Rui Liu (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
【Editor's Note】 Due to the sudden outbreak of the new crown epidemic, the fieldwork of Chinese archaeology in 2020 has been greatly affected in terms of time and environment. However, archaeologists have actively resumed work and created job opportunities, and archaeological work throughout the year is still frequently highlighted.
In addition to the top ten archaeological discoveries in the country in 2020, what other archaeological achievements are also worth paying attention to? The Surging News and Private History column specially invited 9 scholars from the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to write a summary manuscript to sort out the major archaeological discoveries in China in the past year in a full-time and all-round way for the benefit of readers.
Surrounding area
(1) Northeast China
Liu Xiangdong pointed out in the "Regional Culture Research" that the counties of Handong Eastern And eastern counties are arranged in "one horizontal and two vertical". From Wuxian County in the west to Fanhan County in the southeast, a horizontal line extending eastward through the Liaohe Plain connects the Liaohe Plain and the Korean Peninsula; from Gaoxian County in the north to the county in the southwest corner, a long longitudinal line located at the junction of the Liaohe Plain and the Liaodong Mountains runs through the north and south, connecting the northern border of Liaodong and the Liaodong Peninsula; a short longitudinal line along the Liaohe River, connecting the five subordinate counties of Wangping and Fangxian, which are staggered from north to south on the east and west banks of the Liaohe River, and connecting the Liaodong in western Liaoning. It has become a pivotal town on the east-west traffic line in the Liaodong region. Through the extension and branching of the third line, Liaodong maintained close political, military, economic and cultural ties with North China, the Shandong Peninsula and the Counties of Xuanyu and Lelang.
(2) Northwest
Shicheng sub-city site north through Qitai, Jimsar and other oases, south through the East Tianshan Mountains to the Turpan Basin, is an important channel connecting the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. In 2014, as one of the survey and excavation projects of the Western Regions Capital Protector Site, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted a comprehensive survey, exploration and test excavation of the Shichengzi site and its surroundings, and then carried out excavations for many years. In 2020, the excavation data of the city gate of the Shichengzi site was published, which is well preserved, clearly laid out and structured, and is a large gulla single-door cave structure supported by rammed earth walls and row of fork columns. Excavators point out that the site of Shicheng Sub-City is dated to the time of the Two Han Dynasties. (Archaeology 12)
Ruins of Shichengzi in Qitai, Xinjiang
Gao Chongwen discussed the cultural integration of the Han and Hungarian nationalities, Zhang Ling sorted out the Hanguan in the Hexi Corridor, Wang Zijin analyzed the historical materials and archaeological data of the Han Dynasty children in Hexi from the perspective of the history of the Silk Road, Yang Yishi, Chen Guoke, Liu Bingbing, and Kang Yuxiao staged the pottery of the Han Dynasty tombs in the Heishui State, and Wang Yong'an explored the paintings and burial customs of the Yongchang Shuiquanzi Han Tomb. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Wang Jianxin and Wang Qian published an article in the "Study of the Western Regions", discussing the objectives, routes, processes, and results of the two expeditions of the Xiongnu by the Han Wu Emperor Yuan Hunting in the second year of the Hun Dynasty, combined with the excavated documents, environmental data and archaeological data, pointing out that the present Qilian Mountains are not Han Qilian Mountains, Han Qilian Mountains should be the Eastern Tianshan Mountains, and the Hometown of the Yue Clan should be in the area centered on the Eastern Tianshan Mountains. Pan Ling and Zhang Zhenteng also studied the remains of the Moon Branch. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
In the Dunhuang Study, Jia Xiaojun sorted out the postings described in the Hanging Spring Mileage Jane II.90DXT0214(1): 130A, pointing out that the Western Han Dynasty Lezhuo County was ruled at the site of Minghai City in Minghua Township, Sunan Province, Suimi County was in the ancient city of The Imperial City in Xiahe Qingxiang, Yumen County was east of the low nest shop in the present-day Chijin Oasis, northwest of Chijin Town, and Shatou County was in the area of Zhongqu Village (or the ancient city of Zhongqu Village) in present-day Yumen Town. The existing "Ancient City of Yuanquan County" or the county seat of Han Qianqi, Yuanquan is a county of Dunhuang County in the Western Han Dynasty, and its ancient city is not in Sandaogou Town, when another exploration. Wang Lei published an article in "Dunhuang Studies", pointing out that the shoulder water Jinguan Guancheng is the office of Guan Shifu and Guan Zuo, and the office locations such as shoulder water weather, eastern waiting chief, and Qibei Pavilion chief should be distributed in room F6-9 of the north wall of the Jinguan site;
Guo Wu conducted research on the dragon-shaped Rui beast pattern gold belt buckles and related jade, silver and other materials found in Xinjiang Yanqi Heiyuan, Lelang Shiyanli and Liaoning Dalian Yingchengzi, and pointed out that these high-grade buckles were given to frontier chiefs after the production of the Central Han Dynasty, and also gave them to high-ranking nobles and officials within the ruling class of the Han and Jin Dynasties, and led the Later Central Plains Dynasty to abandon the tradition of "belt hooks" and use sub-waist horseshoe-shaped and square "belt buckles" that were integrated with the grassland tradition and the Central Plains tradition. (Journal of the Palace Museum 7) After Zhang Cuimin, Tan Panpan, and Wang Zhiyuan studied the dragon pattern gold belt buckle of the Yingcheng Zihan Tomb, they also pointed out that it was a reward or gift after the production of the official workshop of the Central Han Dynasty. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
(3) Southwest
Focusing on the bronzes found in archaeology, Yang Yong pointed out that the bronzes excavated in the Southwest Yi region and Southeast Asia are related to each other and have influences on each other from the perspective of bronze technology and bronze art, reflecting the close connection between Southwest Yi and Southeast Asia. (Journal of Archaeology 3) Li Peicong's analysis of the Yunnan Yiliang Shamaoshan Dian Culture Cemetery shows that the ethnic groups represented by the cemetery have not formed a significant social stratification, and the vast majority of their secondary bone collection burials are not found in other typical Dian culture cemeteries. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Yan Quanji and Yang Junchang pointed out that the discovery of lacquerware and lacquer traces in the Yelang area indicates that lacquerware was used in the Yelang area in the late Warring States period at the latest, and lacquerware was widely used in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because its source is influenced by the surrounding culture and the Central Plains culture, it appeared later in Sichuan and Yunnan. (Journal of Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities 5)
Zhang Zixuan's master's thesis of Tianjin Normal University carried out a study on the belt hook in the Ba ethnic region during the Warring States and Qin and Han dynasties, and Zhang Hengrui of Northwest Normal University carried out a study on the gold and silver ware excavated in the Southwest Han Dynasty.
