During the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens were divided into three departments: Haixi, Jianzhou and Savage. Most of the Jurchens of Haixi lived in the south of the Songhua River north of Buyeo (Boduna), Jilin Province, and in the Ash River Valley east of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. The Jianzhou Jurchens are distributed in the northern part of Changbai Mountain, Mudanjiang and Suifen River valleys. The Savage Jurchens lived in the entire southern and northern areas of the Heilongjiang River from the lower reaches of the Jingqili River to Sakhalin Island.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the ming emperor, paid great attention to the management of the northeast, and Hongwu established the Liaodong Dusi in the early years of Hongwu, and after the Great Destruction of the Yuan Army in Jinshan (near Jilin Nong'an) in June of the twentieth year (1387), the foundation for the rule of the Jurchen tribes north of the Songhua River was laid.
As soon as Ming Chengzu Zhu Di ascended the throne, he established the Nuer Gandu Commanding Envoy Division to administer it in the seventh year of Yongle (1409) according to the situation that the Jurchen ministries "returned at the rate of phases" and "came to the realm to attach".
01. Jianzhou Sanwei
During the three generations of the ancestors of Ming Chengzu, Akihito, and Ming Xuanzong, the chiefs took the "seal letters" issued by the government, paid tribute regularly, and guarded the boundaries of the government; the central government had requisitions, and they also obeyed the orders and never violated the deadline. Even during the chenghua period of Emperor Mingxian (1465-1487), it was still basically peaceful, and the trade between the Han people and the Jurchen people was not only frequent, but also lively and harmonious.
However, with the gradual decay of Ming rule and the uneven economic development of the Jurchen ministries, there were more killings and turmoil among the various ministries.
The Jianzhou Wei established at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty was originally located in the place of the three surnames (present-day Yilan, Heilongjiang) at the confluence of the Mudanjiang and Songhua rivers. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, Li Manzhu, who succeeded him as commander of Wei, was forced by the savage Jurchen to move from the three surnames to Ningguta (present-day Ning'an, Heilongjiang), then to the Po Pig River (Tong Jia Jiang), and finally to the upper reaches of the Suzi River (present-day Xinbin, Liaoning) during the reign of Emperor Yingzong.
Jianzhou Zuowei commanded the fierce brother Timur (the sixth ancestor of Nurhaci), who was killed by the "Seven Savages" during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, and his brother Fancha and Zitongcang escaped, and Tongcang's brother Dong Shan succeeded to the left guard, because the old seal was "lost", and the Ming Dynasty gave it a new seal; but soon, Fancha returned, holding the old seal and his nephew to fight for the throne, and could not be reconciled, and the Ming government had to cast another right wei seal for Fancha, and divided the left wei land of Santu River (santun River in present-day Huinan and Liuhe counties in Jilin Province) to resettle it.
After the third year of Chenghua (1467), the Three Wei Capitals of Jianzhou gradually moved south to settle in the upper reaches of the Hun River and Suzi River.
More than 20 miles southeast of the outskirts of present-day Fushun, Liaoning Province, there are undulating hills and hills and obstacles. After crossing nanzamu and crossing the Maldun Ridge, there is the clear and transparent Suzi River. On the banks of the Suzi River, there is an east-west hill on the north slope, backed by Jiming Mountain, west of Chimney Hill (Hulan Hada), east of the hilly hill, just north of the flat land, miles away is Qiyun Mountain.
The historically famous city of Hetuala is located in this valley surrounded by mountains. This valley, the radius is only twenty or thirty miles, however, it is the Jianzhou Jurchen gradually stronger, and finally created the 276th year of the Qing Dynasty!
02. The Ming Dynasty's oppression of the Jurchens
In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing (1559), the deepest sinicized and strongest of the Jurchen tribes, the Jianzhou Jurchen, a child with "phoenix eyes and big ears and a face like a crown jade" was born, and this child was the later Qing Taizu Nurhaci.
When Nurhaci was ten years old, his mother died, and his stepmother Narashi was very bad for him, and when he was 19 years old, she only gave him a very thin property and told him to go out alone. Because of the difficulties of life, Nurhaci had to go up the mountain to pick some pine nuts and the like to Fushun to sell to Han merchants.
