average field water use coefficient was 0.86, the average irrigation water use coefficient was 0.54, and the average irrigation quota was 476.59 m3/mu, which was higher than the national average (380 m3/mu). The development of agricultural water-saving technology in the arid areas of Northwest China has gone through four stages: the channel seepage prevention period from the 50s to the early 80s of the 20th century, the exploration period of sprinkler micro-irrigation from the 80s to the mid-90s of the 20th century, the drip irrigation period under the film from the mid-90s of the 20th century, and the quality and efficiency improvement period since the 21st century. At present, the development of agricultural water-saving has gradually changed from large-scale to standardized, more pursuit of efficient use of water resources, and the improvement of quality and efficiency as a comprehensive development goal. The main task in the future is to integrate water-saving plans and achieve low-cost spatial diffusion, and the key is to apply high-tech and information technology, combined with management and engineering water-saving technologies, to improve the water use efficiency of crops themselves.
5. Overview of the ecological environment in the arid region of Northwest China
The arid desert areas and oasis margins of Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces are areas with rapid population growth, and the bearing pressure on grassland is increasing, and the degradation of grassland resources is serious. The desert area is 9.3×105 km2, the desertified land area is 2.183×106 km2, accounting for 81.6% of the desertified land area and 63.3% of the total area of the region, and the forest area is 1.157×105 km2, with a coverage rate of only 3.25%. At the same time, wind erosion and water erosion are serious, and the soil erosion area is 2.047×106 km2, accounting for 69.41% of the national soil erosion area. Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia are the main areas of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau, and controlling soil and water nutrient erosion has always been an important task for the comprehensive management of the ecological environment in the Yellow River Basin. In addition, the reduction of groundwater environmental quality and function caused by serious groundwater overexploitation in some irrigation areas cannot be ignored.
6. Population and socio-economic conditions in the arid areas of Northwest China
The population of the arid areas in the northwest is about 155 million, accounting for 11.2 percent of the total population of the country, of which the urban population is 84.42 million, and the urbanization level is 54.4 percent; the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries in the arid areas of the northwest is 90.7 percent, the gross domestic product (GDP) is 7,213.9 billion yuan (accounting for 8.6 percent of the national GDP), and the per capita GDP is 46,500 yuan, of which the per capita disposable income in rural areas is 8,810 yuan, which is 77 percent of the national average. In the past 10 years, the formation of new business entities such as large rural farmers, cooperatives, and family farms (animal husbandry) has accelerated, and the number of farmer cooperatives has reached 26,3×105, an increase of 287 percent. The leading enterprises of agricultural industrialization continue to grow and develop, and there are 218 relevant national key enterprises. The level of agricultural mechanization has been continuously improved, and the comprehensive mechanization level of "cultivation and harvesting" of major crops in Xinjiang has reached 84%, ranking among the top in the country.
(2) Problems faced by modern agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China in improving quality and efficiency
The arid region of Northwest China has a vast area and abundant resources, but the scientific and technological support for agricultural production is insufficient, and the production efficiency of water and soil resources is relatively low, and a generalizable model suitable for the high-quality development of agriculture in the arid region of Northwest China has not yet been formed, and there is still a big gap with the requirements of modern agriculture to improve quality and efficiency, and it faces many problems.
1. The agricultural function is single and the comprehensive efficiency is low
Agriculture is a complex system integrating nature, society and economy, with multiple functional characteristics. The No. 1 Central Document issued in 2007 clearly stated that it is necessary to develop multiple functions of agriculture, and the No. 1 Central Document and the Strategic Plan for Rural Revitalization (2018-2022) issued in 2018 both point out that it is necessary to expand the multiple functions of agriculture and deeply explore the multiple functions and multiple values of agriculture and rural areas such as ecological conservation, leisure and tourism, cultural experience, and health care for the elderly. From the perspective of agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China at the present stage, the agricultural function is mainly the social function of agricultural product production and its derived food security, and the functions of agriculture in ecological services, landscape value, and cultural inheritance are not fully considered. With the increasing demand of the state and society for the multi-functional development of agriculture, it is necessary to systematically analyze how agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China can further enhance the role of improving ecology, mitigating climate change, and protecting cultural and tourism landscapes on the basis of ensuring food security and maintaining farmers' livelihoods.
2. Land quality degradation and low production efficiency of water and soil resources
The degradation of cultivated land quality has been caused by heavy use and light nutrient and high-intensity utilization, resulting in serious soil erosion and secondary salinization in some areas of the arid region of Northwest China, and the unit water output is lower than the national average. From the perspective of water use efficiency, due to the combined influence of objective (in arid and semi-arid areas) and subjective factors, the comprehensive irrigation quota of farmland in the arid area of Northwest China is 476.59 m3/mu, which is 1.3 times of the national average, and the water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP is 183 m3, which is 2.05 times of the national average. From the internal analysis of the arid areas of Northwest China, the difference in water use efficiency in different regions is extremely significant, and the output per unit of water GDP is 55 yuan/m3, which is only 49% of the national average, of which Ningxia is 45 yuan/m3 and Xinjiang is only 16 yuan/m3.
3. The degree of scientific and technological support is low, and the mode of improving quality and efficiency is lacking
The economic development of the arid areas of Northwest China lags behind, and there are deficiencies in new agricultural varieties, efficient utilization of agricultural water and soil resources, agricultural mechanization and automation, and intelligent management of irrigation areas compared with other regions in China, resulting in low agricultural production efficiency and low agricultural income. The informatization of agriculture and rural areas in the arid areas of Northwest China is in its infancy, with a weak foundation, lagging development and incomplete system, and the supporting role of informatization in the development of modern agriculture has not been fully reflected.