(4) South
Wei Weiyan introduced the 8 pieces of Kikupo ruins "Banzai" Wadang collected by the Hai Duong Provincial Museum in Vietnam, pointed out that their dates from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, and judged that the Kikupo ruins were a county administration office under the jurisdiction of Jiaotong County. Judging from the discovery of the "long live" Wadang in the southern region of the country, the level of the Kikupo site may not be more than that of the county. (Cultural Relics Spring and Autumn 2)
Through the aspects of matter and image, raw materials and technology, ideas and beliefs, Hu Jialin discussed the overall appearance of cultural exchanges in the South China Sea between the Qin and Han Dynasties, and pointed out that the "pottery lamp models" unearthed in Hepu and other places, which were previously believed to be related to the introduction of Buddhism, may actually be related to Zoroastrianism. (Studies in the History of Haijiao, 2) Zhou Renqin and Liao Guoyi judged that Hepu was the first region to accept Buddhist culture. (Journal of Beibu Gulf University 1)
Yang Hailan pointed out that the appearance of the Han Dynasty turtle button amber seal was influenced by the Han Dynasty Maritime Silk Road. (Beauty and The Times 9) Liu Jinnuo pointed out that amber, as an extremely precious commodity on the Silk Road, was used as a decoration during the Warring States to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it gradually began to be used for trauma treatment in the middle of the Three Kingdoms, and by the Tang and Song dynasties, there were more applications for the medicinal efficacy of amber. (Research on the Social History of Medical Treatment 1) Kong Yilong studied the musical culture spread through the Silk Road in Hepu and other places. (Art Quest 1)
Han Dynasty turtle button amber print
Shi Mingli believes that most of the silver utensils produced in the high-grade tombs from the late Warring States period to the early Western Han Dynasty should come from the same or closely related production or use centers, pointing out that the use of silver utensils is not an ancient Chinese tradition, but may have been transmitted to the East through the nomadic people who flowed in the Eurasian steppe, and flowed to various places through the imitation and use of Qin. (Southeast Culture 6) Su Sa analyzed the development of Ouluo society and even the national frontier area from nature worship to monarchy worship through the wuzhou museum's collection of bronze lanterns of the Eastern Han Dynasty. (Cultural Relics Appraisal and Appreciation 8)
Social
(1) Architecture
Dong Xueying divided the Han Dynasty family security defense measures and means into three categories, outlining the basic appearance of han dynasty family security defense. (Southern Cultural Relics 2) Wang Can and Ling Feng interpreted the courtyard architecture embodied in the courtyard architecture of Xuzhou Qingshan Spring Baiji Han Tomb as the object. ("Urban Architecture" 11) He Zhiguo and Wang Ye conducted a comprehensive study of the single-storey buildings and five-linked tanks popular in the Han and Jin dynasties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and pointed out that the high-rise pavilions, double que (Heavenly Gate) and closed courtyard architectural models popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty brought about by the migration of northern immigrants in the early Three Kingdoms of the Late Han Dynasty were fused with the Dangwu tanks and stacked plastic bottles to form a soul bottle. (Central Plains Cultural Relics 2)
You Yue pointed out that the shape of the Caiyue Pottery Building in Xiangyang Fancheng District belongs to the popular high-rise architectural ming ware of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and its door has winged boys joining Confucianism and immortal beliefs on the basis of the appearance of Eros, flower-carrying boys, and winged children in the Western Regions. Its ridge eaves corner broad-leaved decoration is a direct inheritance of the late Eastern Han Dynasty architectural Ming ware decoration, and the broad-leaved bowl at the bottom of the pagoda is the predecessor of the stupa flower. The pottery building reflects the reference and transformation of Buddhist factors, and is related to the spread of Buddhism in the Jianghan region, but the pottery building is still an architectural tool, which is different from the Futu Temple, and is not an early stupa. (Journal of Literature and Erudition 2)
Shang Qunchang published an article in the Zhongzhou Academic Journal, distinguishing between the differences in the base system of wells in the Central Plains of the Qin and Han Dynasties, pointing out that the discovery of wells was most concentrated in the Songshan area, the Nanyang Basin and the southwest of the Huanghuai Plain, mainly distributed in agricultural economic zones and cities, as well as iron smelting and pottery handicraft workshop areas.
Xie Shanshan's master's thesis of Nanjing University studied the model of the toilet excavated in Henan, and Liang Xingzu's master's thesis of Inner Mongolia University carried out a study of Han Dynasty architecture and buildings from the mural paintings of the Tomb of Linger Han.
