Rui Liu (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
【Editor's Note】 Due to the sudden outbreak of the new crown epidemic, the fieldwork of Chinese archaeology in 2020 has been greatly affected in terms of time and environment. However, archaeologists have actively resumed work and created job opportunities, and archaeological work throughout the year is still frequently highlighted.
In addition to the top ten archaeological discoveries in the country in 2020, what other archaeological achievements are also worth paying attention to? The Surging News and Private History column specially invited 9 scholars from the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to write a summary manuscript to sort out the major archaeological discoveries in China in the past year in a full-time and all-round way for the benefit of readers.
The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020 has had a serious impact on archaeological excavations everywhere. After the epidemic slowed down a little, archaeologists rushed to the front line, overcame many difficulties, and achieved a series of important results in excavation and research. Due to the needs of epidemic prevention and control in various places, except for the first Han Culture Forum held in Xuzhou in October, the "Handicraft Archaeology Linzi Forum" held in Linzi in November, and the "40 Years of Liyang Archaeology Academic Seminar" held in Xi'an in December, most of the originally planned academic conferences, field visits, and expert demonstrations were postponed or cancelled, or held online, which had a certain impact on academic exchanges. However, with the continuous development of online lectures and conferences, we were pleasantly surprised to find that the original small and medium-sized "niche" academic activities often attracted a very large number of friends from all walks of life to observe and care, the effect was amazing, and accumulated rich experience and popularity for future online academic activities.
capital
Liyang was the capital of Duke Xian of Qin and Duke Xiao, as well as the capital of Sima Xin the King of Sai and Liu Bang the King of Han, and the first capital of the Han Dynasty. The 2018-2020 Oak Yang excavations, while fully exposing buildings 4 to 9, also cleaned up and found building 10 on the east side of building 4 connected to building 3 to the south. Judging from the excavations, the east-west wall base on the north side of Building No. 6 has zoning significance in the ancient city of No. 3, and a series of large buildings are distributed in the south of the wall, while the north side is "sparse". Therefore, the excavations that ended in 2020 are a large-scale archaeology of the "harem" area within the Qin and Han Palaces of the Warring States. In order to welcome the 40th year of Oak Yang archaeology, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology published "Oak Yang Pottery", "Oak Yang Wadang", "Oak Yang Archaeological Discovery and Research", and completely published all the pottery texts and tiles of the Oak Yang Archaeological Institute.
Liyangcheng No.3 Ancient City Excavation Area 2018-2020 (from south to north)
Oak Yang unearthed the cloud pattern "Gong" character Wadang
Years ago, there were news reports about the discovery of Qin Dynasty remains in the course of the Wei River. Subsequently, the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute investigated the areas where antiquities were continuously found within three kilometers of the Cangzhang section of the Qinhan New City in the Xixian New Area of the Weihe River, and the relics collected were mainly high-grade building materials from the late Warring States period to the Qin Dynasty, and a large number of coins from the late Warring States period to the Tang and Song dynasties. After integrating with the archaeological survey data of the past ten years, it is judged that the upper limit of the remains in this area is no later than that of the late Warring States period, and the lower limit is to the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the era of the eastern section is slightly earlier. Therefore, the early remains here should be closely related to the Qin capital Xianyang, and its attributes have now proposed three possibilities, such as the founding of Xianyang by Xiaogong, the city in the north district of Xianyang City, and the area with some functions of Waiguo City. Judging from the archaeological situation of the Wei Bridge in the north of Han Chang'an City carried out many years ago, the time when the area became the course of the Wei River was no earlier than the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Although the remains here have certainly been seriously damaged by the diversion of the Wei River, if we only look at the high-grade building materials that are no later than the late Warring States period, the nature of this place, the author prefers the first possibility mentioned above. Of course, this is located on the WeiHe River beach, and there is a possibility that the relics will be deposited by the currents of water from elsewhere. Therefore, if the original accumulation can be obtained by carrying out archaeological excavations as soon as possible, it will be of course value to solve the problem of Qin Xiaogong moving the capital to Xianyang. (Wenbo 3)
Su Jing integrates literature and archaeological data, believes that the Qin capital city system is different from the three generations of main and auxiliary capital systems, showing the spatial state of "multiple capitals coexisting", and pointing out that qindu has the overall characteristics of "moving east along the river, choosing a neutral capital, and coexisting with many capitals", and the system level of "center-sub-level" juxtaposition. (Central China Architecture 1)
The Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has excavated the site of the No. 1 building in the North Palace in Han Chang'an City, which is located in the southeast of the North Palace, close to weiyang Palace and Changle Palace, and the building volume is large. Judging from the excavated relics, it was built in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty and continued to be used in the Xinmang period. (2019 China's Important Archaeological Discoveries)
Aerial photograph of the No. 1 building of the North Palace of Han Chang'an City
The Qin capital Xianyang and the Han capital Chang'an are located in the north and south of the Wei River. Its location, traditionally, is an important topic in the study of historical geography and paleoduscence. Zhang Jianfeng wrote in "Southern Cultural Relics", which has historically belonged to the first-class terraces of the river near the water source and no flooding, which is the best choice for the construction of the capital city and settlement. He also proceeded from the literature to conduct research on the xianyang city wall. (The Silk Road and the Civilization of the Qin and Han Dynasties) Liu Zhendong carried out a study of the Han Chang'an City and the Silk Road. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
The market in Han Chang'an City is more recorded in the literature. Qian Yanhui re-studied the market problems in Chang'an City, pointing out that "starting from the common sense that there can also be handicraft workshops distributed in the market, the handicraft workshop area north of Yongmen Avenue and west of Hengmen is designated as 'West Market', and the area east of Hengmen and west of Mingguang Palace is designated as 'East Market'." In the completed restoration map, the East Market crosses the east and west sides of Kitchen City Gate Street, and the East Market is larger than the West Market. (Journal of Archaeology 2)
Due to the superimposed pressure of Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the archaeological data of Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty has naturally been limited. The restoration of Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty can only be carried out according to the literature. Liu Tao sorted out the archaeological discovery and restoration research of Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the "Southern Cultural Relics", and screened the restoration problems of each family, believing that "the continuous emergence of archaeological data and the continuous deepening of research, scholars have more and more consensus on the restoration of the shape and layout of Luoyang City in the Eastern Han Dynasty", which is a natural happy event.