3 Theoretical framework for improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China
In order to realize the efficient and sustainable utilization of agricultural water and land resources in the arid areas of Northwest China, increase farmers' production and income, continuously improve the ecological environment, and steadily improve the living environment and happiness index, it is necessary to take the best comprehensive benefits of agricultural production, economy, society and ecological environment as the goal, take the green development of agriculture in the arid areas as the premise, improve the land production capacity and water resource utilization efficiency as the core, and produce food crops, cash crops, Focusing on activities such as forage crops and green manure crops, we will build a green development model for improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture, and realize the high-quality development of agriculture in arid areas. Therefore, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for improving agricultural quality and efficiency in the arid region of Northwest China, which includes four types of regions, four resources, four functions, four pathways, and four types of models (Fig. 3).
Fig.3 Theoretical framework for improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture in the arid region of Northwest China
(1) Regional classification of agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China
The rational division of agricultural areas in the arid areas of Northwest China is the basis for constructing a development model of improving quality and efficiency. According to the characteristics of climate, soil, topography, water resources, agricultural production methods, etc., the agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China is divided into four types of areas: grassland grazing areas dominated by forage and green manure crop production, agro-pastoral ecotone areas with equal emphasis on forage and grain production, rain-fed agricultural areas dominated by grain and forest fruit production, and irrigated agricultural areas dominated by grain, cash crops and forest fruit production.
The first is the grassland grazing area, which is mainly distributed in the plateau area with annual precipitation less than 400 mm and low temperature. This area not only undertakes the task of developing animal husbandry, but also undertakes the important task of conserving water resources, so forage production and natural vegetation growth need to meet the requirements of ecological environment safety control thresholds. The area is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu, among which the pastoral area of Inner Mongolia is the largest pastoral area in the mainland, starting from the Daxing'an Mountains in the east and reaching the Ejina Gobi in the west, with a grassland area of about 1.32×109 mu, accounting for about 1/4 of the grassland area of the country; Xinjiang pastoral area is the second largest pastoral area in the mainland, with a grassland area of 8.6×108 mu, of which the available grassland area is 7.2×108 mu, accounting for 26.8% of the national usable grassland area.
The second is the agro-pastoral ecotone, which is a special geographical area located in the semi-arid ecological transition zone connected by the agricultural area to the east of the 400 mm annual precipitation contour line and the pastoral area to the west. The agro-pastoral ecotone in Northwest China mainly includes the Great Wall along the border of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau areas of Ningnan, Longdong, Longzhong and Longxi, parts of the Hehuang Basin and the Hexi Corridor, and the transition zone of "oasis \u2012 grassland" in Xinjiang. The ecological environment of this region is fragile, and it is also an ecological barrier to control soil desertification and desertification in the arid area of northwest China, which is of great significance to agricultural production, ecological environment improvement and high-quality social development in mainland China.
The third is the rain-fed agricultural area, which is mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau with annual precipitation of 300~400 mm. This region is rich in solar and thermal resources, but has serious loss of water and soil nutrients, and is an important governance area for the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Rationally adjust the planting structure, improve the infrastructure, effectively increase the utilization rate of natural precipitation and irrigation water, increase the proportion of ecological water, and provide conditions for ecological restoration and improvement of water ecology in the basin.
Fourth, irrigated agricultural areas, mainly distributed in plains or basins with annual precipitation of 50~300 mm, are also relatively socially developed areas in the northwest arid region, covering the Hetao Plain, Ningxia Plain, Hexi Corridor, and the foothills of the Tianshan Mountains. The existing irrigated area of the northwest arid area is about 1.7×108 mu, which is an important grain production base in the mainland.
(2) An important resource for agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China
Agricultural resources mainly refer to the resources used or available for agricultural production activities, including natural resources, scientific and technological resources, economic resources and social resources. (1) Natural resources include the natural environment elements that can be used in agricultural production, such as climatic resources, land resources, water resources and biological resources, which are the basic resources of agricultural production. (2) Scientific and technological resources refer to scientific and technological achievements that enhance and promote agricultural productivity and production efficiency, including high-quality agricultural varieties, agricultural production machinery, irrigation and drainage technology, advanced agricultural management methods, etc. (3) Economic resources refer to the economic factors that directly or indirectly play a role in agricultural production, including economic input in the research and development of relevant advanced facilities and varieties, and the whole process of agricultural production. (4) Social resources refer to the labor and scientific and technological personnel invested in agricultural production, including the quantity and quality of agricultural labor, agricultural science and technology education and extension personnel, etc. Only by scientifically allocating agricultural resources in all aspects can we effectively realize the function of modern ecological agriculture.
Among the above four resources, water and land resources are the basic and decisive resources for the healthy social and economic development of the arid areas of Northwest China, so it is an urgent task to improve the quality and efficiency of agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China by innovating the technical model of efficient utilization of water and land resources.
