This article is selected from the journal of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Engineering Science, Issue 1, 2022
Authors: Han Jiawei, Zhu Wenying, Zhang Bo, Zhao Chunjiang, Yang Xinting
Source:Research on the synergy of equipment and information to promote the development of modern smart agriculture[J].Strategic Study of Chinese Academy of Engineering,2022,24(1):55-63.)
Editor's note
Agricultural machinery and equipment is the material basis for the development of modern agriculture and an important symbol of the development of agricultural mechanization, and the new generation of information technology drives the intelligent transformation and upgrading of agricultural machinery and equipment; smart agriculture based on the coordination of equipment and information technology has become a new trend in the development of modern agriculture, which is of positive significance for improving agricultural production efficiency and promoting the high-quality and efficient development of agricultural machinery.
The research team of Academician Zhao Chunjiang of the Chinese Academy of Engineering published the article "Research on the Synergy of Equipment and Information to Promote the Development of Modern Smart Agriculture" in the first issue of the journal of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Engineering Science in 2022. Based on the analysis of the development needs of modern smart agriculture in mainland China and the prospective development value, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the development of key projects: new infrastructure project of agricultural ecosystem monitoring network, construction project of national agricultural big data center and operation mechanism, R&D and application project of intelligent agricultural machinery and equipment, demonstration project of agricultural information service, R&D demonstration project of intelligent infection control technology and equipment for the commercialization of fruits and vegetables. The paper points out that increasing investment in agricultural science and technology innovation and optimizing the structure based on national conditions, establishing an agricultural "industry-university-research" innovation alliance, and improving the incentive policies for agricultural science and technology innovation can provide a solid guarantee for guiding the development of modern smart agriculture.
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I. Preface
The Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain and other new generation of information technology are developing rapidly and transforming into industrial applications, and modern agriculture is interpenetrating and cross-integrating with it, giving birth to a new format and model of smart agriculture, supporting agriculture to establish higher productivity, production methods and economic forms. Developed agricultural countries have actively carried out planning and deployment in cutting-edge technology research and development, data sharing and openness, and industry talent cultivation, and steadily promoted the deep integration of the new generation of information technology and agricultural production, and policy documents such as the big data research and development plan, agricultural technology strategy, and agricultural development 4.0 framework have accelerated the development of smart agriculture and agricultural digital economy.
The rapid development of the manufacturing level, total equipment and operation level of agricultural machinery (hereinafter referred to as "agricultural machinery") in mainland China has promoted the transformation of agriculture from the previous production mode based on manpower and animal power to a new stage of mechanization based on mechanical power. At present, the mainland has become the world's largest producer and use of agricultural machinery, with more than 8,000 agricultural machinery and equipment industry enterprises (more than 1,700 enterprises above designated size) and about 4,000 kinds of agricultural equipment products, and the industrial output value of agricultural machinery enterprises has increased from more than 83 billion yuan in 2004 to 450 billion yuan in 2019. However, in the research and application of agricultural machinery and equipment automation, informatization, intelligence and other technologies, the agricultural machinery industry is still in its infancy; During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, the mainland urgently needs to accelerate the construction of a smart agricultural technology system, grasp the future development trend, and support the high-quality development of the agricultural industry.
This paper expounds the application status, application effect and development trend of related technologies, and puts forward suggestions for the development of key projects on the basis of judging the development needs of modern smart agriculture and looking forward to the future development prospects, in order to provide basic reference for the research on the sustainable development, efficiency system optimization and efficient utilization of resources of smart agricultural equipment and informatization.
2. Analysis of the application of equipment technology in modern agriculture
(1) Power machinery
Power machinery refers to the machinery that replaces manpower and animal power to provide the driving force for various agricultural machinery and facilities, and its application improves the efficiency of agricultural machinery operations, enhances the resistance to natural disasters, reduces the amount of manual labor, and ultimately significantly improves labor productivity and output.
Tractor is the main agricultural power machinery, with the development goal of "high efficiency, intelligence, environmental protection, and information integration", focusing on the improvement and optimization of power, transmission, walking, hydraulics, suspension, driving comfort and other technical directions; The automation and intelligence of tractors are closely related to positioning and navigation, dynamic path planning, machine vision, remote monitoring, etc., involving navigation, images, models and strategies, actuators, data links and other engineering technologies.