When Chen Jing studied the central axis of Beijing, she sorted out the axis of the capital city in the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties. It is believed that in the Warring States period, the axis of the capital city was opened, and the construction of the Afang Palace of the First Emperor of Qin Should have appeared "axis", and the consistency between the direction of the capital and the palace and the "axis" was the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty after Luoyang. (Chinese Cultural Heritage 6)
After dividing the building into four categories: city wall and gate, palace official office, ceremonial building and religious building, Xu Longguo outlined various architectural structures and characteristics through the analysis of representative building base sites. It is pointed out that the palace architecture of the Western Han Dynasty was built on the foundation of rammed earth platforms, and the decline of high-platform architecture was related to the progress of civil engineering technology. ("Central Plains Cultural Relics" 3) After combing through the architectural tiles excavated from the Qin capital Xianyang and the Western Han Dynasty Chang'an, Zhang Xiaoru interpreted the standard specifications and changes of the times of the tiles in various periods, which played an important role in discussing the management, architectural hierarchy and etiquette system of the Qin and Han handicrafts. (Archaeology and Antiquities 4)
Site
The site of the Blood Pool of Baoji Fengxiang QinDu Yongcheng is an important discovery of the remains of the Qin and Han state sacrifices. From 2016 to 2018, the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute and other units excavated the remains of the national "suburban shrine" with the largest scale, the most explicit nature, the longest duration and the relatively complete functional structure, which is an important breakthrough in the research of the Qin and Han sacrifice system. The 6th issue of Archaeology and Cultural Relics in 2020 focuses on the excavation and research results of the Blood Pool site in the form of an almost "package journal". The Site of Miqi excavated by the National Museum of China and other units at The Chencangxia Station in Baoji is similar to the Blood Pool and Wushan Sacrifice Sites, which continues to enrich our research on the Warring States Qin and Han sacrifice system. (China Cultural Relics News)
The Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology and Beijing Union University excavated 6 kiln sites in Chunlin Village, northwest of the Duling Tomb of emperor Xuan of Han, and unearthed "Changle Weiyang" wadang and "Long Live the Thousand Autumns" square bricks, speculating that this should be a brick kiln for firing building materials in Duling Cemetery. (Wenbo 6) Considering that this place originally belonged to the Shanglin Garden, and there are documents of Yichun Palace nearby, they may also be kiln sites that provide building materials for the Inner Palace View of Shanglin Garden.
Xu Longguo conducted a study on the coinage sites in the Chang'an area, and believed that the Xiangjia Lane site was a new site for the skilled officials to cast money after the first year of the Taichu Dynasty, the high and low forts and the Xiangjia Lane ruins were connected before and after, all of which were skilled officer workshops, and the Wotou Zhai site was the location of the Liusui Coinage Workshop. (Archaeology 10) Shi Jiepeng conducted a study of the brick text of the Ligong Palace unearthed in Zhichuan Town, Hancheng, Shaanxi. (Character Brick Research)
The Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and the Qi Cultural Development Research Center of Linzi District, Linzi City, have published an archaeological report on the smelting and casting industry in the ancient city of Qi, which will play a positive role in the research of the bronze smelting and casting industry and the iron industry and its technological development in the Eastern Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties, and will guide the further development of urban handicraft archaeology. (Archaeology of the Ancient City of Linziqi Smelting and Casting Industry)
The Department of Archaeology of the School of History of Wuhan University has published archaeological data on the Dianzihe site in Yunxian County. The Huanhao settlement found at the site during the Qin and Han dynasties is a rare small settlement in China and is of great value to the study of Qin and Han settlements. ("Yunxian Dianzihe Ruins")
The Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and the Nanyue Palace Museum in Guangzhou published the remains of the north wall of the "Nanyue Palace City". (Archaeology 9) Judging from the investigation, the wall no longer sees the remains of the South Vietnamese State to the north, and the north wall of the "South Vietnamese Palace City" is judged by the author to be the north wall of Panyu, the capital of the South Vietnamese State. The west side of the Great Buddha Temple in Guangzhou has been excavated in the South Vietnamese Sluice Gate, and no remains of the South Vietnamese State have been found to the south, according to which the north-south distance of the capital of the South Vietnamese State can be determined.
The Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Deqing County Museum published the data of two Eastern Han Dynasty dragon kilns excavated at the Shangzhu Mountain kiln site. The structure of the excavated kiln is relatively complete, the types of kiln tools are diverse, the excavated utensils have obvious transition characteristics, and there is an obvious branding of printed hard pottery, which provides an important material for the study of the structure, firing method and product characteristics of the kiln in the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially the transformation of original porcelain to mature celadon porcelain. (Southeast Culture 4)
Yang Shangyu's master's thesis at Shanxi University discussed the location of the seats of the 14 counties under the jurisdiction of Yunzhong County. The master's thesis of Commissar Sun of Zhengzhou University sorted out 59 large houses in 35 places in the Qin and Han dynasties in Guanzhong.
Yin Hongbing pointed out that after Qin Baying destroyed Ji Nancheng, another Yingcheng was built as the seat of Nan County and the rule of Gangneung County. After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Jiangling County was moved to its current site, and in the late Western Han Dynasty, Ying County was set up in Yingcheng, and Yin County was abolished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. (Journal of Yangtze University 2) Wang Hongxing and Zhu Jiangsong pointed out that after Bai Qiba built The city of Yin in Jiangling, Nan County and Gangneung County. In the early and late Western Han Dynasties, the administrative offices of Jiangling County and Nanjun Were moved to Sagayama City after the yangtze River was diverted, and Yingcheng was ruled by Yingxian County, and Yinxian County was abolished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. (Historical Geography Research 2) Wang Jiansu, Liu Jianye, Wang Panpan, and Zhu Jiangsong pointed out that Yingcheng was founded in 278 BC or the following year, which was the rule of NanJun County and Jiangling County in the early Qin to Han Wudi periods, and in the late period from Emperor Wu to emperor Yuanyan, Nan County and Jiangling County were moved to the site of Saga Mountain, Yingcheng set up Ying County, Wang Mang's Ying County was withdrawn into Jiangling, Yingcheng was where Yingting was located, and the site of the city was abandoned in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. (Jianghan Archaeology 3)
Wang Xianfu conducted a study of the "Anlu" in the "Chronicle" of Qin Jian, the Sleeping Tiger of Yunmeng, and judged that the Qin "Anlu" was the site of the present-day Yunmeng Chu King's City. (Archaeology of Jianghan 3) Wang Xianfu and Yao Lian believe that the deng county seat (i.e., Deng Cheng) should be located in the northwest of present-day Fancheng, Xiangyang. (Journal of Hubei University of Arts and Sciences 7) Ma Menglong's "History of Literature" published an article pointing out that the Qin and Han Circular Waters are now the Wuding River, not the Guye River. After re-demarcating the boundaries of Shangjun and Xihe Counties and revising the text of the Water Commentary, it was judged that Fu Shi was in Yulin Huolian Haize Ancient City, and Gaowang County was in Yulin Ancient City Beach Ancient City.
After the excavation of the tomb of Marquis Haidu, the location of Haidian County became a hot spot. Zhao Ming studied through li's "Notes on the Water Classics" and judged that the watersheds were all where the sea dusk was located, and the center was in the middle of the water, and the town of Wanbu in present-day Anyi County was or ruled by Haixia County. ("Local Cultural Studies" 3) Wen Leping believes that Haidian originates from the Yue dialect "obscure", the water is "Haidian River", and Hanhai County is about 10533.6 square kilometers. (Studies in Chinese History 4)
Zhengguo Canal, BaiQu and Liufu Canal were important water conservancy projects in the Qin and Han dynasties. Fu Jian and Zhao Weina pointed out that Shaanxi Liquan, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Gaoling and other counties and districts are important irrigation areas for the Zhengbai Canal and the Liufu Canal. It is proposed that "the route of the Zhengbai Canal from the head of the canal to the east is basically the same, and the irrigation area is also roughly the same", "The six auxiliary canals are not necessarily the water source of the Jing River, but the water source of the tributaries of the Jing River". (Agricultural Archaeology 3)
As settlement sites continue to be discovered, it becomes possible to explore road traffic from a settlement perspective. Cheng Jiafen set out from the settlement at the southern edge of Hedong County and found that there was an east-west passage on the north bank of the Yellow River south of the Zhongtiao Mountains, and through this north bank passage, the two crossings of the Yellow River could realize the connection between Chang'an and Luoyang. (Journal of Henan University of Science and Technology 1) Chen Bin discussed the theory of the change of two traffic routes in the upper reaches of the Hanxiang River from the perspective of city sites and tomb archaeology. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Imperial Tombs