(2) Bronzeware
Su Kui's research on the four spirits persimmon-shaped copper coffin decoration shows that as a rare wooden coffin decoration, it originated from the concept of seeing death as life, made by Wushan craftsmen, belonging to the late Eastern Han Dynasty Wushan style coffin decoration, no matter where it is circulated, the connotation is always the same. (Chinese Art Studies 4)
Liu Zunzhi studied the development of copper dyeing furnaces in the Han Dynasty. (Southern Cultural Relics 2) Wang Qiang and Zhao Siying analyzed the modeling characteristics and evolution laws of bean-shaped lamps in the Han Dynasty at different times. ("Grand View of Fine Arts" 7) Zong Chunli analyzed the correlation from "wrong hub hook killing" to "stabbing and aiding the combination", and explored the design and stereotyping of the Qin fighting weapon "Halberd". (Art and Design 3) Zhou Liang carried out research on the social changes of the Chu state in the Han Dynasty from the excavated bronze ware. (Huaihai Wenbo 2)
Peng Yu's master's thesis of Northwest Normal University carried out the study of the Warring States Qin Han Garlic Pot, the master's thesis of Li Ya of the Central University for Nationalities sorted out the weapons unearthed in Hunan, the master's thesis of Feng Xurong of Northwest Normal University carried out the study of the Han Dynasty lamp, and the master's thesis of Tian Haixia of Jilin University was a study of the inscriptions of the excavated two Han miscellaneous instruments.
(3) Copper mirror
Yang Yong and Bai Yunxiang analyzed the Han Dynasty ceramic mirror fan excavated from the ancient city of Qi in Linzi, Shandong Province, and focused on the production and use of the mirror fan in the casting of copper mirrors, pointing out that the rice husk ash was poured into the mud during the production of the fan, which greatly improved the production efficiency of the copper mirror. ("Central Plains Cultural Relics" 1) Han Ming took the Han and Jin double-headed dragon mirror as the object, combed through its style evolution, determined that it was closely related to the deformed four-leaf mirror, pointed out that Luoyang was the main production area of the Three Gong Mirrors, or that such mirrors were important products of the Late Han Dynasty Wei Jin Luoyang Casting Mirror, and discussed its development process. (Journal of Archaeology 1) Shi Jiayi pointed out that due to the change of regime and the migration of economic centers, there have been many changes in the casting of mirrors. (Journal of Yangtze River Normal University 6)
Han Hanhe and Zhao Xiaoyu pointed out that the Han Dynasty cloud thunder mirror was born out of the Warring States cloud thunder mirror, and since the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the cloud thunder mirror with the cloud thunder pattern as the main pattern has become widely popular, and its background is mainly the Guangwu Emperor advocating wei wei theology, trying to use the cloud thunder pattern to publicize the concept of "starting the right fire" and safeguarding the legitimacy and authority of the Eastern Han regime. (Central Plains Cultural Relics 4)
Du Linyuan and Yuan Zhixin analyzed the phenomenon of Confucian deification in the bronze mirror inscriptions of the Two Han Dynasties. (Journal of Yan'an University 6) Zheng Qian and Fan Shuying pointed out that the number and variety of bronze mirrors unearthed from the tombs of the Han Dynasty in northern Shaanxi are not only small in number and variety, but also have a very low rate of appearance, which is a reflection of the social life conditions in northern Shaanxi in the Han Dynasty. (Journal of Yulin University 5)
Li Zeyue's master's thesis of Yan'an University explored the social life of the two Han Dynasties as seen by Jingming, and Li Yan's master's thesis of Shandong Normal University studied the aesthetics of bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty.
(4) Copper coins
Xu Yongjie pointed out that the "horizontal stubble" half two coins were not "eight baht money" after the Western Han Dynasty, but were cast in the Qin Dynasty using the technique of turning the mold model, and may appear as early as the late Warring States period. (Chinese Numismatics 1)
Bai Yunxiang conducted an archaeological combing of the goods spring cast by Xinmang and pointed out that the medium-sized cargo spring with a diameter of 2.20-2.40 cm is a legal standard money type. The new Manghou Futures Spring is mainly based on official casting, and "pirate casting" is prevalent. The middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty and even the Wei and Jin tombs were used for generations of coins from the previous dynasty. (Huaxia Archaeology 5)
The "Daquan Fifty" coins from the Wang Mang period unearthed from the tombs of Zhengzhou
Xu Longguo discussed the genuine and pirated coins of Wang Mang, and Huang Juan conducted research and analysis on the discovery of the Xinmang coinage site in Gansu. Bi Yang, Shen Xinmeng, and Tang Jing pointed out that in the past, it was judged that the Han Dynasty square body vessel with a handle to ward off evil spirits in the tomb was more likely to be a special funerary instrument used as a "voucher" or "letter symbol", symbolizing the ascension to heaven in order to smoothly enter the Immortal Realm of heaven, or even reporting to the Immortal Realm with this "voucher" or "letter". (Frontier Archaeological Research, 27)
Liao Guoyi pointed out that the coins unearthed from the Han tombs along the Xiaohe Ancient Road are basically the same as the types of coins in the Central Plains. (Journal of Hezhou University 1)
(5) Handicrafts
Liu Yixin pointed out that there are different traditions of "casting" and "forging" in the production of ironware in the Central Plains of the Han and Jin Dynasties and the northwest frontier, and the tradition of "forging" promotes the technological innovation from tough cast iron to forged iron, reflecting the deep interaction between the north and the Eurasian steppe. ("Cultural Relics Appraisal and Appreciation" 5) Chen Siqi's master's thesis of Sichuan University carried out a study on the Shu subway apparatus and social development during the Warring States and Qin and Han dynasties.