(3) An important function of modern agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China
In order to meet the needs of modern social development, it is necessary to continuously expand the functions of modern agriculture to meet the needs of national development and people's lives, and promote the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The four functions of modern agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China mainly include production function, ecological function, teaching and research function and leisure function. (1) Production function. Agriculture is the basic industry in the northwest region, which provides a material basis and market demand for regional economic growth, and not only provides grain, cotton, oilseeds, and other major agricultural products, but also develops special agricultural products, such as vegetables, Chinese medicinal materials, and animal husbandry products, so as to increase peasants' incomes and regional fiscal revenues. (2) Ecological functions. Agriculture plays an important role in the ecological protection of Northwest China, and is also a key factor in maintaining biodiversity, preventing desertification, and improving soil erosion and climate change. Northwest China has severe ecological and environmental problems, such as drought, sandstorms, salinity, etc., and it is necessary to improve the agricultural ecological benefits through the development of ecological agriculture, water-saving irrigation, afforestation and other measures. (3) Teaching and research functions. The agricultural development of Northwest China requires the joint participation and cooperation of all parties to transform the achievements of agricultural education and scientific research into practical productivity and social benefits. Therefore, agricultural colleges and universities should actively build cooperative relations with government departments, industry associations, leading enterprises, grassroots organizations and other parties, and carry out multi-form and multi-level exchange activities, such as scientific and technological consultation, technical training, achievement transfer, demonstration and promotion, etc. (4) Leisure function. Northwest China has a profound historical and cultural heritage, and is a multi-ethnic convergence zone, forming unique customs, folk culture, architectural art, etc. Through the development of rural tourism, folk tourism, and cultural tourism, we will display and inherit the excellent traditional culture of Northwest China, provide tourists with diverse cultural experiences, and meet people's spiritual pursuit.
The functions of the above four aspects are interdependent, mutually promoting and mutually restrictive, and only by coordinating the functions of all aspects can we achieve the healthy, efficient and sustainable development of modern ecological agriculture.
(4) The development path of improving the quality and efficiency of agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China
The key ways to improve the quality and efficiency of agriculture are mainly reflected in four aspects. (1) Efficient use of water and land resources. Water shortage and low land quality are still two important factors restricting the development of agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China, and only by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the utilization of water and land resources can we fundamentally solve the problem of high-quality agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China. (2) Adjustment of agricultural planting structure and optimization of planting mode. Only by continuously optimizing the planting structure can we give full play to the comparative advantages of different regions in the arid region of Northwest China, and at the same time, optimizing the planting mode can further tap the advantages of natural resources and improve the comprehensive benefits of agriculture. (3) Technological innovation in precise management and control of agricultural production. The development of modern agriculture is the trend of world agricultural development and the only way to greatly improve agricultural production efficiency. (4) Industrialization and sustainable development. It is an important measure to significantly improve the comprehensive efficiency of agriculture by developing regional characteristic industries in accordance with local conditions and transforming from resource-consuming industries to conservation-intensive industries.
The purpose of efficient utilization of water and soil resources and adjustment of agricultural planting structure is to improve the utilization efficiency of natural resources, precise control and technological innovation are aimed at giving full play to the efficiency of scientific and technological resources, and industrialization and sustainable development are comprehensive utilization of economic and social resources. Therefore, the key to the four pathways is the efficient use of agricultural resources.
(5) Typical model of modern agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China
According to the regional characteristics and resource endowment of the arid region of Northwest China, fully embodying the four functions and giving full play to the important role of the four approaches, this paper proposes four typical models of agricultural quality and efficiency improvement in the arid region of Northwest China, which are the development model of modern ecological agriculture in pastoral areas dominated by forage and green manure crop production, the development model of ecological agriculture in the agro-pastoral ecotone with equal emphasis on forage and grain and grain and fruit production, and the development model of ecological agriculture in rain-fed areas with grain and fruit production and grain and cash crops The development model of modern ecological agriculture in irrigated areas dominated by forest and fruit production. These typical models will provide a scientific basis for improving the quality and efficiency of agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China from the aspects of key technology application and institutional mechanism construction.
Fourth, the development path of improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China
(1) Efficient use of agricultural resources
1. Efficient use of water resources
The arid region of Northwest China is a resource-based water-scarce area, and water is the key natural factor that controls and determines the socio-economic development and the improvement of the ecological environment. Based on the current situation of water resources development and utilization in the arid areas of Northwest China, it is necessary to carry out the efficient utilization of water resources from the following four aspects. (1) To build water-saving and high-efficiency modern irrigation agriculture, actively popularize water-saving irrigation technology, improve irrigation water utilization efficiency, plant crops suitable for water and curb the increase of irrigation water demand, adjust deficit irrigation, tap the potential of crops for efficient water use, strengthen agronomic water conservation, reduce ineffective water consumption of farmland, strengthen management, and protect groundwater resources. (2) Develop modern dryland agriculture that collects rainfall and increases efficiency, conserves water and soil, stores water and conserves moisture, rotates grassland and fields, increases the use of organic fertilizer, improves soil structure, builds soil reservoirs, and increases soil water storage, optimizes planting structure, selects and breeds drought-resistant and high-yield varieties, optimizes rainwater storage technology, and resists drought and replenishes irrigation. (3) The use of unconventional water resources, the establishment of reclaimed water irrigation application mode based on land treatment, wetland treatment, storage and purification, etc., and the development of brackish water irrigation technology according to local conditions, mainly including brackish and fresh water rotational irrigation, brackish and fresh water mixed irrigation and brackish water direct irrigation. (4) In the construction of water conservancy projects, the focus will be on promoting the continuous construction of supporting facilities, water-saving transformation and high-standard farmland construction in large and medium-sized irrigation areas, and the development of demonstration projects for the informatization of irrigation areas and the construction of modern irrigation areas, so as to form an intelligent, information-based, scientific and cloud-based management information system for irrigation areas.
