Under the premise of not changing the land contract relationship, the agricultural production trusteeship solves the problem of "who will plant the land and how to farm the land", and through various agricultural service organizations, it carries out services such as land trusteeship, substitution farming, joint cultivation, unified control of pests and diseases, and unified breeding and supply of seedlings, so as to integrate the small production of one household into the large-scale production of agricultural modernization and lead the small farmers to modern agriculture.
Do those who have land have to cultivate it themselves? Do they have to cultivate it well? Moreover, every year, a large number of agricultural people pour into the cities, some of them working part-time, and some of them become urban people. Who will manage the agricultural land is an unavoidable problem for both the government and the peasant households, so the method of agricultural production trusteeship came into being.
Zhang Hongyu, director of the Department of Rural Economic System and Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, said that the trusteeship of agricultural production is an urgent requirement put forward in practice. There are two situations of agricultural production trusteeship, one is that farmers have no labor force, but they are unwilling to transfer land, and hope to obtain services from planting to harvesting, which is full trusteeship. The other is that there is labor but cannot complete all the production operations, and they hope to entrust the main links such as cultivation and harvest prevention to a third-party service organization.
Since 2014, the practice and exploration mode of agricultural production trusteeship in various regions has been rich and fruitful, and has become a prominent highlight and focus of agricultural socialization services. According to statistics, in 2018, the area of agricultural production custody services in mainland China reached 1.384 billion mu, an increase of 50% over the previous year, and 370,000 diversified service entities such as service enterprises, farmers' cooperatives, collective economic organizations, and agricultural enterprises were served.
The per capita arable land size of mainland households is only one-fortieth that of the European Union and one-400th of that of the United States. "One acre and three points of land per capita, but no more than 10 acres of land per household" is a true portrayal of agriculture in many parts of the mainland. Such a resource endowment determines that it is impossible for us to engage in large-scale agriculture and large-scale machinery operations in all parts of the country like Europe and the United States, and most areas must realize the organic connection between small-scale farmers and the development of modern agriculture through improving the agricultural socialized service system. Trusteeship of agricultural production is an effective form.
01
What is agricultural production trusteeship
Agricultural production trusteeship is an agricultural management mode in which farmers and other business entities entrust all or part of the operation links in agricultural production, such as farming, planting, prevention, and harvesting, to capable agricultural production service organizations under the condition of not transferring land management rights, and is the most realistic and concise way for socialized services to directly serve agriculture and farmers, and is an important business model to realize the organic connection between farmers and the development of modern agriculture, and is an effective way to realize the scale of service operation.
In layman's terms, agricultural production trusteeship is a kind of outsourcing behavior. It is a farmer or management organization that has the right to operate the land, entrusts all or part of the agricultural work that should be completed by itself to the entrusted party, pays a certain fee to it, and is responsible for the results of the operation.
At present, many processes of agricultural production in China's rural areas have been broken down and outsourced, especially by large growers, whose level of specialization and professionalism is getting higher and higher. If peasants have land that cannot be planted, but they are unwilling to transfer the land, they can also entrust others to cultivate the land and implement agricultural production trusteeship.
In fact, in agriculture in developed countries, the farmers are the decision-makers and organizers of production, and do not do the work themselves. This is a characteristic feature of agricultural modernization.
02
Benefits of carrying out agricultural production trusteeship
In recent years, in some areas, when land has not been transferred, peasants have invested their land management rights in land cooperatives, entrusted production to various operational service organizations, and carried out agricultural production trusteeship.
First, by breaking the boundaries of one household and one household, the implementation of centralized and contiguous operations not only increases the area of cultivated land, but also facilitates mechanical operations;
Second, it avoids the risk of land rent, which is conducive to solving the problem of "non-grain" and "non-agricultural" after the transfer of cultivated land, which is the biggest advantage of trusteeship, if the land rent reaches 1000 yuan/mu, it is difficult to make profits from the scale of grain operation;
Third, the bulk purchase of various agricultural materials and the centralized use of agricultural machinery can significantly reduce production costs;
Fourth, it has liberated a large number of laborers engaged in field cultivation and promoted the transfer of peasants to employment.