Zhang Xiao and He Yun'ao pointed out that there is no essential difference between the early porcelain of the Qin and Eastern Han Dynasties and the original porcelain before the Qin, saying that its "high-temperature glazed pottery", "glazed pottery" and even "pottery" are inconsistent with the facts, and the original porcelain of the Qin and Han Dynasties exists in the three centers of Jiangdong, Lingnan and Xianggan. (Southeast Culture 4)
Dong Rui pointed out that the printing technology of hollow brick portraits in the Han Dynasty was influenced by the Warring States pottery auction and seal printing, and the portrait molding tool may be wood. It is believed that portrait stencils are different from potters and have fluidity, so it is difficult to find stencils in pottery workshops. (Beauty and the Times 1)
Chen Yan wrote in "Southern Cultural Relics", pointing out that the salt industry sites are mainly distributed near Wushan County and along the Daning River, mostly Han Dynasty tombs, confirming the important role of salt industry in local social and economic development, and the participation of women in the production of salt industry in the Han Dynasty and the domination of wealth play a greater role. Su Junlin combed through the salt industry content in Qin Jianmu and pointed out that Qin set up salt officials such as "county salt" and "Ba county salt", but it is possible that Qin has not yet implemented the "salt and iron official camp" controlled by the state. (Research on the History of the Salt Industry, 2)
Chen Biao pointed out that the two major controversies in the origin of Chinese papermaking, whether the excavated paper is paper and its discontinuation, should be gradually resolved with the cooperation of multidisciplinary experts. (China Paper 7)
Chen Huafeng took the lacquer bottle excavated from the Han Tomb of Tianchang Jizhuang in Anhui Province as the object, and found that its fetal bone was made of mature thin wood (shun grain) of the Western Han Dynasty Guangling State, highlighting the production process of Yangzhou lacquerware in the Western Han Dynasty. ("Chinese Raw Lacquer" 1) Zhao Zhe, Liu Xuexin, Wang Jia pointed out that Chudi furniture production is meticulous, good at carving, complex patterns, ornaments advocating red; Qindi furniture production is simple, good at digging, more practical, advocating black. (Art and Design 8) He Qingjun pointed out that the acupuncture technique of Warring States lacquerware should be influenced by various craft categories, and is mostly used in lacquer inscriptions to reflect the production system of "Wule Gong Name". (Research on Art Education 12) Liu Fangfang conducted a study on Qin and Han bionic lacquerware. ("Southern Cultural Relics" 5) Wei Pujun's master's thesis of Jiangnan University carried out a study on the design of Han Dynasty food and beverage lacquer utensils, and he also carried out the theme content and combination analysis of the decorative patterns of Han Dynasty lacquer ear cups, pointing out that the characteristics of its decoration are symmetrical and balanced in composition, line modeling in decorative techniques, and deformation and exaggeration in graphic expression. (Design, 21)
(6) Crowning the cane
Xia Baoguo and Wang Xingcheng pointed out that the vertebral bun should be divided into male and female systems, the female "vertebral bun" should be attributed to the "hanging bun", and the male "vertebral bun" should gradually change from the hairstyle to a derogatory special name for the ethnic groups in the southwest region. (Northern Artifacts 2)
For the sheep-patterned gold ornaments mostly found in the high-grade tombs of the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties, Zuo Jun pointed out that this kind of gold ornament should be the ornaments sewn on the "Partridge Crown" and "Huiwen Crown" popular in the Literature of the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties, and the gold ornament "Hu Guan" derived from the Nomadic tribes of the Eurasian steppe. (Journal of the Palace Museum, 11)
Wang Xuan pointed out that the "Clothing Making" of The Northern Qin Dynasty is a document on the art of making clothes by qin craftsmen recorded and copied during the Qin Shi Huang period, combined with the excavated physical objects, clarifying 14 kinds of clothing including clothes, plackets and raids, which is in line with the traditional Chinese tops and bottoms, the tops and bottoms, the division and cutting system and the general tailoring system. Judging that "Clothing" reflects the appearance of Qin costumes, it is of great value to the study of Qin figurine costumes and ancient costumes. (Southern Cultural Relics 4)
Xia Tian, Wang Hongbo and Cui Rongrong pointed out the similarities and differences in the appearance and weaving process of shoes excavated from 16 Chu Han tombs, and pointed out that the existence and waste of shoe ties may be related to conquest and the differentiation of Yanju functions, the decorative upper can be removed for the purpose of saving, and the twisting organization of the upper is suitable for foot curves. It is pointed out that the production division of pre-Qin woven shoes was male. (Silk 10) Xia Caiyi studied the development of the staff, pointing out that the power of the staff means that there is a process of development and maturity to decline. (Museum 3)
The "Study on Han Dynasty Beads Unearthed in Guangzhou", which comprehensively sorts out the excavation of Beads in the Han Dynasty in Guangzhou, expounds the important position of beads in the trade of the Maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty. The publication of the book, coupled with the previously published Monographs on Hepu Beads and Hunan Beads, the research on the excavation of the most important beads in the southern region was "completed".