2. Improvement of land resources
Improving the land quality in the arid areas of Northwest China is an important measure to promote the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry and ensure national food security and ecological security. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of cultivated land quality monitoring network system, improve the cultivated land quality investigation, monitoring and evaluation system, divide cultivated land quality grades, and regularly publish long-term positioning monitoring reports of cultivated land quality. It focuses on the research and development of rational tillage layer construction and soil fertility conservation technology, crop production system less/no-tillage fertility improvement technology, crop straw returning soil carbon enhancement technology, organic matter returning and soil improvement and fertilization technology, straw comprehensive utilization, water and fertilizer efficiency technology, salinized soil treatment technology, soil continuous cropping obstacle comprehensive treatment and restoration technology. To develop the principles and technologies of breaking the constraints of soil secondary barriers on the use of nutrients in chemical fertilizers, to clarify the mechanism of soil structure and microbial community to promote nutrient cycling and chemical fertilizer efficiency, to clarify the mechanism of soil \u2012 root \u2012 microbial system to promote the synergistic utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and to construct a comprehensive management model for soil fertility improvement to improve the nutrient use efficiency of chemical fertilizers.
(2) Adjustment of agricultural planting structure and optimization of planting mode
1. Adjustment of agricultural planting structure
On the basis of giving full play to the advantages of natural resource endowments, it is necessary to improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity in the arid areas of northwest China, make use of the comparative advantages of major agricultural products in various regions, further increase the concentration of advantageous areas in the production of agricultural products, and give prominence to the regional characteristics of agricultural product production. (1) Wheat planting should be tilted towards Xinjiang and Qinghai. At present, Xinjiang's wheat planting location advantage ranks first in the arid areas of northwest China, followed by Qinghai, and the comparative advantages of Shaanxi and Gansu, which have large wheat planting areas, are not obvious, so some wheat production can be appropriately transferred to Xinjiang and Qinghai. (2) Corn planting shifted to Ningxia and Gansu. At present, maize cultivation in the arid areas of northwest China is concentrated in Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang, but Shaanxi and Xinjiang do not have a comparative advantage in maize planting, and Ningxia, which has a comparative advantage, does not grow maize extensively. Consideration could be given to transferring some corn cultivation from Xinjiang and Shaanxi to Ningxia. (3) It is recommended to reduce cotton cultivation in Shaanxi and Gansu and transfer it to Xinjiang. Xinjiang has a very strong comparative advantage in cotton planting, and on the basis of taking cotton as the most important crop, it can appropriately expand the cotton planting area. (4) Agricultural planting in Qinghai should be tilted towards oil crops. Although the main crops in Qinghai are oil crops, their sown area is smaller than that of Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang, so we should make rational use of the land advantages of Qinghai Province and use the limited arable land to grow the crops with the most comparative advantages.
2. Crop planting mode optimization
The crop planting model in the arid region of Northwest China aims to make efficient use of natural resources, improve energy cycle efficiency and material conversion rate, and establish a three-dimensional agricultural planting model with multi-species symbiosis, multi-level allocation, multi-temporal staggering, and multi-level material-energy transformation. As far as a single field is concerned, according to the growth characteristics of different crops, such as the rational allocation of crops such as tall and short, light-loving and shade-tolerant, early and late maturing, deep and shallow roots, leguminous and grasses, etc., the spatiotemporal differences in the demand for major nutrients in the process of crop growth are used to carry out planting modes such as intercropping, intercropping, mixed cropping, multiple cropping, cropping rotation and conservation tillage, so as to form a multi-crop, multi-level, multi-temporal and multi-functional three-dimensional cross-planting structure, and form a crop composite group in time and space. At the regional scale, a highly complex and diversified circular economy should be formed, and an efficient agricultural planting model should be realized for the multi-faceted comprehensive utilization of agricultural resources and the coordination of economic, social and ecological environmental benefits.
(3) Technological innovation in precise management and control of water and soil production
Using technologies such as big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things and expert decision-making systems, we will build an intelligent system for the whole process of agricultural production, including an information acquisition system for agricultural production factors, a real-time processing system for agricultural production information, an intelligent control system for agricultural production equipment, and an intelligent decision-making system for agricultural production process. Real-time monitoring of agricultural production environmental elements such as meteorology, soil, crops, pests and diseases, groundwater, agricultural irrigation and drainage, surface water and other agricultural production environmental elements and the main control factors of their interaction with the ecological environment, combined with the soil \u2012 crop \u2012 ecological \u2012 environmental system model, simulation analysis according to local conditions, real-time prediction of crop growth and its interaction with the environment, ecological functions and expected benefits. Through the intelligent decision-making system, the regulation and control methods of agricultural production factors are optimized, the main indicators are quantified, and the operation of the control equipment in each link of agricultural production is guided. Integrate agricultural production planning, agricultural production, product storage, and product sales, coordinate the interests of farmers, local governments and the state, scientifically utilize natural resources, scientific and technological resources, and economic and social resources, and carry out unified management of farmland reasonable irrigation and fertilization, agricultural surface pollution control, straw recycling, and soil fertility improvement, so as to form an intelligent and refined agricultural management mode with clear responsibilities, stable investment, accurate information, services in place, interest coordination, and ecological environment friendliness.
(4) Industrialization and sustainable development
Based on the potential and advantages of the leading industries and the development and utilization of agricultural resources in the arid areas of Northwest China, we should give full play to the supporting role of agricultural science and technology in modern agriculture, introduce new varieties, popularize new technologies, demonstrate new models, and promote the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. According to the resource endowment of different regions and according to local conditions, we should select, cultivate and expand the characteristic modern agricultural industries suitable for development, vigorously develop industrialized operations, clarify key areas, and promote the scale, export-oriented and branding of agricultural development. It is necessary to change the traditional agricultural development model and the status quo of the scattered distribution of industrial space, improve the degree of intensification and scale of production, form industries with special advantages, and optimize the allocation of land resources. The layout of agricultural industry in the arid areas of Northwest China can be started from three aspects.
