The Qing Dynasty, founded in 1616 and established in 1616 and a national power from 1644 onwards, was the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history and the second feudal dynasty in Chinese history to be established and ruled by ethnic minorities (Manchus). The Qing Dynasty lasted for twelve emperors and ruled the country for 268 years, the emperors before entering the customs were Nurhaci and Huang Taiji, and the ten emperors after entering the customs were Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Xuantong.
According to the chronological order, the following is a brief description of the main deeds and legends of the emperors' reigns.
1. Introduction of Qing Taizu Nurhaci:
Aisin Kyora Nurhaci (1559 – September 30, 1626), Jurchen chief of the Jianzhou Jurchens, the first Great Khan of the Later Jin Dynasty, and the actual founder of the Qing Dynasty. In the eleventh year of the Ming Dynasty (1583), he was appointed by the Ming court as the commander of the Left Wei Capital of Jianzhou. In the same year, with the thirteen deputies of the ancestors and fathers, they launched a war of annexation against the Jurchen departments of Jianzhou and unified the ministries of Jianzhou. In the seventeenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1589), he was made the Governor of the Capital and the General of the Dragon and Tiger. Subsequently, after more than 20 years of conquest, the Jurchens of the Songhua River Basin and the north of the Changbai Mountains were unified. With the increasing strength of the military power, in the forty-fourth year of the Wanli Calendar (1616), the "Great Jin" (Later Jin) was established in Hetuala, and he established himself as a Khan and established the Mandate of Heaven. In the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1626), he attacked Ningyuan (present-day Xingcheng, Liaoning). Yuan Chonghuan vowed to defend the isolated city. Nurhaci's persuasion was fruitless, and he could only attack the city. During the fierce battle, Nurhaci was wounded by Ming artillery fire. On the way to the evacuation of Shenyang, he died of anguish and gangrene at the age of 68.
Nurhaci
(1) What is Nurhaci's surname?
It is generally believed that Nurhaci's surname is Aixin Jueluo, but the literature records that Nurhaci has six surnames: Tong, Tong, Cui, Que, Jueluo, and AixinJueluo. This situation was mainly caused by the fact that Manchuria had no writing and did not leave original documentary records, and in addition, when the Qing Dynasty compiled the "History of Ming", the historical facts that were unfavorable to the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty royal family were deleted or tampered with, so some historical documents could not be found.
However, in the literature of the Ming Dynasty and The Joseon Dynasty, it is said that Nurhaci's surname is "Tong" or "Tong". Nurhaci, as a Ming Dynasty Jianzhou Wei official, went to the capital eight times to pay tribute to the Ming Wanli (Chongzhen) Emperor. The Ming dynasty or scholars of the Ming and Qing dynasties have recorded that Nurhaci's surname is "Tong" or "Tong".
(2) Nurhaci's battle with Yuan Chonghuan.
In the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven, in the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty (1626), Nurhaci attacked Ningyuan (present-day Xingcheng, Liaoning). Yuan Chonghuan vowed to defend the isolated city. Nurhaci's persuasion was unsuccessful, and the orders would be fought to besiege the city. Yuan Chonghuan, who had only 40,000 defenders, faced three times as many Houjin troops, relied on the cannons of Ningyuan City, and fought fiercely with the Houjin troops for several days, and finally Nurhaci was shot and died of illness during the retreat.
Fuyuan City
(3) The legend that the Manchus do not eat dog meat.
Legend has it that Nurhaci was working under Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong Province. One day, Li Chengliang and Nurhaci said that they had three red moles on their feet, so the blessing of heaven was the chief soldier, at which time Nurhaci said that he had seven moles under his feet. Li Chengliang was quite jealous when he heard this, and brewed to secretly kill Nurhaci, not thinking that Li Chengliang's concubine secretly informed, Nurhaci, who learned the truth, fled on a horse with a large yellow dog, and fled to Nurhaci on the edge of the reeds and slept due to excessive fatigue. When the Ming soldiers did not find Nurhaci, they set fire to it, and when the big yellow dog saw that Nurhaci was not awake, he went into the water by himself, wet his body and returned to Nurhaci to wet the reeds. The big yellow dog kept wetting its body and hitting the reeds around Nurhaci, and eventually Nurhaci was saved, and the big yellow dog died of exhaustion. Nurhaci vowed not to allow manchus to eat dog meat or skin from now on.
Nurhaci's contributions:
1. Unify the Jurchen tribes.
Nurhaci rose up, adopted the strategy of "the obedient obey with virtue, and the rebel with the soldier", and after more than 30 years of conscription, the great unification of the Jurchen departments was realized.
2. Unify the northeast region.
After the decline of imperial power after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it was no longer possible to exercise effective jurisdiction over the vast area of northeast China. Nurhaci and his son Emperor Taiji worked hard to unify the northeast, from the Sea of Okhotsk in the east, to Lake Baikal in the northwest, to Qinghai in the west, to the Sea of Japan in the south, and across the Outer Xing'an Mountains in the north, with an actual jurisdiction of about 5 million square kilometers, roughly equal to the actual area controlled by the Ming Dynasty.
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3. Formulate the Manchu script.
After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, fewer and fewer people were familiar with jurchen texts, and by the middle of the Ming Dynasty, they had gradually lost their heritage. After the rise of Nurhaci, the official documents between Jianzhou and Korea and the Ming Dynasty were written in Chinese by a Han chinese named Gong Zhenglu; when issuing military orders and government decrees to the Jurchens, they were written in Mongolian, which the general Jurchens could neither understand nor understand. In the twenty-seventh year of the Ming Dynasty (1599), Nurhaci ordered Baksh Erdeni and Zarguchi Gagai to spell the Manchu language in mongolian alphabet and create the Manchu (Old Manchu).
4. Create the Eight Flags System.
Nurhaci used the Jurchens' original form of hunting organization to create the Eight Flags system. When the Jurchens hunted, each of them produced an arrow, and every ten people neutralized a general leader, and the general leader called Niu Lu Erzhen (牛錄, the meaning of the big arrow; Erzhen, the meaning of the chief), and later this equivalent to the leader of the hunting group Niu Lu Erzhen became a first-level official name, and Niu Lu became the most basic organization. Tun reclamation of fields, requisitioning ding phi armor, and serving in the service of Na Fu were all based on the niulu as the unit of calculation, and Nurhaci reorganized, developed, expanded, and finalized on this basis, and created the eight flags system. Regulations: For every 300 people, there is one bull record, five cattle records are set up with one jia lama, and five jia la is set up with a gushan erzhen. Gushan is the largest unit of Manchurian hukou and military establishment, and each Gushan has a flag of a specific color, so the Chinese translation of Gushan is "flag". The original yellow, white, red and blue flags, and later added four flags, in the original flag around the border, yellow, white, blue tricolor flag with red edge, red flag with white edge. In this way, there are eight different colors of flags, called "eight flags", that is, full eight flags.