Lanxi County, Heilongjiang Province has calculated three accounts, which is very convincing, compared with the average income per mu of small farmers' self-planting, circulating planting and trusteeship planting, the income of trusteeship has increased by 180 yuan compared with self-cultivation, and the income has increased by 270 yuan compared with that of circulating seeds.
Judging from the practice of various localities, the new form of agricultural management of agricultural production trusteeship has been popularized very vigorously in recent years, and it is an effective way to solve the problem of "who will farm the land and how to farm the land" under the premise of not changing the land contract relationship, and it is a bold exploration to improve the basic agricultural management system under the premise of adhering to the three unchanged conditions.
03
2 key points for the success of agricultural production trusteeship
1. Professional people do professional things to reduce the cost of farming.
The trusteeship of agricultural production is equivalent to the introduction of modern production factors into the operation of farmers, which is equivalent to participating in modern agriculture to a certain extent, and farmers get more income.
Through the development of custody services, service organizations can concentrate on the procurement of agricultural seeds, agricultural materials and other means of production, can adopt advanced agricultural technology, give full play to the ability of agricultural machinery and equipment, can adopt new varieties, implement standardized production, improve the output and quality of agricultural products, and achieve agricultural cost saving and efficiency. But the final decision is in the hands of the farmers, and the farmers still have their own say on what to plant.
2. This is the independent management behavior of farmers, and farmers also have to bear the corresponding market risks.
The peasants of the custodian still maintain the dominant position of the family business, and bear their own profits and losses and bear their own risks, while the socialized service organizations collect fees from the custodian services and do not need to pay land transfer fees, and at the same time, the transformation of traditional agriculture by modern elements such as capital, technology, and management through socialized services is a win-win situation.
04
There are 4 types of custody forms that the state attaches great importance to
1. Focus on supporting the production of agricultural products under trusteeship.
The production of bulk agricultural products such as grain, cotton, oil, and sugar is related to the security of national grain and other important agricultural products, and the comparative efficiency is relatively low. In developing the trusteeship of agricultural production, it is necessary to take the trusteeship of the production of grain, cotton, oil, sugar, and other bulk agricultural products as the key object of support, enhance the efficiency of the production of bulk agricultural products through specialized and large-scale services, increase the enthusiasm of ordinary peasant households in the production of bulk agricultural products, and ensure the safety of the state's grain and other important agricultural products.
2. Focus on supporting the operation of the trusteeship.
All localities should, in accordance with the needs of local agricultural production and peasant households, determine the custodian links and service content of key support in their respective regions in accordance with the shortcomings of modern agricultural construction and the popularity of the peasant masses, and form a priority order of support.
For example, in some areas, deep ploughing and subsoiling, factory seedling raising, drying and storage are the key to the construction of modern agriculture, and these can be listed as priority support of the trusteeship operation links;
3. Focused support hosting model.
In practice, the service subjects and farmers have explored and formed a variety of custody models, such as single-link trusteeship, multi-link trusteeship, key link comprehensive trusteeship and full-process trusteeship. All localities should scientifically determine the trusteeship mode for key support and promotion in their own areas on the basis of factors such as the state of the agricultural labor force, the production needs of peasant households, and the service capacity of service organizations.
For example, in areas where peasant households are more willing to operate, we can start by promoting single-link trusteeship and multi-link trusteeship, gradually change the mode of production and operation of peasant households, and gradually expand the coverage of trusteeship services; for areas with a relatively high degree of transfer of agricultural labor, we can focus on popularizing the models of comprehensive trusteeship and whole-process trusteeship of key links, so as to effectively solve the problems of "not being able to plant land" and "not being able to plant land well."