First, it is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between economic development and the protection of cultivated land resources, and to change agricultural development as soon as possible from extensive management that pursues output and relies on resource consumption to the direction of attaching importance to scientific and technological innovation, enhancing competitiveness, and sustainable and intensive development.
Second, according to the local resource endowment and closely following the market demand, establish a leading industry with characteristics, and comprehensively position it from the two characteristic advantages of output and quality, such as cotton, mutton, walnut and melon fruit in Xinjiang, melon and fruit and buckwheat in Shaanxi, corn, potato and rape in Gansu, potato, rape and barley in Qinghai, wolfberry in Ningxia and other advantageous industries with regional characteristics.
The third is to pay attention to the convenience and cost of the circulation link, ensure that the circulation network of agricultural products is coordinated with the spatial layout of the agricultural industry, form a logistics organization and service system for the circulation of agricultural products, and lay a solid foundation for innovating the circulation of agricultural products and realizing the modernization of agricultural product circulation.
5 Construction of a typical model for the development of modern agriculture in the arid areas of Northwest China to improve quality and efficiency
Based on the domestic and foreign market demand and regional agricultural resources, combined with the characteristics of agricultural development in the arid areas of Northwest China, the social and economic benefits and ecological and environmental benefits are integrated to construct a modern agricultural development model in the arid areas that conforms to the development trend of modern agriculture.
In terms of the typical model construction method, firstly, the effective accumulated temperature required for the maturity of crops, forest fruits, pastures and vegetables was selected based on the meteorological conditions to determine the types of plants that can be planted artificially; secondly, based on the local rainfall and the water resources available for irrigation, the selection of plantable plants and the planning of planting structure were carried out according to the water consumption characteristics of the plants to be planted and their production and ecological functions; thirdly, according to the local soil fertility status, topographic conditions, Finally, with the goal of maximizing economic, social and ecological environmental benefits, we should give full play to the advantages of local tourism resources, cultural industry resources and local agricultural characteristic industries, optimize agricultural functions, industrial structure, planting mode, mechanization mode and intelligent management mode, and build a modern ecological agriculture development model that meets the market demand and is efficient, healthy and sustainable.
(1) The development model of modern ecological agriculture in pastoral areas based on the production of forage and green manure crops
According to the animal husbandry development plan and ecological environment tasks, the arid areas of Northwest China can build a modern agricultural development model of "animal husbandry + ecology", and gradually apply modern production technology and management methods to achieve high-quality development of animal husbandry.
(1) Grass planting and grassland rotation in fertile land. Encourage some agricultural areas to plant grass, implement grassland rotation, on the basis of ensuring that the ecology does not deteriorate and the environment improves, abandon continuous cropping and monocropping under the conditions of high water, high fertilizer and high pesticides, and improve ecological productivity through zoning rotation and coupling of agriculture and animal husbandry.
(2) Rationally lay out automatic monitoring systems for meteorology, soil, vegetation, surface runoff and groundwater level, and use pastoral meteorology \u2012 soil \u2012 vegetation \u2012 groundwater \u2012 river comprehensive simulation system and comprehensive benefit assessment model to predict and evaluate the growth of vegetation in pastoral areas, economic, social and ecological environmental benefits, guide the scientific operation of pastures in real time, and realize the integrated intelligent management of large-scale pastoral areas.
(3) Establish a reserve and trading platform for pastoral grass products, and a logistics system. Establish a strategic forage reserve bank and a service platform for the supply and demand of grass products, carry out the reserve, dispatch and sales of grass products, effectively enhance the ability of pastoral areas to resist disasters, and continue to supply grass products to herdsmen continuously and quickly.
(4) Incorporate grass production into the national economic evaluation index system. Corn and soybeans and other food crops as livestock feed are reflected in the national economic system, but they are not reflected in the statistical indicators of the national economy as grass industry, which is comparable to planting and forestry. Grassland pastoral areas have great potential in improving agricultural production efficiency on the mainland, and should be included in the national economic evaluation index as soon as possible.
(5) Form a reasonable management mechanism for water and land resources. The rational distribution of water and soil resources is the core of the transformation from traditional animal husbandry in natural grassland to modern intensive animal husbandry in artificial grassland. The interests of all departments should be coordinated and distributed scientifically and rationally, so as to ensure both economic development and the basic requirements of ecological conservation. In accordance with the principle of unified planning and classified management, the functional areas are divided according to the regional characteristics, and the resources are managed and allocated according to the different requirements of economic functions and ecological functions.
(2) The development model of modern ecological agriculture in the agro-pastoral ecotone with equal emphasis on forage and grain and cash crop production
The agro-pastoral ecotone in Northwest China has strong sunlight, but the effective temperature of crops is low, the growth period is short, most areas lack irrigation water sources, and the soil texture is sandy, which is the ecological barrier in the northern part of the mainland. Agricultural development and ecological construction in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Northwest China are equally important, and a modern agricultural development model of "characteristic agriculture and animal husbandry + ecology" can be established to effectively control water erosion and wind erosion.
(1) Strengthen the integration of agriculture and animal husbandry, and adjust the structure of agricultural production. Promote the mutual adaptation and coordination of planting and animal husbandry, promote the adaptation of the scale and type of aquaculture industry to the feed provided by the planting industry, and comprehensively utilize agricultural resources and social and economic resources in time and space. The agricultural planting structure has changed from a structure of "grain-based and animal husbandry as a secondary" to a three-way production structure model of forage and grain and cash crops, and the planting ratio of forage and cash crops should be appropriately increased under the premise of ensuring food self-sufficiency.