In response to the excessive consumption of fossil fuels and the aggravation of environmental pollution accompanied by the expansion of agricultural mechanization, the requirements of diesel engine emission regulations will inevitably be more stringent. Various in-machine purification and off-machine exhaust gas treatment technologies are adopted to minimize the emission of the whole machine, and new alternative energy technologies such as high specific energy power batteries and biomethane fuel power are developed in parallel, so as to achieve zero emission, no pollution, low noise and high efficiency during the operation of the unit, and solve the problem of energy conservation and emission reduction in the process of agricultural mechanization.
(2) Daejeon precision operation machinery
Field precision operation machinery is mainly divided into soil tillage machinery, sowing machinery, field management operation equipment, precision irrigation equipment, combine harvesters, agricultural waste collection equipment, etc. Taking the ploughing depth control of domestic agricultural machinery as an example, more use of tillage mechanical force adjustment and position adjustment method (see Fig. 1), the essence is the simple combination of machinery and hydraulic system, in the actual operation process there are problems such as unconstant resistance, can not be monitored in real time; in order to achieve the precise control of tillage depth, the future will adopt the electronic tillage depth control system based on mechatronic and hydraulic integration technology.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the tillage depth control system of the tillage machinery for land preparation
Tillage is shifting from "functional demand" to "quality demand", strengthening the research and development of core technologies such as key components and materials and processing technology of precision tillage and land preparation machinery, optimizing the combination of wide joint tillage and land preparation machinery, and improving the level of automatic monitoring and fault diagnosis, operation depth control, unit level adjustment, and operation speed matching of tillage and land preparation machinery;
(3) Factory agricultural equipment
Factory agriculture refers to the use of industrial production methods to provide a suitable growth environment for agricultural organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) in a relatively controllable growth environment, so as to improve agricultural yield, quality and efficiency, and promote the intensive, efficient and sustainable development of agricultural production methods; high degree of commercialization, high market adaptability) and other significant characteristics.
The core equipment of factory agriculture is mainly divided into factory facility design and manufacturing, intelligent sensing and perception equipment, intelligent control equipment, precision operation equipment, etc. At present, the factory planting facilities put into use in China include solar greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, multi-story greenhouses, artificial light plant factories, etc. The monitoring equipment based on information perception includes sensor monitoring, spectral monitoring and video monitoring, which basically forms a multi-source information coupling perception mode, and the monitoring mode has developed from laboratory offline measurement to portable multi-parameter measurement to real-time online measurement, which provides key technical support for standardized assembly line operations by quickly extracting various information required for the accurate operation of factory planting actuators. The developed countries of facility horticulture, represented by the Netherlands, have developed mature and stable equipment and systems in terms of environmental regulation and control of facility temperature, humidity, CO2, and light. The mainland has reached the world's advanced level in terms of facility environmental control technology and equipment capabilities and innovation, and has developed a comprehensive greenhouse environment control system based on positive pressure ventilation (see Figure 2), an inter-greenhouse energy transfer heating system based on dual heat source heat pumps, a cloud platform for comprehensive greenhouse environmental management and control, and an optimal control decision-making algorithm based on the environment-crop coupling model.
Fig. 2 Comprehensive control system of greenhouse environment based on positive pressure ventilation
In the future, intelligent operation equipment technology will focus on breaking through the key technologies of crop production, post-harvest and logistics under unmanned control conditions, and realize the combination of AI, big data, intelligent equipment and agronomy; Biosensing equipment with ecological characteristics can maximize the information of plant growth needs, reduce human influence, and comprehensively carry out scientific production and information management.
(4) Primary processing equipment for agricultural products
The primary processing equipment of agricultural products is mainly divided into grain drying equipment, fresh agricultural product pre-cooling and preservation equipment, and agricultural product quality nondestructive testing and grading equipment, and the corresponding equipment has gradually developed from mechanization to intelligence and automation.
On the basis of enhancing the awareness of the importance of pre-cooling and fresh-keeping equipment for fresh agricultural products, the reliability and detection accuracy of nondestructive testing and grading equipment for agricultural product quality are steadily improved. The primary processing equipment of agricultural products will play a key role in ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products and improving the market competitiveness of agricultural products, driving agricultural production to be more efficient and comfortable, and making full use of agricultural resources and more environmentally friendly.