4. Key support of the service scale business form.
Large-scale agricultural production trusteeship is the main form of service scale operation, and the concentrated and contiguous cultivated land is a prerequisite for the development of large-scale agricultural production trusteeship.
The land resource conditions, the degree of labor transfer, and the development level of agricultural mechanization are different in various places, so the development degree of service scale operation is also different. In semi-mountainous and semi-hilly areas where it is difficult to achieve large-scale concentration and contiguity, it is important to support relatively large-scale hosting services.
05
6 agricultural hosting service models
The agricultural industry observes that agricultural hosting services must start from the source, and solve the problems of source efficiency, quality and premium with the help of the custody model, so as to have the opportunity to help agriculture improve its overall competitiveness. The following 6 agricultural trusteeship models are worth learning from.
1. Land trusteeship
Land trusteeship refers to the practice of entrusting land to cooperative organizations such as supply and marketing cooperatives and large planters by some people who are unwilling or unable to cultivate, and who manage the land on their behalf.
2. Substitution farming
Substitution farming and land trusteeship are similar in concept, but the objects of land transfer management are different, trusteeship is generally handed over to cooperatives and other organizations, and substitution farming is generally handed over to individuals. In addition, the annual crop to be planted after the trusteeship is decided by the cooperative, and the substitution of cultivation is generally decided by the owner of the land.
3. Labor trusteeship model
The labor trusteeship model, also known as menu-type semi-trusteeship, refers to the main links of labor operations required in the planting process such as sowing, breeding, seedling raising, field preparation, seedling planting, transplanting, fertilization, spraying, and harvesting when farmers reach a labor service agreement with the custodian service entity. Farmers bear the costs of labor service fees, seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, etc., and the agricultural harvest belongs to the farmers.
4. Order escrow mode
Order custody means that farmers entrust labor projects in a certain period of time in the agricultural production process to the custodian, and the custodian receives remuneration according to the labor items. This model is easy for farmers to accept, but the diversity of choices makes it difficult to manage and low profit points.
5. Co-farming
Joint cultivation and joint cropping is a new agricultural production and management mode explored and practiced by the Agricultural Committee of Sheyang County, Jiangsu Province.
It is under the guidance of the two village committees and the service of the agricultural department, adopting a new type of farmer cooperative business model of "farmer households + farmer households + cooperatives", on the basis of continuous and stable household joint production contract management, in accordance with the principle of farmers' voluntariness, unified organization by the village group, in the form of piling and other forms to determine the boundary site, break the ridges, concentrate the fragmented farmland, realize organized continuous planting, and then provide professional services by the service organization, promote joint cultivation and joint management and joint operation of agricultural production, and realize the goal of "increasing the area, reducing agricultural costs, promoting the return of land, Adding land strength, increasing yield, and improving efficiency".
6. Agricultural co-operation
Chongzhou City, Sichuan Province has explored and formed an agricultural "co-operation system" with the basic framework of "land cooperatives + agricultural professional managers + comprehensive agricultural services", effectively solving the three major problems of who will operate agriculture, who will farm in rural areas, and who will serve production.
Rural households will be guided to convert their land contract management rights into shares, and industry and commerce will register and establish land joint-stock cooperatives. The cooperatives adopt a net operating income of 1:2:7 (i.e., 10% as the provident fund, 20% as the commission of agricultural professional managers, and 70% as the land of the members), supplemented by over-production shares or secondary dividends, etc., to ensure the income of the members.
Finally, the agricultural industry observes that the way out for China's agriculture lies in modernization, scale, and the agricultural production trusteeship model perfectly solves the problems of scattered and non-concentrated agricultural resources, which can really benefit the country and the people. However, the core of agricultural production trusteeship must be built on the ability of traders, and only those custody service institutions with strong industrial chains can afford to play the custody model to ensure the two-way profitability of farmers and enterprises.