(2) Improve land quality, improve forage production efficiency, effectively control water erosion and wind erosion, and protect and improve the ecological environment by applying organic fertilizer, increasing ground cover, mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation of forage and crops. In areas with water source conditions, drip irrigation technology can be used to irrigate an appropriate amount during the key growth period of crops, and in areas with serious salinization, chemical and biological improvement, well drainage and irrigation and brackish rotation irrigation can be adopted to control the groundwater level between 2.5~3.5 m, so as to realize the green improvement of saline-alkali stress farmland.
(3) With the county as the unit, a certain scale of agricultural and animal husbandry cultural industrial parks, characteristic cereal production experience parks and science and technology innovation parks will be set up, which will be organically integrated with rich tourism resources to realize the multi-effect integration of production functions, ecological functions, educational functions, scientific research functions and leisure functions, improve the economic and social benefits of the region, and promote the improvement of scientific and technological innovation and modern science and technology application capabilities in the region.
(4) According to the local meteorology, topography, soil and vegetation conditions, the relevant hydrological automatic monitoring system should be reasonably arranged, and the comprehensive model of meteorological \u2012 soil \u2012 vegetation \u2012 ecological environment should be used to predict and evaluate the vegetation growth status, economic, social and ecological environmental benefits, guide agricultural production activities in real time, and realize large-scale intelligent management of agricultural and pastoral ecotones.
(3) The development model of ecological agriculture in rain-fed areas based on grain and fruit production
The rain-fed agricultural areas in the arid region of Northwest China are mainly distributed on the Loess Plateau, with abundant light and heat resources, which are suitable for planting winter wheat, summer maize and economic characteristic forest fruits (such as apples and red dates). The terrain of this region is complex, there are many slopes, the loss of water and soil nutrients is serious, the land quality is low, and there is a lack of irrigation conditions, but the loess cover in this area is deep and has a huge soil reservoir. The rain-fed agricultural areas in the arid region of Northwest China are suitable for the construction of a modern agricultural development model of "grain + forest fruit + ecotype" to efficiently control water erosion. According to the local topography and rainfall characteristics, the comprehensive management of slopes, ditches and valleys should be strengthened, the slope land should be moderately converted into terraced fields, and the strip fields and dam lands should be built to achieve the coordination between agricultural production and the improvement of the ecological environment.
(1) In the development and utilization of steep slope land, the project of returning farmland to forest and grassland should be strictly implemented, and the combination of ecological grass and economic forest and fruit mixing, ground solid matter and surface litter and leaf cover should be adopted to improve the water conservation function and control the water and soil nutrient loss function of the "soil reservoir \u2012 surface reservoir", and improve the economic and ecological benefits of the steep slope land.
(2) In terms of the use of slope land to terrace, the application of organic fertilizer, ground cover, crop rotation, no-tillage, and mixed cropping of forest and grain should be adopted to improve the land production capacity and control the loss of water and soil nutrients in farmland.
(3) In terms of rainwater recycling, the "rainfall \u2012 soil reservoir \u2012 rainwater collection" should be comprehensively regulated, and supplementary irrigation should be carried out during the critical period of crop growth (such as the jointing and heading stage of grain crops and the expansion of forest fruits). At the same time, combined with physical and biotechnology, straw crushing and maturation were returned to the field to improve the content of soil organic matter and enhance the ability of soil water retention and fertilizer supply.
(4) In terms of the utilization of river beach land and dam land, rainfall, irrigation water, groundwater and soil water should be jointly regulated to scientifically prevent and control the soil salinization caused by the formation of temporary groundwater in dam land. In the low-lying river beach with high sediment and nutrient content in runoff, a vegetation filter belt was built to purify sediment and nutrients to control the sediment and nutrient content in the river.
(5) R&D and application of sloping agricultural machinery and agricultural robots to realize the mechanization of agricultural production. Construct an intelligent monitoring system for climate characteristics, soil environmental quality, vegetation growth, river water volume and water quality, and use the climate \u2012 soil \u2012 vegetation \u2012 river system simulation model to realize real-time evaluation and regulation of the material and energy transmission process of the soil \u2012 vegetation \u2012 ecological environment system.
(6) With the county as the unit, a certain scale of rain-fed agricultural cultural industrial park, characteristic forest and fruit experience park and slope agricultural science and technology and ecological protection innovation park will be laid out, and organically integrated with rich tourism resources to realize the organic integration of production, ecology, education, scientific research and leisure functions, improve the income of local farmers, and promote ecological civilization, social progress, scientific and technological innovation, and green, healthy and sustainable development in the region.
(4) The development model of modern ecological agriculture in irrigation areas based on the production of grain cash crops and forest fruits
The typical irrigated agricultural areas in the arid areas of Northwest China are distributed in the main irrigation areas of Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, which are rich in light and heat resources, and although the rainfall is difficult to meet the needs of crop growth, they have relatively abundant surface water and groundwater sources, and are the main production bases of grain, cash crops and characteristic forest fruits in the arid areas of Northwest China. The region has great climate change, frequent natural disasters such as wind disasters, frost disasters, and droughts, serious water environment pollution, and large and wide areas of soil salinization farmland, which directly affect the sustainable use of land. The typical irrigated agricultural areas in the arid areas of Northwest China are suitable for the development of a modern agricultural development model of "grain + cash crops + characteristic forest fruits + ecological environment". The agricultural development in this region depends to a large extent on irrigation, and the efficient use of agricultural water resources has become an important task in the green and sustainable development of agriculture.