Due to his frequent contact with merchants from Guanli and his simultaneous reading of Chinese books such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Water Margin", Nurhaci's degree of Sinicization was deepened, and he also knew more about the internal situation of the imperial court.
The Jurchens of Jianzhou moved to Hetuala in the fifth year of orthodoxy (1440), and the imperial court built a 1700-mile eastern border wall from the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442) to block the way of Jurchen and Mongolian Wuliangha. In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), the "Change of Tumu" also captured Emperor Yingzong first, and The Jurchens also entered the Cypriot to "invade Liaodong and West". The traitors and generals of the imperial court used this as an excuse to repeatedly open gaps, go out of the blockade to hunt and kill, and even "take the cover-up and killing as a merit."
In addition, the chiefs of the Jurchen tribes died, and the imperial court no longer "gave edicts" to mourn, and the descendants paid tribute, and also greatly reduced the reward feast to show contempt. As a result, the Jurchen chieftains resented and rebelled.
In the second year of Chenghua (1466), Nurhaci's fifth ancestor Dong Shan rebelled, and the imperial court sent 50,000 troops to fight, killing Dong Shan was not counted, and his brother Chu Anfa was sent to Fujian, causing him to die in Shushou. Subsequently, they built fortresses such as Fushun, Qinghe, and Jiyang, and imposed strict intimidation on Jurchen. This is political oppression.
Economically: Although the production of The Jurchens in Jianzhou is relatively developed, as early as the time of the fierce brother Timur, cattle have been used for farming, after moving to Hetuala, it is even more wild and non-cultivating, even the mountains have planted crops, later, engaged in silver, iron, leather, wood production people gradually increased, and a large number of advanced production technology of the Han people were introduced, farming more than Han People, brocade embroidery and so on are all Han people. However, on the whole, the production level of the Jurchens was not high, and a large part of the food, clothing, and use still relied on the trade supply of the Ming Dynasty.
The Jurchens and Mongols needed Han chinese grain, seeds, salt, silk, satin, cloth, honey, wax, pots, zinc, shovels, scissors, needles, etc. The need is huge. Sometimes, the Mongols sold thousands of horses and bought three hundred carts of grain at a time; the Jurchens exchanged a thousand pieces of zinc for a single transaction!
Therefore, the three horse market trade markets opened by Yongle in the fourth year (1406) were far from enough. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, Jurchen repeatedly asked for the opening of the market, but was not allowed; Emperor Shenzong promised to open more forts such as Fushun, Qinghe, Kuandian, and Yizhou, but there were many obstacles, and the officials also passed the so-called acceptance and taxation, and greatly exploited them, and even ordered their servants to force the Jurchens to "reduce the price of the market, pay three or four out of ten", and make a fortune.
At the same time, it often does not talk about credit, and opens and closes at times, causing economic losses to Jurchens. In the 37th and 38th years of the Wanli Calendar (1609, 1610), the ginseng of the Nurhaci tribe could not be sold because the imperial court closed the horse market, and it rotted more than 100,000 catties at a time!
In addition, only the Jurchens were allowed to trade with the Ming Dynasty, and they were not allowed to do business in Korea, telling them to "ban diplomacy."
In order to weaken the power of the Jurchens, the imperial court also adopted a policy of pulling one, fighting one, and "dividing and ruling". The imperial court warlord Li Chengliang tried his best to deepen the contradiction between the Jurchens of Haixi and the Jurchens of Jianzhou. He used Wang Tai, the chief of the Jurchen Hada clan in Haixi, to bind Wang Gao, the governor of the former Jianzhou Right Guard. After killing Wang Gao, Li Chengliang tried his best to win over Wang Gao's relatives and Nurhaci's father, Ta Lost, in order to finally eliminate Wang Gao's son Atai, and cut the grass and root out the roots and break each one.
In the tenth year of the Wanli Dynasty (1582), Li Chengliang sent troops to help the lord of Tulum, Nikan Wailan, to fight Atai. Atai's wife is Nurhaci's cousin, Nurhaci's grandfather is called the field and father Tower lost can not see death and not save? The two rushed to the outside of Guping City, where Ah Tai was located, and told Nikan Wailan not to attack first, so that they could go first to persuade them to surrender. After the two of them entered the city for the second time to persuade them, Ah Tai still did not surrender, and personally supervised the defense of the city.