3. Analysis of the application of information technology in modern agriculture
The research of agricultural information technology in mainland China started a little later, and its development experience can be divided into: the embryonic period (late 70s to early 80s of the 20th century), the growth period (80s to 90s of the 20th century), the mature period (early 21st century to around 2010), and the 4.0 era (after 2011). After more than 40 years of development, a relatively complete technical system has been formed in the field of agricultural information.
(1) Crop information acquisition technology
Crop phenotypic information acquisition technology mainly uses sensing equipment, wireless communication, database, big data analysis and other automation platform equipment and information technology means to systematically and efficiently obtain phenotypic information such as crop multi-scale traits (tissue-organ-plant-population), including the original data of crop phenotype formed by the interaction between genes and environment, the metadata of crop phenotypic traits and the complete set of biological knowledge. According to the differences in experimental environments, phenotypic information acquisition technologies are divided into two categories: indoor and outdoor: the former can accurately regulate various environmental factors, strictly control the growth conditions of crops in growth chambers or greenhouses, and can accurately classify and simulate the growth and development of crops under complex experimental conditions, and have the advantages that the latter is difficult to replicate.
Phenotypic information acquisition and intelligent analysis technology is a key aspect to promote the digitalization and intelligence of agriculture and lead the future development direction of agriculture. In view of the problems of single crop phenotype information collection method and insufficient timeliness of phenotypic data analysis, the key technologies such as multi-sensor spatiotemporal synchronous collection, multi-modal data fusion processing and real-time online analysis are mainly studied. Construct a series of crop phenotyping platform products based on independent technology, reliable and stable performance, and independent operation and automatic processing capabilities, so as to support mainland plant phenotyping research to enter the world's advanced ranks.
(2) Agricultural intelligent knowledge service technology
Agricultural intelligent knowledge service technology takes agricultural knowledge as the content, organizes scattered agricultural knowledge and data in an intelligent way, and uses knowledge sharing and comprehensive auxiliary decision-making models to provide personalized and accurate services for the majority of users, so as to alleviate the problems of inefficient resource utilization, excessive water and fertilizer application, shortage of experts, and limited knowledge dissemination in agricultural production and operation. Completely, standardly, and accurately describe agricultural knowledge, store the data and relationships of agricultural knowledge in the form of ontology knowledge graph, etc., and realize the real-time, efficient reuse and sharing of agricultural knowledge.
The characteristics of many agricultural industry classifications, significant regional differences in climate, and rapid changes in seasonal production demand make user service needs vary greatly. The traditional knowledge service has gradually developed into a service model that combines big data-driven and knowledge guidance, represented by the agricultural expert system in the United States in the 90s of the 20th century. After 2000, the mainland has formed a series of agricultural expert decision-making systems, involving the diagnosis, cultivation and management of diseases and pests of wheat, tobacco, rice, flowers, fruit trees and horticultural crops, but there are limitations in the construction, updating and maintenance of knowledge rules.
The field of agricultural intelligent knowledge service technology is gradually evolving from traditional small-sample data mining and statistical analysis to massive data intelligent analysis and early warning models, digital simulation and process modeling of animals and plants. The Internet is expanding to the Internet of Things, and agricultural intelligent knowledge services can integrate machine learning, modeling and simulation, cloud computing, image recognition, complex networks, geographic information systems and other technical means, so that many problems and events in the agricultural field can be solved and simulated.
(3) Intelligent management technology for agricultural production
The intelligent management of agricultural production involves multiple departments, fields and disciplines, and is systematic and complex, which can be divided into intelligent crop production, intelligent livestock and poultry breeding, and intelligent aquaculture according to the industrial field. Intelligent crop production management technology refers to the precise adjustment of various management measures and material inputs according to the specific conditions of each operation unit in the field under the condition of mastering land resources and crop group variation, so as to pursue the best economic benefits and reduce the environmental risks caused by agricultural production. Among them, the Internet of Things technology is based on the collaborative operation of intelligent equipment to realize the real-time perception and transmission of agricultural production information, big data and cloud computing are used for the digital storage, analysis and calculation of agricultural production information, and AI technology is used to mine knowledge in massive data and analyze and judge problems in agricultural production to provide decision support.