Liang Yun and Wang Tianfeng pointed out that the distribution pattern of the "South Six North Five" of the two major mega domains of the Eastern Han Emperor's Mausoleum in the south and north is mainly derived from the emperor's personal hobbies or choices, and basically follows the principles of "near ancestral examination" and "peers do not share the trillion domain". (Cultural Relics of the Central Plains 2) Li Jipeng emphasized the important role of the personal will of adult emperors in the choice of mausoleum sites, while the funeral of young emperors was mostly "expedient". Under the combined effect of the two situations, the distribution of the tombs of the Eastern Han Emperor became irregular, forming a complex situation in which the original mausoleum of the "ancestral tomb" Guangwu Emperor was centered to the west, and the rest of the mausoleums were surrounded by burial on its south, east and north sides. (Journal of the National Museum of China, 5)
Wu Yuna and Xu Zheng pointed out that the que that appeared in the tombs of kings in eastern Zhou countries laid the foundation for the formation and development of the position relationship between the emperors and the gates after them, and since the appearance of the gates in the mausoleums, the relationship between the two has been changing. The emergence of the Western Han Que-shaped gate is a new stage in the relationship between the gate and the gate, and the two become a complete building rather than two connected buildings. (Journal of Beijing University of Architecture and Architecture, 1)
Sun Feng, Wu Menglei, Sun Manli and Zhao Xichen pointed out that the black component of the Hanjing Emperor Yang Lingmen Que is copper oxide, which is caused by the overheated oxidation of the original copper-containing blue-green pigments, which provides a new angle for the subsequent identification of painted cultural relics pigments. (Cultural Relics Conservation and Archaeological Sciences 5)
Tombs of princes and tombs of the princes
The discovery and research of the tombs of the princes in 2020 basically focused on Xuzhou.
After long-term excavations, Xuzhou Tushan No. 2 Tomb was basically completed in 2020, clarifying the construction process, building structure and construction methods of the tombs of the early princes of the Eastern Han Dynasty, confirming the form of the joint burial of the princes and queens of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the large number of Western Han sealed mud found in the tomb sealing soil is a number of very important written materials. The tomb age is in the early and middle period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the tomb owner is most likely to be Liu Ying. (China Cultural Relics News)
The study of the Chu King's Mausoleum in Xuzhou Lion Mountain is constantly deepening. Previously, because the burial tomb in the tomb was excavated, the copper seal of the "Food Official Supervisor Seal" could be excavated, so the excavators judged that the owner of the tomb should be the Food Official Supervisor. Zhou Bo, Liu Cong, and Zhou Li pointed out that the number and combination of burial items such as copper dings, copper seals, jade pillows, jade bi, jade huang, iron swords, and wordless jade seals unearthed from the tomb did not match the "food official supervisor". Therefore, after noticing the jade seal in the tomb, it was proposed that the jade seal represented the highest status of the tomb owner before he died. (Sichuan Cultural Relics 3)
Liu Zhaojian pointed out that the double-tube jade pipe excavated from the Chu King's Mausoleum in Lion Mountain should be a brush pen sleeve by comparing it with the brush and pen sleeve excavated by archaeology, combined with the analysis of size and shape. (Journal of the National Museum of China 1) Li Hong and Li Chunlei judged from the study of coins that the owner of the tomb of the Chu King of Beidong mountain was Liu Jiao, the Yuan King, and the owner of the Tomb of the Chu King of Lion Mountain was Liu Yingke, the King of Chu. (Huaihai Wenbo 2)
Wu Gongqin pointed out that the 29 pieces of jade bi buried in the tomb of king Chu of Lion Mountain reflect the funerary concept of seeing death as life and feathering shengxian. Zhou Qian explored the Han bathing culture and bathing procedures based on the study of bathing utensils for the Chu King's Mausoleum in Lion Mountain. Xing Yifan and Zhou Bo excavated official seals from the tombs of the Kings of Han and Chu, and deduced that the official seals of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Xuzhou and even the whole country should be mainly chiseled. (Huaihai Wenbo 2) Jia Fei analyzed the foreign culture in the gold ornaments excavated from the Hanchu King's Mausoleum; Liu Cong and Zhou Bo studied the lateral flowing copper flat pot in the Chu King's Mausoleum in Lion Mountain. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Li Yinde pointed out that the jade shell belt found should be a practical vessel, and the material and motif decoration had been completed by the grassland style in the early wudi period, and its users were the princes, the marquises, and the Liu clan. (Journal of Henan Museum 2) Zhao Dan pointed out that according to the difference in the level of tomb owners in the two Han Dynasties, the chema ming ware was not the same in terms of combination form, quantity, and scale. (Archaeology and Antiquities 2)