The Ming army reprimanded Nikan Wailan for not fighting, and Nikan Wailan declared: "Whoever kills Atai will become the lord of Guping City!" ”
Some greedy people in the city, hearing the shouts, killed Atai and surrendered to the Ming army, but unexpectedly the Ming soldiers came to a massacre, and the rebels hacked ta fu and shouting field that entered the city to persuade them to surrender and rescue their relatives.
This unjust case became the fuse for Nurhaci's rebellion.
03. Nurhaci unifies the Jurchen ministries
Nurhaci heard of the death of his father and grandfather, and he mourned and questioned the Ming Dynasty border officials. The imperial court, aware of his mistakes, gave him 30 edicts and 30 horses to apologize, and also gave him the title of General of Jianzhou Zuo Wei Du Du and Du Du Shi Jia Long Hu (Jue Zhi Zheng Er Pin ).
Nurhaci knew that he was not strong enough, so he accepted the reward while using the words "But this person (Nikan Wailan) and me, I am willing" to divert the attention of the Ming Dynasty.
In May of the eleventh year of the Wanli Calendar (1583), the 25-year-old Nurhaci finally started the army with the 13 pairs of armor left by his father. He first attacked the city of Tulum in Nikan Wailan, nikan Wailan escaped, and Nurhaci was victorious, with 100 troops and 13 armors. Subsequently, he led his troops to The City of Jiaban and Fushun, and Nikan Wailan defected to the city of Orehun.
Located northwest of tony toomi River City and directly north of Deck City, the city of Orekhun was separated by various departments, providing an excuse for Nurhaci to unify the various departments in between. Thus, a large-scale war for the unification of the Jurchens began in 1584.
History has given Nurhaci the task of unification. Nurhaci also happens to have the conditions to unify the various ministries (the state ministry has developed production and provides a strong material base) and talents.
"Those who are obedient obey with virtue, and those who are contrary to it are soldiers", Nurhaci never forgets these two hands. He made a big alliance with the lords of the various villages in an equal way, and also used the method of giving preferential treatment to prisoners and subordinates to disintegrate the enemy army and unite the interior, and at the same time, he also paid attention to the basis of bitter and bloody battles.
In June of the twelfth year of the Wanli Calendar (1584), Nurhaci attacked the city of Weng'eluo in Dong'ebu. He was shooting an arrow at the city on the roof, and there was an enemy named Orgo in the city, and an arrow came and shot through his helmet, and the flesh was so deep that the blood flowed to the foot, and he pulled out this arrow and just shot an enemy to death, but Loko shot an arrow at him again, hitting the root of his neck, pulling out the arrow, and the arrows were curled like iron hooks, and brought out two pieces of meat.
His subordinates wanted to take him out of the room, but he was afraid of the military's heart and insisted on going down, and as a result, he fainted at once. After recovering from his wounds, Nurhaci attacked the city again, captured Orgo and Loko, and his subordinates advocated killing, but he insisted: "It is a pity that such a person died in battle, why should he kill?" "Commanded to reward the officials of Niu Lu, commanding 300 people.
Nurhaci's trick has worked well in conquering people's hearts.
The Battle of Tailangang in February of the thirteenth year of the Wanli Calendar (1585) fully demonstrated Nurhaci's spirit of hard fighting and skillful fighting. Before the battle, Nurhaci led 25 armored soldiers and 50 infantry to attack the boundary village, and returned without victory. On the way back, he did not expect that Ba Muni, the chief of the Boundary Domain, and Na Shen, the lord of Maldun Village who fled from the city, led four hundred troops and chased them to the wilderness of Tailan Gang.
As soon as the formation was set, Nashin and Bamuni rushed towards him at the same time. Nurhaci rode back against Nashin, who slashed his horse whip with a single knife. But he didn't flinch, and with a single blow he slashed Nashen's arm, and Nashin fell off his horse and died.