(1) In the development and utilization of agricultural water resources, based on the carrying capacity of water resources agriculture and ecological environment, the scale and efficiency of agricultural production should be scientifically planned, the joint allocation of precipitation, surface water and groundwater resources and the comprehensive utilization of water quantity, water quality and water energy should be carried out, and the application of irrigation water activation technology and efficient water-saving technology should be vigorously promoted. In areas where the contradiction between water resources and land resources is prominent, the regional or irrigation area deficit adjustment irrigation mode can be adopted to maximize the economic benefits and ecological environmental benefits. In areas with abundant brackish water and brackish water resources, the technology of salt water desalination reduction and the activation of brackish water should be reasonably combined with the technology of brackish water mixed irrigation, rotational irrigation and well drainage and well irrigation, so as to improve the utilization of agricultural water resources, renew groundwater bodies, and control downstream water pollution caused by farmland drainage.
(2) In terms of land quality improvement, land leveling and soil quality improvement should be strengthened. The control area of the irrigation canal or sprinkler and drip irrigation head is used as the basic unit, and the land is leveled to improve the uniformity of irrigation. According to the technical requirements of horizontal furrowing, furrow irrigation, drip irrigation and seepage irrigation and water-saving, the land leveling mode and irrigation canal pipe layout mode are planned. Straw maturation technology and organic fertilizer application were applied to improve the quality of the land. In areas with serious saline-alkali stress, the reasonable control of groundwater level and water quality should be strengthened, the groundwater level should be controlled at 2.5~4 m, the groundwater should be desalined to ensure land safety and ecological security, and the comprehensive application of physical, chemical and biological technologies for improving saline-alkali soil should be strengthened.
(3) In terms of field management, establish the fertilization intensity and fertilization methods of farmland allowed by surface water \u2012 soil \u2012 groundwater environmental capacity, strengthen the application of precise integration technology of water and fertilizer, and construct the amount and method of pesticide use that meet the safety requirements of agricultural products. R&D and application of agricultural production integration of agricultural machinery and agricultural spraying pesticides, farmland system monitoring robots, to achieve agricultural production mechanization. Establish an intelligent monitoring system for climatic characteristics, soil environmental quality, crop growth, irrigation quantity and water quality, etc., and use the climate \u2012 soil \u2012 crop \u2012 underground surface \u2012 groundwater system simulation model to carry out real-time assessment of the material and energy transport of the soil \u2012 vegetation \u2012 ecological environment system.
(4) In terms of landscape pattern, a certain width of ecological environmental protection and ornamental belts should be set up in the farmland on both sides of the backbone road, and forests, grasses and flowers with the effect of purifying pollutants should be planted to ensure agricultural safety production and increase the ornamental value of farmland. With the county or irrigation area as the unit, a certain scale of agricultural industrial parks, agricultural production experience parks, modern agricultural innovation parks, ecological environmental protection education parks and wetland parks, etc., and organically integrate with tourism resources, realize the organic integration of production functions, ecological functions, educational functions, scientific research functions and leisure functions, and promote the green, healthy and sustainable development of modern irrigation agriculture.
(5) In terms of optimizing the protection and innovation mechanism of agricultural resources, we should increase investment in the development and promotion of relevant science and technology around the protection and conservation goals of agricultural resources, implement demonstration projects such as energy conservation and emission reduction, land saving and efficiency enhancement and recycling of agricultural resources, use modern science and technology to transform saline-alkali land, enhance crop growth and quality improvement, strengthen the management and protection of water resources, strictly control the total consumption and intensity of agricultural water resources, monitor and control agricultural resources, and ensure the efficient use of water and soil resources.
6. Countermeasures and suggestions
(1) Optimize the zoning of agricultural functions and scientifically plan the development pattern of green planting and breeding
We should speed up the implementation of the planning of the main functional areas, improve the agricultural spatial planning system in the arid areas of northwest China, and form a reasonable structure of agricultural, forestry and pastoral land. Priority should be given to delineating within the scope of high-standard agriculture that has been built, and implementing specific target plots in basic farmland or high-standard farmland, clarifying the production capacity tasks of target crops, ensuring the core line of defense for national food security and the safety of important agricultural products, solidifying the cultivated land space in functional areas, strictly implementing the cultivated land protection system, controlling the development intensity and utilization of cultivated land resources, preventing the loss of non-agricultural and non-benign high-quality cultivated land, and promoting the formation of a reasonable spatial pattern of production, ecology and living "production-living" land, so as to ensure the security of supply of grain and important agricultural products.
Promote ecological recycling planting and breeding and comprehensive utilization of waste, and focus on supporting the construction of supporting infrastructure for the integrated development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Establish a stable investment mechanism to adapt to the transformation and development of agriculture and animal husbandry, focus on common problems, increase efforts, and focus on supporting infrastructure construction projects for the integrated development of agriculture and animal husbandry; integrate resource elements, optimize the investment environment, increase investment attraction in agriculture and animal husbandry, form a diversified investment body, and provide a driving force for the transformation of the development mode of agriculture and animal husbandry.