Qiao Jun pointed out that the bronze ceremonial instruments represented by bells in the early Western Han Dynasty were still in use, and from the middle period onwards, they tended to degenerate to modeling and Ming instrumentation, and almost died out in the middle and late period. At the same time, the number of silk and bamboo musical instruments has increased significantly. The early music suspension system of the Western Han Dynasty was strict and clear, and the chimes were basically a combination of the button bells 14 + the button bells 5, which constituted the bell chimes and chimes, and the chimes were basically the same, one bell and two tones, all of which used wedge-shaped sound beams, and the music suspension represented by the middle and late bells almost disappeared. Overall, the Western Han music suspension system focuses on the form of the ceremony, rather than on the musical performance of the instrument. (Music Art 1)
The tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haidian, is the most striking Han tomb in many years. After years of collation, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Jiangxi Province published the archaeological information of the main coffin laboratory of the tomb of Liu He of the Marquis of Haixia, which fully reflects the technical advantages of the laboratory's controllable archaeological environment, controllable rhythm, controllable time and instruments and equipment, and has a yardstick and sample value worth promoting for the development of archaeological cleaning technology. (Cultural Relics 6)
Yuanling Huxishan No. 1 Han Tomb is the second unhigheted tomb of Liehou in Hunan after the Mawangdui Han Tomb. The tomb is a rectangular vertical pit tomb, and nearly 500 pieces of lacquered wood, pottery, bronze mirrors, jade seals, jade bi, etc. have been excavated, and nearly a thousand bamboo sticks have been excavated. According to excavated seals and Jian Mu and other information, the owner of the tomb is Wu Yang, the Marquis of Yuanling. (Yuanling Huxishan No. 1 Han Tomb)
The Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology excavated two large-scale A-shaped sand tombs in Weiqu Beiliwang Village, Chang'an District, according to excavated relics, the tomb era is in the late Western Han Dynasty. Combined with the ink book "Yichun Hou" on the bricks excavated from M1, the excavators judged that the owner of the tomb was the Yichun Marquis of the Wang clan (王咸 or 王章) recorded in the literature.
Tomb of King Han of Beili
In addition, the Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology also excavated 23 small tombs and 4 large and medium-sized tombs in the west of Lijia Village, Dizhai Street, Baqiao District. Among them, large and medium-sized tombs sit facing west and east, and are in pairs. M1 unearthed "Lujiang DiYin" "囗郤家丞" sealing mud, M3 unearthed "Wei Shi" Tao Wen, "Dong Yi Yan" "Chen Yi Yan" double-sided seal, excavators pointed out that the era of large and medium-sized tombs are the early Western Han Dynasty, for the Han Ba Mausoleum funerary tomb, from the sealing mud point of view, the identity of the tomb owner is not lower than the ranks. (2019 China's Important Archaeological Discoveries)
The Han tomb in Lijia Village was excavated from the Lujiang Mansion seal mud
Copper hammers were unearthed from the Han tombs in Lijia Village
The study of the tomb of Liehou continued to focus on the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia. Zhu Fenghan introduced jian mu of the tomb of marquis Hai Di, and Yang Bo introduced Fang Zhongjian, Tian Tian to etiquette Jane, and Chen Kanli to the Analects of "Zeng Xuan Yanzhi" Jane. (Cultural Relics 6) Li Jiansheng and Zhou Lianyu pointed out that from the excavation of Liu He's tomb, cordyceps has been eaten for at least 2,000 years, and the powerful classes such as the Han royal family, princes, princes and hao are the main consumer groups of cordyceps. (Journal of Qinghai Normal University 5) Huang Kejia and Wang Chuning studied the two sides of lacquer excavated from Liu He's tomb. (Decoration 10) Management pointed out that animal glue may have been added to the pine smoke ink excavated from the Haixiahou Tomb to improve the hardness and strength of the ink, but the ink volume is still small. (Cultural Relics World 10)
In addition to the tomb of Marquis Haidi, Liu Zunzhi pointed out that the owner of the M2 excavated in Pingdu Jieshan Mountain, Shandong Province, should be a certain generation of Pingdu Marquis in the late stage of the Western Han Dynasty, and M1 was the wife of the Marquis. M3 may be the son of the owner of the M1 and M2 tombs. ("Southern Cultural Relics" 2) He also wrote that the Han tomb of Zhuangzi zhuangzi in Nanpi Lu, Hebei should be a marquis-level tomb, and the owner of the tomb is a certain marquis of the Marquis of Han Linle and his wife, possibly Liu Wannian and his wife in the late Western Han Dynasty. (Central Plains Cultural Relics 2)
Small and medium-sized tombs
(1) Qin Tomb
The Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute has announced two joint burial vertical cave soil tombs in Liu Village, Qinhan New Town, Xixian New District. The tomb excavated bronze ware has "nineteen years", "twenty-six years", "gong" and other inscriptions, the era is the late Warring States period, the tomb owner is the highest level of the Qin nobles. (Archaeology and Cultural Relics 4) M41 of Yancun, Dizhangzhen, Weicheng District, Xianyang, is a new discovery of Qindi wine from the late Warring States period to the early Qin Dynasty, and the detection of excavated copper pots shows that its mouth is covered with hemp fabrics, bundled with plant fibers, and the grain wine remains inside. (Central Plains Cultural Relics 1)