Kuang Guirong conducted a classification study of dragonfly eye glass beads excavated from the Han Tomb in Guangzhou. (Meicheng Zaijiu 5) Chen Hong's study of dragonfly eye beads excavated from Qin tombs in the Guanlong area shows that glassware from the West had adapted to Qin customs in the late Warring States period, were produced locally, and tended to be popular. Wang Xiaoying, Wang Bo, and Fan Dongri also analyzed the foreign cultural factors in the ornaments excavated from the Yangzhou Han tombs. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Dragonfly eye glass beads unearthed in Pingliang City, Gansu Province
Liu Yunhui and Liu Sizhe discussed the high artistic achievements of the Han Dynasty round carved jade after dividing them into two categories: human figures and animals. (Journal of Henan Museum 2) Su Kui believes that the unicorn goat that was judged to be "qilin" or "badger" in the past was a sheep, an alpine animal originating from West Asia and Central Asia, and its image is a witness to the cultural exchange between the East and the West, as well as the cultural exchange between the Southern Han Cultural Region and the Northern Xiongnu. (Archaeology and Antiquities 2)
Zhang Weishen pointed out that "sitting" is "sitting dangerously", which corresponds to "sitting peacefully", and the occasions used for "sitting" in the Qin and Han dynasties are: first, when someone pays respect to another person, second, when someone copes with unexpected situations, and third, when the driver is riding a horse. (Wenbo 2)
(7) Agriculture, animal husbandry, food and drink
Zhao Hao and Liu Haiwang pointed out that powder millet is an important consumption mode of farmers in the Han Dynasty, and the transformation of grain food to powder food cannot be simply equated with the transformation of millet to wheat, and rotary milling should be regarded as a multi-functional grain processing platform. (Archaeology and Cultural Relics 2) Zhao Hao pointed out that the proportion of millet starch and wheat starch on the grain processing tools excavated from the courtyards of the Sanyangzhuang site has always maintained an equal trend, which is the embodiment of the local corn and wheat equal binary grain consumption and the basic equality of the two types of crops. (Journal of Zhengzhou University 5)
Zhang Xuanyi pointed out that the Han Dynasty was the period of popularization and development of "cattle farming", and the images of "cattle farming" in the murals and portrait stones include "two cattle and three people", "two cattle and two people", "two cattle and one person" ploughing, "one cattle and one horse ploughing together" and "one cattle ploughing", which are the reflections of the agricultural development of the Han Dynasty. (Agricultural Archaeology 4)
Chen Xingyu pointed out that the mu yield of Qin Shi Huang's thirty-five years dongting county seen by Yuelu Qinjian was 1.53 stones in Qianling County and 1.29 stones in Qiling Township, which was the lowest amount seen by Jian Mu. Qingdao Tushantun 'Tangyi Yuanshou Second Year Book' shows that the yield per mu is 2.58 stones, and the yield is 3.98 stones per mu in the "Seven Years of Reclamation of Land In Duxiang" of the Western Han Dynasty of Zoumalou. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the yield standard declined, and the yield per mu seen in Changyan was 3 stones. Zhang Menghan pointed out that in the late Western Han Dynasty, Tangyi County reached a high level of agricultural economy at that time, regardless of the size of the population, the average number of households, the area of reclaimed land, its proportion of land resources, and the average yield per mu. It is judged that there is a distinction between the area of reclaimed land that should be collected and the area of land that is actually levied in the reclamation of land. (History of Chinese Agriculture, 6)
After combing through the archaeological data in the Yelang area, Yan Quanji and Yang Junchang pointed out that the Yelang had formed a way of life and production for agricultural settlement during the two Han Dynasties. The use of iron farming tools and cattle farming has improved the efficiency of farming, and the improvement of irrigation technology and the adoption of seedling sowing have led to the rapid development of the rice farming economy, laying a material foundation for the political and cultural development of the Yelang area. (Agricultural Archaeology 4)
Song Yanbo, Wang Qing, etc. pointed out that the composition of domestic mammals (pigs, cattle and dogs) is mainly based on animals excavated at the site of the ancient city of Yiguo in Shandong Province, and the purpose of raising livestock is diverse. (Archaeology and Antiquities 1)
Chen Xianglong, Yuan Jing, and others pointed out that the diversity of horse food sources may be related to the scattered stables of horse animals in different regions through the study of horse animals excavated from the Beidoufang sacrifice pit at the Blood Pool site. (Archaeology and Antiquities 6)
Hong Bo pointed out that in the sculpture art of the Han Dynasty, the "horse style" is not only the standard of good horses, but also an important basis for the creation of horse modeling artworks. (Journal of Cultural Studies, 6)
The northernmost part of the Cangtou River Basin in Shanxi is backed by the Datong Basin and faces the Shulechuan Grassland, which is a typical agricultural and pastoral staggered belt, and the local production and operation mode is agriculture and animal husbandry. Zhao Zhijun collected flotation samples according to the archaeological survey of the Cangtou River Basin region in "Agricultural Archaeology", pointing out that during the Warring States and Han and Wei Dynasties, agriculture was the main source of material life data in the Cangtou River Basin, and wheat had replaced millet and millet as the main crop varieties.