Taking the intelligent management technology of livestock and poultry breeding as an example, through the Internet, big data, cloud computing, blockchain and other new generation information technology, sensors, image processing, sound recognition and other advanced perception and monitoring technologies, the intelligent management of livestock and poultry breeding environment, livestock and poultry precision feeding management, livestock and poultry disease intelligent diagnosis and early warning and forecasting, livestock and poultry breeding comprehensive information management, livestock and poultry genetic breeding digital management, livestock product quality and safety management, to achieve intelligent production, business networking, management precision, model standardization. In the future, unmanned / less people will be realized smart pasture (covering weighing, storage, feeding, drinking water, etc.), integrating key technologies such as genetic inheritance, precision nutrition, environmental control, production management, and biosecurity, to achieve intelligent and precise health management, accurate prediction of estrus period, automatic feeding, pasture management, etc., to minimize the risk of livestock and poultry infection due to human contact.
(4) Intelligent circulation technology of agricultural products
The intelligent circulation of agricultural products mainly involves the technology of obtaining information from the circulation environment, the technology of sensing the quality of agricultural products, and the optimization technology of transportation and distribution paths of agricultural products. The purpose of obtaining circulation environment information is to strictly control the environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, light, air oxygen content, ethylene content, hydrogen sulfide content and other environmental parameters of food in the cold chain circulation process of agricultural products, especially in the process of long-distance transportation;
The perception of the quality of agricultural products is the key link to ensure the quality and safety of cold-chain food. Food quality is divided into appearance quality, physical quality, nutritional quality, safety quality, sensory quality, etc., for the development of rapid non-destructive testing technology, involving mechanics, electronics, optics, electrochemistry, biology and other methods, can be subdivided into smell, taste, vision sensor technology, spectral analysis technology, biosensor technology.
The optimization of the transportation and distribution path of agricultural products refers to the mining, processing and analysis of massive data to enhance the information acquisition, application and process optimization capabilities of cold chain logistics enterprises, and provide a basic information platform for the construction of the Internet of Things for the cold chain logistics of agricultural products. In order to solve the problem of multi-objective optimal distribution path selection, most theoretical studies use the weighted summation method to transform the multi-objective optimization problem into single-objective optimization, and then carry out model construction and analysis application, while in the actual distribution process, the swarm intelligence algorithm can substantially solve the multi-objective optimization problem in the optimal distribution path (based on the optimal solution corresponding to the biased goal).
4 Analysis of the development value of modern smart agriculture in mainland China
(1) Development needs
Intelligent agricultural equipment technology with satellite positioning, intelligent control, Internet of Things, mobile Internet, big data and other information technologies as the core is the trend and mainstream of the development of agricultural machinery and equipment in the future. The mainland's agricultural machinery and equipment technology has gone through the stage of replacing manpower and animal power with machinery, and the comprehensive level of products has made great progress, but there is still a big gap compared with the agricultural machinery power. With the development of information technology and the deepening of its application, the traditional agricultural production in the mainland is transforming to modern agriculture, and the traditional agricultural machinery will surely develop in the direction of intelligent agricultural equipment that is deeply integrated with the new generation of information technology.
It should also be noted that the research on automation, informatization, intelligence and other technologies of agricultural machinery and equipment in the mainland is still in its infancy, and it is urgent to benchmark industrial applications, increase investment, and maintain rapid development. Combined with the national food security strategy and the requirements of sustainable agricultural development under the new situation, the field of agricultural equipment has formed an action plan to promote agricultural science and technology innovation and accelerate the popularization and application of agricultural science and technology around the major development needs such as the development of modern agriculture and urban and rural co-ordination. According to the characteristics of agricultural production and agronomic requirements in various places, we should carry out research on the intelligent equipment technology of precision operation in the main links, develop the intelligent technology and equipment system of agricultural machinery as soon as possible, and effectively promote the transformation of agricultural production from extensive management to intensive management and from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture.
(2) Application prospects
The green and sustainable development of agriculture is a responsible move to protect the clear waters and lush mountains and build a beautiful China, which is of great significance to ensure sustainable development. The comprehensive construction of a scientific and technological innovation system for sustainable agricultural development guided by green ecology will not only activate the endogenous power of agricultural development, but also promote the effective restoration of agricultural ecosystems, make the environment of production areas cleaner, the green supply capacity will increase significantly, and the resource utilization efficiency will be improved.