The three Qin tombs excavated by the Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in the old town of Peilingnan in Huaichuan are new materials for the study of Qin-Chu culture in Danjiang area. (Central Plains Cultural Relics 4)
After dividing the Qin tombs in Henan into four stages, Zhao Dan compared the Qin tombs in Guanzhong, Hunan, Hubei and Shanxi from the perspective of the shape system of The Qin tombs in each stage, the burial utensils, and the cultural factors, and discussed the influence of Qin culture on the Han tombs in Henan. (Huaxia Archaeology 2)
Han Shuo took the Renjiazui Cemetery in Xianyang as an example, through the division of the qin tomb hierarchy in the Weishui River Basin, statistics showed that the burial style of the people of all levels was used, and believed that the Qin people had a distinct level of flexion burial style, large tombs did not need to be flexed limb burial, and the lower the rank in small and medium-sized tombs, the higher the degree of curling of the tomb owner. (Journal of Xianyang Normal University 3)
From the perspective of clothing differences, Cao Long studied 189 pottery figurines excavated from 26 tombs excavated from Dongying Village to the south side of Mijiaya in GaolingJingwei Street, Xi'an, and pointed out that they were simple to make, more kneaded, and the details were carved and painted and then simply baked or dried. Its discovery made up for the gap of the Eastern Zhou Qin figurines and had certain value for the study of the Terracotta Warriors of Qin Shi Huang. (Archaeology and Antiquities 5)
Xiao Jianyi and Qiao Meimei analyzed the shoveled heel milky bag foot mane excavated from the Qin Tomb in Xi'er Village in the western suburbs of Xianyang and the single-eared jar excavated from the Qin Tomb in Yinwang Village, and pointed out that although the Rong people had a lower status after entering Guanzhong, their cultural characteristics were retained. (Qin-Han Studies, 2020)
Xu Lin's master's thesis of the Central University for Nationalities analyzed the placement of 307 Xinfeng Qin tombs with burial items, and believed that the Qin people like thick burials and the popular thin burial of small and medium-sized tombs is the result of the influence of Yi culture, and the change of pottery types is influenced by the Three Jins.
Wang Yishu, Ling Xue and others, after testing the purple eight prism excavated from the Qin Tomb of the Zhou Linghe Family and the Warring States, believed that its main ingredient was Chinese purple (copper barium silicate), which was speculated to have been fired two or three times. Its shape should be greatly influenced by the local Taoist culture in China, and is mainly used for mouth or trick plugs. (Cultural Relics Conservation and Archaeological Sciences 3)
Sun Feng, Xu Huipan, and Yu Chun analyzed the eight prisms from the warring states to the Han Dynasty tombs in Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and other places, and also believed that their main use was burial utensils, and a small number of ornaments. It is pointed out that it first appeared in the Henan region during the Warring States period and was popular in the north from the late Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty. (Sichuan Cultural Relics 6)
(2) Han Tombs
The Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute has published five Han tombs from the late Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty in Huaxu Town, Lantian, which provides new information for the study of the burial customs of civilians in the southeast suburbs of Chang'an during this period. (Wenbo 4) Xishiyang Village, Xixian New District, Xi'an excavated 65 tombs of the middle and late Western Han Dynasty and 2 pottery kilns, and a batch of "celadon porcelain" with the same type of utensils seen in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces was unearthed. (Wenbo 6) The Eastern Han Tomb M7 excavated in The Rock Village of Dizhang Town, Xi'an Airport New Town, was studied in depth by Zhao Zhanrui. ("Wenbo" 4) The School of Cultural Heritage of Northwest University and the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute announced the information of 1 Eastern Han Tomb cleaned up by the construction of northwest university Chang'an Campus. (Wenbo 1)
The Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Xuchang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Management announced the data of 8 Han tombs in Changge Fulang. ("Yellow River, Loess, Yellow People"6) The Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Zhumadian Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology published the ancient data of 192 Warring States Qin and Han tombs in Machuan Cemetery, which provides important information for observing the development of local culture from the late Warring States period to the Qin and Han dynasties. ("The Tomb of the Warring States of Qin and Han in the Machuan Cemetery")
The burial of M12 in the Hujia Grassland in the northeast of Ji'nancheng, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, was no earlier than the first year of the Han Dynasty (163 BC), and the owner of the tomb was a "Shi" type official. The excavation of Jian Mu from the tomb is rich in content, which is a very important excavation of Jian Mu in recent years, and Li Zhifang and Jiang Lujing comprehensively introduced the discovery of Jian Mu. (Archaeology 2)