Wang Yani of Inner Mongolia Normal University wrote her master's thesis on agricultural tools unearthed in Inner Mongolia during the Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Li Chao, Guo Jinlong, and Zhou Li pointed out that the "Kui Fu" in the Qin inscription should be the official who managed the "wine" used by the King of Qin, responsible for brewing and serving wine, and was a subordinate official of the "Tai (Da) Official" under the Shaofu, who was in charge of including the production and supply of wine. (Agricultural Archaeology 1)
Li Xiping, Zhai Rong, and Tai Zilin pointed out that the development of Chinese distillation technology has two sources, and the independent development of the two is mutually beneficial. (Wenbo 1) Hong Shi conducted a study on the type and combination of drinking utensils in the Western Han Dynasty centered on lacquerware. Wei Dongwei pointed out that the shape of the Qinhan wine container in Inner Mongolia has both a strong grassland ethnic style and is influenced by the Culture of the Central Plains. (Inner Mongolia Electric Power University 5)
Liao Wei pointed out that the 觯 and 卮 coexist and have different shapes, with three legs attached to the slabus, the 卮 is a flat bottom, and the rank of 觯 is higher than that of 卮. Previously judged to be a jade jade should be jade, the difference between the bottle and the bottle is the difference in the height ratio of the diameter of the container, the mouth of the bottle is shallow, easy to hold liquid, and the mouth of the abdomen is deep, easy to drink liquid. (Huaxia Archaeology 2) Wang Wenbin combed through the bathing pottery excavated from Tianshui. (Cultural Relics Appraisal and Appreciation, 12)
Liu Zunzhi carried out archaeological research on daily life in the Han Dynasty from the perspective of the Silk Road, and Li Yinde pointed out that the source of the deep belly cup may have come from West and Central Asia. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Song Rong pointed out that the bronze lantern originated from the Warring States and was similar to the bronze liturgical music in the tomb. After emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, he gradually became a living and living as a tomb owner, and appeared in the tombs of the Hao clan on the frontier during the two Han Dynasties; the pottery branch lamp was a funerary ming vessel popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the A-type lamp imitated a copper branch lamp, and the gentry in the Area of Luxi Youji expressed their wealth behind them, and the B-type lamp simulated the Immortal Realm of the Sacred Mountain, which was the product of the influence of the concept of the ascension of the soul god, and flourished in the East After the Two Capitals. (Archaeological Series 23)
(8) Images
Gu Ying and Yue Kai recounted Mr. Zhang Daoyi's study of Han portrait stones. (Art and Design 3) Liu Xiaoda sorted out the process of excavation and research of portrait stones in northern Shaanxi and northwestern Jin during the Republic of China. (Journal of Culture 6) Xu Chengrui sorted out the documents and images of Lu Xunzang's portrait stones. (Huaihai Wenbo 2)
Lang Xiandong pointed out that the inference that the Yinan portrait stone tomb was "late Eastern Han Dynasty" should be established, and the belief that the owner of the tomb was an official with an age of 2,000 stones or more could be determined. (Museum 4) Huo Hongwei pointed out that a hollow portrait of a Han Portrait brick pillar collected by the British Museum should come from the area of Zhoukou and Xuchang south of Zhengzhou, and the figure on the brick pillar is the "page" of the soul of the living and the dead. It not only has the practicality of supporting wall tiles, but also plays a role in the ideological concepts of warding off evil spirits and protecting tomb tranquility. (Journal of the Palace Museum 2)
Wang Yu pointed out that although people know more about camels than elephants from images, elephant portraits are more than camels. The scenes of elephant and camel portraits in the Han Dynasty do not reflect real life, but are full of immortal colors, and they were generally used as beasts of the Western Regions at that time. (Archaeology 3) Wang Yu also discussed the emergence and development of the image of the Queen Mother in the West of the Han Dynasty. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Guo Jingyun and Wang Hongxiang believed that wings were not necessary features of immortal beasts, and that winged shapes were basically limited to dragons and tigers, which were the highest-ranking divine beasts in the pre-Qin culture. In the Han portrait, the winged tiger is higher than the dragon, and the pterodactyl, pterodactyl, and pterodactyl are derived from the pterodactyl, the pterodactyl, and the pterodactyl. (Studies in Religious Studies 2) Wang Qian believes that the triangular abstract tree-shaped image on the tomb of han shi in the four provinces of Sulu, Yuwan and Anhui is a symbol of the cosmic tree, depicting a mythological cosmology mixed with the same expressions as the Han Dynasty mythological texts "Huainanzi" and "Classic of Mountains and Seas". (Studies in Ethnic Art 3)
Wang Yuan discussed the relationship between art history and archaeology, pointed out that art history and archaeology are interdisciplinary disciplines with different emphases, and discussed how art history should be interpreted and played a role when there is no written data to support it. (China National Expo 14) Hou Xiaorong and Ping Xiaoqian pointed out that Dong Yong's dedication to serving his father's filial piety shown in the Han portrait stone is different from the image of Dong Yong in the literature. The "birth and nurturing" filial piety of Dong Yong's "deer car father" in the portrait stone is an early version of the story, highlighting "filial piety", which is different from the story of Dong Yong with the theme of "love" in later generations. (Hebei Academic Journal, 5)
Zhao Chao sorted out the titles in the Han portrait stone, pointing out that the image layout in the portrait stone was the embodiment of the cosmology and outlook on life at that time, and the record of the title list was an important material for understanding the ideological meaning of the Han Dynasty. (Chinese Calligraphy 12)