The modern intelligent agricultural technology system will become the technical support for the modernization of agriculture in the mainland, and the intelligent and ecological integrated solutions represented by modern seed industry and equipment technology will be widely used in planting, breeding, aquatic products and other fields, constituting the main driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the agricultural industrial structure. By 2050, the transformation and upgrading of the mainland's modern agricultural industry will be promoted by high and new technologies such as biology, information and equipment, and the proportion of agricultural applications of information technology and intelligent equipment will exceed 50%; major breakthroughs will be made in the level of agricultural mechanization and facilities and equipment, and the three major transformations of "machines replacing manpower", "computers replacing human brains" and "independent technology replacing imports" will be realized.
In the field of field planting, mechanization, informatization, and intelligence have become the basic characteristics of mainstream applications, and the integrated application of advanced technologies such as information, life sciences, key equipment, and nutritional improvement in bulk crop production will be fully realized by 2050. In terms of facilities and factory agriculture, intelligent autonomous decision-making has gone mainstream, intelligent greenhouses, plant factories, and space agriculture have been applied on a large scale, and the comprehensive efficiency of agricultural production has reached the international advanced level. By 2050, the intelligence of precision feeding, intelligent feeding, automatic cleaning, and disease prevention and control will be fully realized, forming a green and ecological intelligent breeding system, and the production efficiency and quality control will be significantly improved.
5. Key projects to ensure the development of modern smart agriculture
(1) New infrastructure projects for agricultural ecosystem monitoring networks
At present, the agricultural system in mainland China mainly adopts ground survey statistics, fixed-point observation, agricultural remote sensing monitoring, etc., and the "sky and ground" integrated monitoring technology framework has been initially constructed and put into application. However, the application level of real-time sensor and automatic monitoring equipment is not high, and it is impossible to realize the rapid monitoring of the entire agricultural industry chain including production, circulation and service, and the digital level of agricultural production is only 18.6%, and the number of self-developed agricultural sensors is less than 10% of the world. Compared with the application of agricultural power and other industries in China, the infrastructure of agricultural ecosystem monitoring is weak, the means are single, and the real-time and accurate monitoring results are insufficient.
We will build a new infrastructure for the three-dimensional monitoring network of the agricultural ecosystem that integrates satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, mobile communication base stations, and sensors, set up a national smart agriculture research and development team, and strengthen the research and development of core technologies such as real-time perception, intelligent analysis, and intelligent decision-making. With the improvement of agricultural production efficiency as the direct goal, taking into account the goals of agricultural non-point source pollution and greenhouse gas emission control, we will build ecologically oriented smart farms, smart fisheries, and smart pastures.
(2) The construction project of the national agricultural big data center and operation mechanism
Implement the national strategy of agricultural big data, and build a national agricultural big data center, including an agricultural big data collection network, an agricultural big data storage platform, an agricultural big data processing platform, and a comprehensive analysis platform for agricultural big data. Optimize the top-level design, implement unified standards, distributed storage, centralized management and control, reasonable openness, and bring together overall, regional, and professional (priority planting, aquaculture, agricultural machinery, seed industry, cultivated land, science and education, and typical agricultural products) big data. Build a "one map" based on big data, covering agricultural production factors, environmental factors, industrial layout, etc. Carry out innovative applications based on agricultural big data, integrate the three industries of the agricultural sector, and improve production scheduling, decision-making, management, and service capabilities.
Promote the standardization and sharing mechanism of agriculture-related data, and compile data resource management measures, data production specifications, and data sharing mechanisms around data collection, storage, sharing, circulation, use, security, etc., so as to establish an institutional basis for data collection, application management, and open sharing of agricultural big data. Focusing on agricultural applications, cleaning, integrating, integrating and mining agricultural big data, studying data mining and analysis, animal and plant ontology models, and agricultural and rural application scenarios of big data, forming agricultural data correlation prediction, agricultural data early warning multi-dimensional simulation and other capabilities, and improving the accuracy of agricultural monitoring and early warning. On the premise of taking into account the security of data assets, data compliance risks, and data production efficiency, we should build a prevention and control system for data flow risks, balance data flow and data security issues, and improve the collaborative governance capabilities of all stakeholders.
(3) R&D and application engineering of intelligent agricultural machinery equipment
Intelligent agricultural machinery technology takes satellite navigation application as the core, integrating sensors, big data, decision support and other functions, so it needs to be researched from the aspects of intelligent sensors, intelligent navigation, precision operation, and operation management.