Wuhan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Huangpi District Cultural Relics Management Institute, and Panlongcheng Ruins Museum published han tomb data in Longquan Courtyard, Huangpi District, Wuhan. The tomb is similar to the tombs of the same period in Huanggang, Puchun and other places, but the burial items such as pottery livestock models and imitation lacquer painted pottery more reflect the cultural factors of the Central Plains. (Wenbo 4)
The School of History of Wuhan University and the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Anhui Province announced that the mid-Warring States period of the site of Malou Nanchengzi in Hugou Town, Guzhen County, Anhui Province, continued to 7 tombs in the early Western Han Dynasty. The chronological sequence of these tombs is complete, filling the gap in the discovery of this period in northern Anhui, which is of great value. (Jianghan Archaeology 1) The Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Anhui Province and the School of Archaeology of Jilin University released the M30 data of the early tombs of the Western Han Dynasty in the Lu'an Economic Development Zone. (Southeast Culture 2)
The Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Jungar Banner Cultural Center announced the M1 information of qianping Society in Nalin Village, Shayuan Town, Jungar Banner. The tomb is larger, with charcoal and stone, and the excavated pottery stove is different from other places. (Grassland Artifacts 2)
Jiayuguan Silk Road (Great Wall) Cultural Research Institute announced the information of 8 Han and Wei tombs in Jiayuguan Yuquan Town. (Archaeology and Cultural Relics 2) Zhao Dan of the Yinchuan Municipal Cultural Relics Administration Office published the information on the Han tombs in Hengcheng, Yinchuan Binhe New Area. (Cultural Relics Appraisal and Appreciation 5)
The Nanjing Museum and the Liyang Museum have published excavations of Han tombs in Jiang Zhengli, Shangxing Town, Liyang, and excavators speculate that it should be a high-status family cemetery in Liyang in the Han Dynasty. (Southeast Culture 2) Nanjing Museum and Yangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology announced 10 Han tombs excavated by the construction of the fifth phase of Jiajia Garden Resettlement Housing. ("Southeast Culture" 4) The School of Art of Southeast University and the Jiangning District Museum published the M1 archaeological data of the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty in Jiangning Lake, Nanjing, and the "Duxiang" semi-pass seal excavated from the tomb is very important. (Southeast Culture 6) Xuzhou Museum published information on the four Han and Wei tombs of Jiawang and Tongshan in Xuzhou. (Huaihai Wenbo 2)
The Nanjing Museum, the Yangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and the Yizheng City Museum excavated 57 Western Han tombs and 24 sacrificial pits in Lianying Village, Liuji Town, Yizheng, Yangzhou. Judging from the excavations, the excavated cemeteries include a number of family cemeteries, and the longest family cemetery has lasted for eight generations, which is a very rare Western Han family cemetery material, which is of great value to the Han funeral system and the chronicle of Western Han artifacts in the south. (2019 China's Important Archaeological Discoveries)
Artifacts excavated from the Yangzhou Joint Venture Han Tomb M12
Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Pujiang County Cultural Relics Management published a portrait brick tomb of the late Eastern Han Dynasty in Jiulian Village, Heshan Town, Pujiang. The tomb shape and portrait configuration of this tomb are similar to those of zhaojue temple portrait brick tomb, which is a new data for the study of society and funerary customs in the Han Dynasty in Sichuan. (Archaeology and Antiquities 1)
Chongqing Cultural Heritage Research Institute and Chongqing Jiangjin District Cultural Relics Management Institute announced the data of 2 cliff tombs in Baiping Village, Shimen Town, Jiangjin, Chongqing. The complete portrait sarcophagus and the information on its tomb and burial utensils obtained by it are of great value to the study of the zoning of Han portrait sarcophagus. (Cultural Relics 1) The Chongqing Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage and the School of History of Chinese Min University announced the M1 data of cultural relics excavated in the fading area of the Chongqing Reservoir Area of the Three Gorges Project. (Archaeology 9) Chongqing Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage and Yunyang County Museum published the data of 7 Han tombs in the Da Tai Zi Tomb Group of Fuxing Community, Qinglong Street, Yunyang, and the complete cylindrical drainage pipe excavated from the tomb is an important data for the research of the drainage system of local Han tombs. (Sichuan Cultural Relics 1)
The Ningbo Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the Department of History of Xiamen University, and the Ningbo Fenghua District Cultural Relics Protection and Management Institute have compiled and published the relevant materials of the excavation of 35 Han Dynasty tombs by Fenghua Baidu. (Southern Cultural Relics 1)
The Han Dynasty is an important period for the development of ancient tombs in China, and the study of Han tombs is still an important part of the archaeology of the Qin and Han Dynasties in 2020.