Nurhaci shot Bamuni again before he could hold his ground. The knight asked him, "The horse is tired, what should I do?" ”
He said, "Get off your horses, pretend to carry the snow with your bows, like you are picking up arrows, and calmly cross the ridge to rest." He himself only led seven people to stand with their armor exposed, like an ambush, frightening the enemy that even Nashen's corpse did not dare to collect it, while shouting "There is an ambush, we know", while retreating, Nurhaci was able to escape safely.
Nurhaci fought one battle after another, and by the seventeenth year of the Wanli Calendar (1589), he had not only killed the enemy Nikan Wailan, but also unified the various ministries of the state, established the "state administration", and in 1589 was also called king. In the twenty-first year of the Wanli Dynasty (1593), he crushed the attack of 30,000 people of the nine allied forces of Yehe, Hada, Ula, Huifa, Horqin, Xibo, Guarjia, Zhusheli, and Nayin, and completely unified the ChangbaiShan Department.
Nurhaci spent another 20 years and used conquest and conscription to unify the various departments of Hulun other than Yehe, as well as many subordinates of the East Sea Jurchens. When the generals went out on expeditions, he always admonished that "qiu bo should not commit any crimes" and "not to separate (his) fathers and sons and brothers, and not to separate (his) relatives."
A man named Hun Dai led the crowd from Xibe to vote, and Nurhaci ordered that "future generations should not be counted as their endowments", that is, he would be exempted from taxes forever.
Mongolia, Korea, and the Ming Dynasty formed a triangular enveloping force for Nurhaci, so Nurhaci attached great importance to avoiding his own belly and back from being attacked. He decided to unite mongolia first.
In order to unite with Mongolia, he did not remember the old enemy and took the initiative to establish good relations. The Mongolian Horqin tribe once participated in the "Nine Kingdoms (Ministry) Alliance" and later helped Buzhantai (Ulabu Taiji) to attack Nurhaci, and Nurhaci took the initiative to send envoys to communicate with Manggusi, Ming'an, and Wengguodai of the Horqin department, and gave preferential treatment to those who came to the Horqin department.
In the forty-second year of the Wanli Calendar (1613), Nurhaci's son Mang Gultai married the daughter of Belemingan of the Zarut tribe. In the first year of the Apocalypse (1621), Thekha tribe Taiji Gulbush led six hundred men to attach him, nurhaci married his daughter to him, married his niece and brother Zibaili to Mangguortaiji, and married his niece to Theotai Giengeder, who had only one hundred people.
The Jurchen and Mongol tribes received a good reception and came to vote. In the first year of the Apocalypse, the followers of Guangmeng were compiled with 76 cattle records.
In the forty-third year of the Wanli Calendar (1615), Nurhaci established the Eight Flags system on the basis of his growing strength.
Originally, the production and military operations of the Jurchens were marched according to the ethnic groups and villages, and every ten people were a basic unit, and the leader was called "Niulu (Arrow) Erzhen (Lord)". After the strength grew, Nurhaci stipulated that every 300 people were one niulu, and the niulu had two "daizi" as deputy leaders. Five cattle record a "Ra-Forehead Truth". The five Jia Lamas were really organized into a "Gushan (Banner)".
In the twenty-ninth year of the Wanli Calendar (1601), there were only four flags of yellow, red, blue and white, and in the forty-third year of the Wanli Calendar, the four flags of yellow, blue, white and red were added, forming a famous eight flags in history.
The Eight Flags system is a system of integration of soldiers and farmers, which has effectively strengthened Nurhaci's power. Nurhaci was the supreme commander of the Eight Banners, and his sons and nephews were the commanders of the banners (called "Heshuo Belle" or "Gushan Belle"). Later, Baylor set up "Gushan Erzhen", that is, "Du Tong", as the highest administrator of each banner below Baylor).
In addition to the Eight Banners, each Niulu selected another 17 elite people to form a pro-army "Bayara" to strengthen the king's power.
In addition, Nurhaci also set up eight ministers and 40 judges, and stipulated his own system of five days and one dynasty.
His power is getting bigger and bigger!
This ambitious minority ruler who saw through the Ming Dynasty began to compete with the Ming Dynasty!
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