Liu Guan analyzed the hundred plays of music and dance in the Han portrait stone in Mizhi County and related images. (Journal of Beijing Dance Academy 1) Niu Xiangyang studied the image art of the Portrait Stone Tomb of Xiangrui in Nanyang Qilin Ganghan. (Journal of Jiaozuo Normal College 3) Liu Yongli analyzed the function and cultural connotation of tiger dance in the Nanyang Han portrait stone (brick). (Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Light Industry 4) Bao Lei explores the influence of Han Dynasty culture and economy on Han portrait stones. (Western Academic Journal, 7) Wu Ke conducted a study on the bird pattern in the han dynasty portrait stone in the Huaibei region. (China Nationalities Expo 8) Zhao Yanru sorted out the music and dance and musical instrument materials depicted in the portrait stone of northern Shaanxi, and summarized the image of music and dance in the portrait stone of the han portrait of northern Shaanxi using excavated cultural relics, documentary records and iconographic research methods. (Tianjin Conservatory of Music 3)
Perspective view of the top of the front chamber of the Nanyang Qilin Ganghan portrait stone tomb
Huang Jianhua studied the social life of Chengdu in the Han Dynasty through portraits. (Local Culture Research Series, 15) Ma Xueling conducted a study on the theme of "characters half opening the door" in the Han portrait stones in Sichuan and Chongqing. ("Qin and Han Studies") Zhang Lusheng analyzed the inscriptions and portrait stones of han tombs in qiancun village of Cangshan City, Shandong Province. ("Popular Archaeology" 3) Liu Wensi through the study of 52 Xuzhou portrait stone tombs, the tomb excavated in different locations of the portrait stone themes are summarized, in the tomb as a whole to analyze the portrait stone. (Huaihai Wenbo 2) Liu Shushu studied the portrait stone image of M1 of Jiawang Qingshanquan Cement Factory in Xuzhou. (Huaihai Wenbo 2)
Gu Ying pointed out that in the eastern Han Dynasty tombs, the Beidou images and symbols were important gods used by early Daoists to suppress various evil ghosts. ("Ceramic Research" 2) Yu Xinlu believes that the murals of the two Han tombs in Luoyang all reflect a strong idea of immortality. Under the influence of the inspection system, the atmosphere of loyalty, filial piety and benevolence formed in the Han Dynasty society profoundly influenced the theme of han tomb murals. (Literature and Art Observation 17) Ren Chang also used the Luoyang area as an example to explore the evolution of the theme of Han tomb murals. (Appraisal and Appreciation of Cultural Relics 24)
Qiu Yaxuan studied the images of Si Ming and Si Lu in the tombs of the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty murals in the Yangqiao Canal Canal Trench in Jingbian, Shaanxi Province. (Wenbo 4) Wang Yu pointed out that the astrological charts in the Eastern Han Mural Tombs in the Canal Tree Trench by Yangqiao should have more classic powders and sources, but the burial chamber astrology as a funeral culture service reflects more of the ideas and concepts of the people of the time on astronomy. (Fine Arts Studies 5)
Yuan Yao of Northwest Normal University wrote his master's thesis on the study of Chinese phase patterns in Han portraits, Wang Jie of Sichuan Normal University studied the images of Han Dynasty females, and Wang Yixi of Lanzhou University studied the images of Han Dynasty pan inspiration.
Bamboo slips
Qin Jincai believed that the "Wei Wen" in the "Shoulder Water Jinguan Han Jian (I)" "Tian Shu Zhao Guo Wei Wen Zhai Li Han □" is recorded in the "History" and "Book of Han", Zhao Guo Wei Wen should be searched within the territory of the Zhao State fifteen years before Zhao Xiaocheng King, and the Western Han Zhao Guo Wei Wen should be found in the jurisdiction of the Zhao State five years after emperor Jing of Han, and from the perspective of the Simplified Text, "Zhao Guo Wei" and "Wen Zhai Li" seem to be able to be pointed out. (Journal of Handan University 1) Tang Qinfu pointed out that Li was a grass-roots management institution and a closed settlement, and in the late Western Han Dynasty, there were a large number of military defensive fortress walls, making it difficult for the state to control the residents in it as always. The people along the northwest border not only lived in Juli and Li, but also attached themselves to the Beacon Fort. The household registration format along the northwestern Han Dynasty is closely related to the form of living in the interior. (Humanities Journal 10)
Liu Ziwen pointed out that the location of the official offices such as Sikong and Shaonei should be close to the county court and distributed within twenty miles of the county court. (Journal of Guoxue 3) Zhang Xinchao judged that Qin Wuxian belonged to You, and that his appearance during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han was related to the Zhou Li "Ye Lu Clan". The county-owned nomadic has evolved successively into the county nodal, the partial dweller, and the lower gate dweller. (Ancient Civilizations 2)
Xie Kun discussed the basic principles of local barley food in the Qin Dynasty in terms of grain types, barley standards, and reduction and suspension of distribution. (Chinese Agricultural History 5) Wu Fangji discussed the rural warehouses of the Qin Dynasty according to Liye Qinjian. (Hunan Social Sciences 1)
He Youzu interpreted the Edict of Qin II from well 9 rabbit mountain in Yiyang, Hunan Province, made a new interpretation of the words wuyi, disturbed, and ordered, pointed out the problem of sentence breaks in the "History of Qin Shi Huang Benji" and "New Book of Qin", and carried out a philological investigation of the impact of the Second Edict after its publication. (Literature 1) Qin Yiming studied the structure, writing, content composition and government affairs handling methods of Qin and Han official documents. ("Lantai World" 9) Dong Fei discussed the "Zhen card" in Liye Qinjian. (Journal of Baoji College of Arts and Sciences 6) Zhang Xiaodong conducted a study on the evolution of fonts stored in the two Han Dynasty Jian Mu and inscriptions. (The Art of Chinese Calligraphy 6)
Shi Dangshe analyzed the Qinghua Jian "Nulu Zhirong" in the "Lineage Year", pointed out that it could be read in contrast with the "Nulu" in the Qin Fengni and the "Luoyu" in Hexi recorded in the "Book of Han", and pointed out that it was originally a group of people of the Northwest Qiang lineage, "Nulu" in the Qin Dynasty and "Luolu" in the Han Dynasty, "Lulu" in the Southwest Wuman as the ancestor of the Yi people in the Tang Dynasty, and "Luoluo" (Yi) in modern times, and "Nulu Zhirong" was an important source of Qin slaves. (Chinese Culture Forum 1)
Ou Yang discussed the issues of Qin Dingtao County, Longxi County, and Taishan County in Yuelu Qinjian. ("Chinese Historical Geography Theory Series" 2) Zhang Shaoguang pointed out that the "Guanzhong standard" system implemented by Qin was centered on Zhongxian Road, and the population exchanges between marginal areas such as Xindi, Guyuan Area, and Zhongzhong Ordinary County Road were restricted, and the policy of differentiating treatment was implemented for marginal areas. (Monthly Journal of Historiography 8)