Liu Zunzhi pointed out that with the sealing surface as the boundary, the Han tomb forms a two-dimensional space inside and outside, and a three-dimensional world of underground, outside the tomb, and reality, (Nankai Journal 1) He also sorted out the han dynasty tomb materials. Liu Zunzhi pointed out that the six tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty cemetery in Funing, Hebei Province, are a planned family cemetery. (Cultural Relics Spring and Autumn 3)
Wang Zijin analyzed the "shouzuka" system during the two Han Dynasties, and pointed out that although it could prevent the crime of tomb robbery by individuals and small groups of people, and could not prevent large-scale excavations by military and political power groups, the significance of objectively beneficial to preserving the heritage of ancient civilization should be affirmed. (Nandu Academic Journal 3) He also paid attention to the construction of the "mountain forest" of the Qin and Han tombs, pointing out that the relevant institutional etiquette and customs were inherited by future generations for a long time. (Journal of Baoji College of Arts and Sciences 3)
Zhao Dan sorted out the joint burial tombs of the Han Dynasty in Shandong, and pointed out that the choice of tomb forms in Shandong joint burial tombs has both commonalities and regional characteristics under the influence of the same subject of Han culture. (Journal of the National Museum of China 3)
Yang Aiguo pointed out that the Eastern Han people have a clearer understanding of the function of tombs. It is believed that the tomb is first of all a place where the dead are placed, not only to hold the corpse, but also to "send the elephant to his death", and to sacrifice from time to time, because the deceased serves the living, serves the family, and benefits the descendants. (Southern Cultural Relics 2) Liu Zhendong also discussed the nature of ancient tombs using Han tombs as an example. (Archaeology and Antiquities 4)
For a long time, the hierarchical research of Guanzhong and Eastern Han tombs has been relatively weak. Li Yunhe sorted out various factors related to rank, and from the tomb shape system, summarized the differences between small tombs and medium-sized tombs in terms of burial complexity, burial chamber size, and construction methods, and pointed out that medium-sized tombs should be used by senior officials or local magnates. (Archaeology and Antiquities 2)
Wei Zhen discussed the issue of the establishment of the tomb in the Han tomb, pointing out that the burial in the tomb was a one-time memorial that belonged to the funeral, which was different from the cemetery sacrifice after the funeral activity. Although the establishment of a memorial in the tomb is an important factor in the structural change of the Han tomb, the change of the Han tomb space may take into account more the factors of residential land and the influence of joint burial customs. (Archaeology 11)
The research on the structure of the tomb has been continuous. Zhang Qianglu restored the M511 tomb of Fufuling in Zengcheng city to a vertical pit with a gentle slope tomb with a box-type flat-roofed wooden tomb. (Journal of Literature and Erudition 1) Suo Dehao pointed out that the double-layered structure of the Han Dynasty double-layer wooden tomb originated from the Lingnan Yueren coffin tomb, which in turn affected the later Lingnan brick chamber tomb. The route into Shudi may be through Yelang Road - Shu Dao, and then into the Chengdu area. (Southeast Culture 4) Xie Anqi and Dang Feng classified the brick domes of Han tombs and analyzed the process of their technical dissemination. (Southern Artifacts 5)
Chen Haowen studied the tomb beasts of Tuzhi Town in the Xiajiang and Xiangyang areas of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and pointed out that their and Nanyang portrait stones inherit some factors of the Tradition of Worship of The Bachu Ghost God, and their appearance in the large and medium-sized tombs in Xiangyang, Nanyang, reflects the closer interaction between the Xia River and the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Central Plains. ("Central Plains Cultural Relics" 1) Zhao Dan pointed out that the form and objects placed on the coffins of Han tombs are, on the one hand, the inheritance of previous burial customs, on the other hand, the changes of the times and the richness of the content. (Southern Cultural Relics 2) Wang Keshe, through the interpretation of the seal excavated from the Wuwei Leitai Han Tomb, pointed out that his tomb owner died in Zhang Rail, in the second year (314) of the Western Jin Dynasty Emperor Jianxing, not a Han tomb. (Wenbo 2) Chen Shuangyi pointed out that the tomb shape system in the Chang'an area of the early Han Dynasty had a strong characteristic of the integration of Qin and Chu cultures. (Comparative Study of Cultural Innovation 4)
The topics of the master's thesis of Qin and Han archaeology in various universities are still more concentrated on the study of Han tombs, of which there are obviously more regional Han tomb zoning studies. Chen Shuangyi of Shanxi University conducted research on small and medium-sized tombs in the Jiangdong area from the end of the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period, Zhang Lixiu of Hebei University conducted a study on the tombs of the Han Zhongshan State, Wu Kunying of Zhengzhou University carried out a study of Han tombs in the Sulu-Yu-Anhui junction area, Yang Huan of Nanjing University carried out a study of Han tombs in the Ningzhen area, and Wang Wanwan of Zhengzhou University carried out a study of Han tombs in Zhengzhou.
Of course, there are also many papers aimed at relics excavated from Han tombs. For example, Shanxi University Kou Yingxuan carried out a study on the location of small and medium-sized Han tombs in Guangzhou, Lu Yuting of Shanxi University carried out a study on the pottery stove excavated from small and medium-sized Han tombs in Xi'an, Lu Wenyu of Northwest Normal University carried out a study on the ring first knife in the Han and Tang Dynasties, Sun Weiqi of Nanjing University conducted a study on the public seal of the two Han dynasties, Jin Yexin of the Central Academy of Fine Arts carried out a study on the excavation of the wrong silver and copper bull lamps from the Eastern Han Tomb in Hanjiang Ganquan, Jiangsu Province, and Li Tingting of Northwest Normal University studied the Han and Tang character figurines unearthed in the Ganxin area. Wu Haiwen of Shandong University conducted a study on the excavation of jade bi from Han tombs in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Editor-in-Charge: Zhong Yuan
Proofreader: Yan Zhang