(1) Based on the technology and product capabilities of sensitive materials and core chips, research and development of special intelligent sensors for agricultural machinery and equipment for information transmission of body performance, environmental status, operation conditions, etc.
(2) Apply technologies such as unit positioning and satellite-based enhanced navigation to develop an intelligent navigation system for agricultural machinery equipment, improve the accuracy and stability of agricultural machinery navigation, and ensure the level of automatic operation of agricultural machinery equipment.
(3) Carry out real-time analysis of the operation process of agricultural machinery and equipment, research on intelligent agricultural machinery decision-making and control, establish and verify the intelligent and precise operation technology of agricultural machinery and equipment, realize the functions of precision sowing, intelligent irrigation, intelligent fertilization (medicine), etc., and improve the level and quality of agricultural machinery operation.
(4) Track and apply information technology, carry out research on the intelligent operation and management of agricultural machinery and equipment, realize the functions of remote intelligent regulation and control, intelligent early warning, intelligent diagnosis, and collaborative operation of agricultural machinery and equipment, and improve the operation and management efficiency of agricultural machinery and equipment.
(4) Demonstration projects of agricultural information services
Agricultural information service mainly relies on intelligent technology to provide high-quality information service capabilities for the agricultural supply chain (including production, storage, transportation and sales), and improve agricultural production efficiency and market competitiveness, which is an important way to promote the reform of agricultural supply side and a strategic choice to achieve sustainable agricultural development. The agricultural information service in mainland China has entered the initial stage of smart agricultural information service, but there are still phenomena such as insufficient data sharing and data analysis and mining ability, mismatch between supply and demand of information services, and unreasonable resource allocation, so there is a strong demand for agricultural production services based on reliable transmission of information and in-depth analysis of information. Carry out the construction of agricultural information service projects based on a new generation of information technology, promote the deep integration of big data technology and agricultural productive services, and guide agricultural production and provide accurate services with innovative data applications.
We will further promote the "Broadband China" strategy, support the extension of new infrastructure projects such as fifth-generation mobile communications to agricultural and rural areas, and provide underlying infrastructure support for agricultural information services. In view of the characteristics of ecology, dispersion, variety types, and planting and breeding methods in agricultural areas, pilot demonstrations of agricultural information services should be carried out in the form of agricultural industrial parks, agricultural science and technology parks, and key agricultural product production bases at all levels. Facing the new rural agricultural business entities, we will integrate cross-media, massive and fragmented agricultural information knowledge through deep learning methods, establish a comprehensive agricultural knowledge center, and provide efficient, convenient, concise, intuitive, and two-way interactive agricultural knowledge active services. Build a unified smart agricultural information service platform, cultivate professional information service organizations (online and offline), and carry out real-time call service information for agricultural machinery resources, agricultural material information, agricultural arrangement, crop plant protection, pest control guidance, agricultural insurance, skills training and other services. Enhance the status of enterprises as the main body of services, support agriculture-related information service enterprises to provide intelligent solutions and services in the field of agricultural production services, and build a diversified service system with the goal of meeting the diversified and personalized information service needs of agricultural business entities.
(5) Demonstration project for the research and development of intelligent infection control technology and equipment for the commercialization of fruits and vegetables
Compared with developed countries, the development of the cold chain logistics system in the mainland started late, and there are still deficiencies and hidden dangers in the cold chain logistics management and operation mode, legal and regulatory system and basic hardware facilities, such as cold chain breakage, fluctuation or uneven distribution of environmental temperature and humidity, and opaque cold chain circulation process, resulting in the loss rate of post-harvest apples in the cold chain circulation process (i.e., post-harvest pre-cooling, transportation, storage and sales) as high as 15%~25%. Improper control of the refrigeration conditions in each link of the cold chain or the lack of seamless handover guarantee between each link (i.e., broken chain) will affect the stability of the suitable low temperature and high humidity environment required for the fruit, thereby affecting the uniformity and stability distribution of the wind field, temperature field and humidity field in the ventilation box in the cold chain circulation, resulting in the decline of fruit quality. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the interaction mechanism between temperature and humidity fluctuation and fruit quality deterioration in the cold chain to improve the uniformity of ambient temperature and humidity distribution in each link of the cold chain and ensure the quality and safety of fruits.