Zhang Zhongwei and Zhang Chunlong sorted out and unraveled the first appearance of legal names, such as the law of warning, the law of writing, the law of the temple, the law of water control, and so on, and re-analyzed the possible meaning of "Xiao He Ci's law, Han Xin Shen's military law, Zhang Cang's charter, and uncle's grandson's general etiquette". ("Western Regions Studies" 3) Ling Wenchao pointed out that the format and content of the Western Han household registration were different from the Qin Dynasty household registration, and similar to the Eastern Han household registration, and the Western Han household registration already had a calculation and other assignment notes. (Unearthed Documents 4)
Chen Liang believes that the tomb charms of the Eastern Han Dynasty are not directly related to the Taoist belief in the "three corpses", and the rune modules used can be reduced to the stars of the Han Dynasty, which is consistent with the structure of the celestial realm in the "History of The Book of Heavenly Officials", and is not a unique knowledge construction of Taoism, which may be the result of folk warlocks selecting the astronomical knowledge shared by the intellectual class and eliminating the ominous related parts, and creatively symbolizing it. The use of tomb charms and wooden chip dolls in eastern Han Dynasty towns is the product of folk beliefs with a strong mass base. Unlike the long-standing wood chip puppets of cursed witchcraft, the appearance of the town tomb charm in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty reflects the progress of the professionalization of tombs and warlocks, which is inseparable from the changes in the social structure and the change of burial customs in the cultural center at that time. (Journal of China Academy of Art, 12)
He Youzu, Liu Pan, and Jiang Lujing re-explored the brief sequence of Zhangjiashan Hanjian's "Two-Year Law Order and Zhi Law" based on the Jian Mu unearthed from the Hu family grassland M12. (Cultural Relics 8)
Academic history
Wang Wei combed and introduced the important achievements and major academic achievements of Chinese archaeology during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, including Qin and Han archaeology. (China Cultural Relics News, December 4) Wu Xiaotong, Tan Jinzhuo, and Ma Jiangbo sorted out the progress of metallurgical archaeology in the Qin and Han dynasties in their review of metallurgical archaeology. (Nonferrous Metals 5)
Starting from Su Bingqi's "Archaeology of the Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties", Liu Rui sorted out the establishment and development process of the Qin and Han archaeology departments. After marking the great contribution of Mr. Su Bingqi to the establishment of the Qin and Han archaeology department, he expounded the academic path of Mr. Su Bingqi from known to unknown, from Qin and Han to ancient times. (The Silk Road and qin and Han civilization)
Zhang Rongfang recalled the process of interacting with Mai Yinghao, and the history of teaching Qin and Han archaeology majors at Sun Yat-sen University. (Trends in Chinese Historical Research 6) Liu Rui sorted out Mr. Su Bingqi's relevant opinions on the collation of archaeological data and archaeological data through five letters from Mai Yinghao to Su Bingqi. (Guangzhou Wenbo, 13) Zhang Yue's master's thesis of Shanxi University explores the development process and paradigm changes of archaeological report compilation.
Zheng Yan pointed out that the significance of archaeology to art history is to provide materials, and the second is that the theory, methods and ways of thinking of archaeology provide the most relevant reference system for the study of art history. He believes that some strange things in archaeology will be excluded when it comes to big data analysis, but this kind of personality requires special attention from art history research. (Art Studies 6) Li Song, who has long been engaged in the study of art archaeology, has also explored the relationship between art history and archaeology, pointing out that art history should not be a "supplementary text" to archaeology, nor is it an extension of history. (Art Observation 10)
Huo Wei pointed out that archaeology in the historical period is still far from being comparable to the contributions made by prehistoric archaeology, because we have so many ideological inhibitions, theoretical and methodological stagnation. Western theories, especially Anglo-American theories, including neoarchaeology and postmodernist archaeology, often study objects that are not from the classical era, but are mainly concentrated in the prehistoric period, targeting archaeological phenomena that have no written records. Therefore, in the current research system of Chinese archaeology, we must be vigilant against all situations in which only the West is the leader, and we should look at the differences very objectively and calmly, not only to absorb the modern archaeology imported from the West, or the scientific genes of field archaeology; but on the other hand, we must inherit and carry forward our own unique cultural genes from our own classical tradition, so as to form archaeological theories and methods with Chinese characteristics to guide the archaeological practice on the chinese land. (Southern Cultural Relics 1)
As the beginning of the two-thousand-year unification era, Qin and Han archaeology is a key period in the "formation and development process of the Chinese nation and Chinese civilization being pluralistic and integrated, and the integration of the family and the country", due to the long-term archaeological work and published data and research results in various places, most of them are scattered, the systematization is not strong, and the overall integration of the space is huge. Therefore, how to reveal "the values on which Chinese society depends for its survival and development and the cultural genes that the Chinese nation does not perceive in its daily use", how to integrate from the development level of the Qin and Han Empires for more than four hundred years, how to integrate from the perspective of how the Qin and Han Empire completed, consolidated and perfected the unified multi-ethnic centralized state, and answered the questions of why the Qin and Han Dynasties were unified, how to strengthen and consolidate unity, how to coordinate the development of different regions, how to develop stably for a long time, and so on through archaeology, they are of great significance. But there is still a long way to go and continuous efforts are needed.
Editor-in-Charge: Zhong Yuan
Proofreader: Yan Zhang