(2) Improve the compensation mechanism for ecological agriculture and create a green accounting system
Under the leadership of the government, comprehensive use of financial compensation, in-kind compensation, technical compensation and other means to give certain subsidies to producers engaged in ecological agriculture. Strengthen subsidies for green production technologies, models and systems, strengthen support for the protection of the ecological environment of farmland, the combination of land use and land conservation, the appropriate farming system, and the improvement of production capacity, and build an ecological agricultural compensation policy system. Strengthen overall planning and coordination, promote the focus of incremental funds to resource-saving and environment-friendly agriculture, promote the adjustment of agricultural structure, and accelerate the transformation of agricultural development mode. Deepen the reform of the property rights system, clearly define forest rights, grassland contract management rights, and water rights, improve the property rights registration system, establish and improve the legal and regulatory systems related to ecological environmental protection and ecological agriculture compensation mechanisms, and continue to promote the institutionalization and legalization of agricultural ecological compensation.
The construction of ecological agriculture system needs to establish the concept of green GDP, strengthen the construction of agricultural environmental monitoring system, and gradually improve and perfect the accounting framework and technical methods, that is, deduct the loss of natural resources and the corresponding amount of funds for environmental pollution control in GDP. Establish a scientific and complete statistical index system for resources and environment, and formulate relevant environmental and economic management policies such as pollution control, environmental taxation, ecological compensation, and performance appraisal based on the results of green accounting.
(3) Promote industrial integration and establish the concept of modern ecological agriculture development
Adjust and transform the industrial structure through factor aggregation, industrial linkage, technology penetration and institutional innovation. Organically integrate crop planting, agricultural product processing and sales, tourism, catering, leisure and other service industries, extend the industrial chain, upgrade the value chain, and broaden the income chain, so as to promote the coordinated development of the "three industries" and agricultural modernization. Fully excavate and give full play to the scale, technology, and management advantages of the main body of tertiary industry integration (especially the new agricultural business entity), accelerate the renewal and substitution of modern production factors for traditional factors, reduce the excessive dependence of agricultural production on traditional factor resources, and improve land productivity, resource utilization and labor productivity. Through the coordinated development of agriculture and the secondary and tertiary industries, we will deepen the supply-side structural reform of agriculture.
Intensify the publicity of the concept of agricultural development guided by modern ecological agriculture, guide farmers to establish the concept of ecological agriculture development, promote the transformation of agricultural production mode from excessive consumption of resources to green development, change the goal orientation of one-sided pursuit of output and economic benefits in the past, and change from ensuring the supply of "quantity" to the improvement of "quality". At the same time, the concept of green ecology will run through all levels of laws and regulations, policy formulation, agricultural production, processing and sales of agricultural products, establish a green ecology-oriented agricultural policy system, form an agricultural industry layout that matches the carrying capacity of resources and environment, and truly realize the high-quality development of agriculture.
(4) Build a green technology innovation and promotion service system for the development of modern ecological agriculture
With agricultural efficiency and farmers' income as the core, we should rationally allocate resources, cultivate innovative subjects, improve innovation efficiency, and actively promote the reform of the agricultural scientific research service system. Integrate existing agricultural science and technology resources, including the systematic integration and optimization of existing technology, capital, manpower and market elements, encourage high-tech enterprises and scientific research units, colleges and universities to establish various forms of science and technology and economic joint organizations, and accelerate the innovation of agricultural green development technology system and technical route. Improve the incentive mechanism for scientific and technological innovation, stimulate the innovation enthusiasm of agricultural science and technology workers, set up a reasonable scientific research evaluation and reward mechanism, establish a collaborative research mechanism for scientific research units, universities, enterprises and other innovative subjects, and carry out joint scientific and technological research focusing on green agricultural production.
Adhere to the combination of government guidance and market leadership, comprehensively enhance the technological openness, product maturation and industrialization capabilities of agricultural enterprises, and promote agricultural enterprises to gradually become the main body of technological innovation decision-making, R&D investment, scientific research organization and achievement transformation, so that scientific and technological innovation can be transformed into industry, cultivate new growth points, promote agricultural transformation and upgrading, improve quality and efficiency, promote the concentration of advantageous products and industries in suitable areas, and form specialized and large-scale enterprise groups and industrial production chains. Establish a special agricultural technology extension department, continuously improve the existing scientific and technological innovations, promote them to the production operations of farmers, and improve the conversion rate of scientific and technological innovation achievements.
(5) Cultivate agricultural and rural talents and improve the talent policy system
Combine cultivation and attraction to promote the construction of talent team. The first is to cultivate a team of agricultural and rural modernization talents, focusing on cultivating agricultural and rural modernization talents rooted in the countryside, and concentrating on cultivating agricultural industry development talents, rural governance talents, rural environmental supervision talents, and agricultural and rural cultural talents who meet the needs of agricultural and rural modernization development. The second is to attract talented people to devote themselves to the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, focusing on attracting agricultural science and technology talents with "three rural" feelings and special skills, and solving the current problem of rural brain drain and shortage of special talents.
To realize the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, it is necessary to open the talent policy, support the introduction of talents, and play its due role. To improve the talent policy system for agricultural and rural modernization, it is necessary to establish the principle of being use-oriented, not for everything, but for use, and to let talent play an important role in agricultural and rural modernization; establish a scientific talent identification mechanism, a talent incentive mechanism with remarkable results, and a reasonable talent classification and evaluation policy system, and build a talent consultant policy system for agricultural and rural modernization.
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About the Author:
Deng Mingjiang
He is an expert in water resources and water conservancy engineering in arid areas, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
He is mainly engaged in the regulation of water cycle and ecological environmental protection in inland river basins, the planning, design and construction management of major water conservancy projects, the development of transboundary rivers in Northwest China and the research of regional water security.
Note: The paper reflects the progress of research results and does not represent the views of Chinese Journal of Engineering Science.