In view of the current situation of low-end commercialization of fruits and vegetables in mainland China, data and information collection, perception, and data information collection, perception, and other key operational links such as pre-cooling, sorting, packaging, storage, and distribution in the process of commercialization of fruits and vegetables are carried out. Research on control, fruit and vegetable maturity prediction and quality sorting, construct a mathematical model for accurate prediction of fruit and vegetable storage period and shelf life, and establish supporting intelligent prediction technology, put forward the standard procedures for accurate judgment of the maturity of bulk and characteristic fruits and vegetables in mainland China, formulate intelligent grading standards for fruits and vegetables, and research and develop supporting equipment for intelligent sensing and control technology for fruit and vegetable commercialization. Establish a modern intelligent equipment and technology demonstration base for the commercialization of fruits and vegetables.
6. Countermeasures and suggestions
(1) Increase investment in agricultural science and technology innovation and optimize the structure
For a long time, the intensity of investment in agricultural science and technology in mainland China is low and the structure is unreasonable, so it is recommended to further increase the scale of investment in modern smart agriculture science and technology and optimize the structure of investment in science and technology. In order to overcome the problem of "free riding", it is necessary to give full play to the guiding role of the government under the new market conditions, and reasonably increase the financial support for the innovation, transformation and promotion of modern smart agricultural science and technology. It is suggested to establish a major special fund for modern smart agricultural science and technology innovation to support scientific and technological research on cutting-edge technologies in agricultural production, and to support the technological driving and demonstration role of major agricultural scientific research achievements. International experience shows that private R&D investment and public R&D investment are complementary, and it is recommended to formulate relevant incentives to guide social organizations and agricultural enterprises to actively carry out scientific and technological innovation research on modern smart agriculture, so as to form a stable agricultural science and technology investment mechanism and diversified investment pattern.
(2) Establish an agricultural "industry-university-research" innovation alliance
The "industry-university-research" innovation alliance is an important organizational form of agricultural production mode in the context of knowledge economy, which is conducive to the complementary advantages of different innovation subjects, resource synergy, lengthening the innovation value chain, and building the core competitiveness and innovation ability of modern smart agriculture. It is suggested that scientific research institutes, universities and management departments should participate in a coordinated manner, highlight the main role of agricultural enterprises, reconstruct the modern agricultural science and technology innovation system in mainland China, and play a preset role and form a collaborative relationship through the innovation value chain. Supporting policies will be given in terms of taxation, improve the benefit distribution mechanism of different innovation subjects in the alliance, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the agricultural industrial structure, and stimulate the impetus of the agricultural science and technology innovation system; further implement the strategy of rejuvenating agriculture through science and technology, increase the training of agricultural scientific research talents, cultivate new farmer groups, build a diversified talent incentive mechanism, improve the reserve of human capital and provide sufficient support.
(3) Improve incentive policies for agricultural science and technology innovation
Agricultural science and technology innovation is uncertain and risky, and one of the reasons for the lack of agricultural science and technology innovation in the mainland is the lack of agricultural science and technology innovation momentum. It is suggested to analyze the development characteristics of modern smart agriculture and improve the incentive policy system for agricultural science and technology innovation. Maintain reasonable government procurement support, especially to support major innovations in modern smart agriculture. Encourage diversified input entities to participate in modern smart agriculture innovation activities, stimulate the enthusiasm of agricultural science and technology investment, support agricultural practitioners to actively use innovation results, and simultaneously strengthen the protection of agricultural intellectual property rights. Guide private capital to enter and deeply participate in the innovation activities of agricultural enterprises, and improve the ability of enterprises to resist risks in innovation. Build a platform for the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, enrich information exchange channels, reduce market information asymmetry, and facilitate the transformation, commercialization and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements of modern smart agriculture. Improve the assessment and evaluation system of agricultural science and technology, coordinate and evaluate the academic value, application feasibility and industrial applicability of agricultural scientific research achievements, promote the organic combination of agricultural science and technology chain and agricultural industry chain, and stimulate the enthusiasm of scientific research personnel in the form of sharing scientific and technological excess output.
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About the Author
Zhao Chunjiang
He is an expert in agricultural information technology and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
He is mainly engaged in the research of digital agriculture, precision agriculture and smart agriculture technology and equipment.
Note: This paper reflects the progress of research results and does not represent the views of Chinese Journal of Engineering Science.