In the last issue, we learned about the five major migrations in Chinese history, and today we will learn about the three waves of immigration in China's modern history.
Ancient villages
Turning to modern history, China also has three waves of immigration, which people are used to call "crossing the Guandong", "going to the west exit" and "going to Nanyang". These three migrations were carried out almost simultaneously from the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. And they are all spontaneously organized by the people.
Break into Kanto
Break into Kanto
When it comes to the three words "crossing the Kanto", everyone will think of the TV series "Crossing the Kanto", in fact, this TV series is based on real events in history.
The reason why the Kanto is called "breaking in" is mainly because of the activities carried out under the ban of the Qing government for a considerable period of time.
In 1644, the first year of Shunzhi, after entering the customs from the Qing Dynasty, the corresponding ethnic hierarchy and ethnic isolation system began to be implemented, strictly forbidding Han people to enter the northeast "Longxing Land" for reclamation, and issued a ban on customs. That is, the Han and Manchu people, isolated, Han people can not enter the Manchu inhabited land, so that the northeast is in a state of blockade for a long time, but the subsequent disaster in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, frequent wars, more and more soldiers and bandits, so that the people have cried out for days, but the Qing government regardless of the people's suffering, still implemented a closed policy on the northeast, people in violation of the Qing court ban and survival, had to choose to survive.
For hundreds of years from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the Guannei people, mainly in Shandong and Zhizhi, lived in order to live. Thousands of peasants ignored the ban and risked being punished, breaking into Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang, and embarked on the road of "breaking into the Guandong", because the three eastern provinces are located east of Shanhaiguan, hence the name, "Crossing the Guandong".
Shanhaiguan Old Dragon Head Great Wall
After the Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui sacrificed Shanhaiguan, the Manchu Qing clan went south and conquered the Central Plains, and the population of the Kwantung region decreased dramatically. Under the pretext of "the ancestral place where the king was prosperous" to protect the "benefits of the mountains and the Pearl River", a long-term ban policy has been implemented in the northeast. Beginning during the Shunzhi period, more than 1,000 kilometers of "wicker edge" fence walls were built in sections of Manchuria, called the "Great Wall of Manchuria", and completed in the middle of the Kangxi Dynasty. At this time, the fertile land was gradually abandoned, which attracted the attention of the rulers. As a result, many people were forcibly exiled here, one punishment, the other real, for "exile". "Exiles" are actually people who have violated the criminal law and are punished by exile. Because of its geographical proximity, Shandong offenders are often sent to the "extreme cold and bitter" northeast, which is the Shandong people who came to Kanto in the early days.
By the Republican period, the number of people who had crossed the Guandong was unprecedentedly large, far exceeding that of the Qing Dynasty.
Marching scene
In 1840, the population of Northeast China exceeded 3 million, a sharp increase of seven or eight times over a hundred years ago, and the population of the whole country reached more than 400 million. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia invaded northeast China. The Qing government banned some of the northeast in 1860, and in 1897 all the bans were lifted, and the total population of the northeast increased to more than 18 million in 1910. During the Republic of China period (1912-1949), the "crossing of the Guandong" was surging, and on the eve of New China, there were nearly 40 million people in the northeast region. During the 38 years of the Republic of China, the number of Shandong people crossing the Guandong reached an average of 480,000 per year, with a total of more than 18.3 million, and the number of Shandong people retained reached 7.92 million, which "can be regarded as one of the largest population movements in human history" and "an unprecedented increase in modern history." Therefore, most of the ancestors of the indigenous people in the northeast now belong to Shandong and other provinces. Crossing the Kanto is a tragic history and a feat of immigration.
Take the West Exit
I believe everyone has heard such a folk song: "Brother, you go to the west exit, little sister I really can't stay..." This desolate and bleak Shanxi folk song "Go to the West Exit" has been known for a long time.
The story of Shanxi people, as well as a small number of Shaanxi and Hebei people, who left their homeland and went north to the west (Inner Mongolia) of Daohukou (Ancient Great Wall Pass) to make a living.
Kill the tiger
At that time, the land in Shanxi was relatively barren, and natural disasters were frequent, and the poor living environment forced many people in Shaanxi to seek a living outside the mouth. The old Shanxi ballad of "Hequ Baode Prefecture, ten years and nine years without collection, men go outside the mouth, women dig wild vegetables" fully shows that most of the people who "go to the west exit" are hungry people caused by natural disasters. Especially during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, there was the most serious drought, causing a major famine. So they chose to take the west exit and rushed to the current Hohhot, Chahar and other areas.
Take the West Exit route
"Look at the route, starting from the central and northern parts of Shanxi, one to the west, passing through the mouth of the tiger, entering the Mongolian steppe; One goes east, passes through Datong, and enters Mongolia through Zhangjiakou.
Subsequently, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the people, people in some areas outside the west exit had turbulent lives, the political situation was turbulent, and taking the west exit still could not become a way to make a living, so fewer and fewer people took the west exit, and gradually declined.
Lower Nanyang scene
Lower Nanyang
There is a Chinese proverb: "Trees move death, people move life", and it is one of human instincts to seek new opportunities for survival. According to relevant statistics, before the Opium War, there were more than 1.5 million Chinese who went to Nanyang to make a living by doing business.
Nanyang is the name given to Southeast Asia during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and is a concept centered on China. Including the Malay Archipelago, the Philippine Islands, the Indonesian Islands, as well as the coast of the Indochina Peninsula, the Malay Peninsula and other places. The geographical concept of Nanyang mainly refers to the vast area including the ten ASEAN countries today. The broad South Sea also included present-day India, Australia, New Zealand, and the nearby Pacific Islands.
road map
In the wave of displaced people in Xiananyang, they come from most provinces in the country, but Fujian and Guangdong people account for the vast majority, which is related to its geographical and human factors. The winding coasts of Fujian and Guangdong provinces, where the common people are accustomed to the sea, are incomparable with the ordinary people in the mainland; The two provinces are closer to Nanyang, convenient to travel to, and close to Fei Province, which is more "optional" than going to Latin America and other places.
China's contacts with Southeast Asia can be traced back to the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago. According to documents such as "Shiji" and "Hanshu Geographical Record", around the first century AD, China had exchanges with Burma, Vietnam and other countries. During the Tang Dynasty, the number of immigrants began to increase, and they were called "Tang people" by the locals.
Historical
However, the Nanyang Road of Chinese did not go wider and wider until the early Ming and Qing dynasties. During the historical period from the end of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, civil wars were constant, and the people had no livelihood. In order to make a living, maintain family life, change the fate of individuals or families, and avoid war, ordinary people in Fujian and Guangdong smuggled into Nanyang again and again and batch after batch to make a living.
Map of the Maritime Silk Road
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, and the Republic of China, Chinese went to Southeast Asia for business (the Maritime Silk Road), worked, and even migrated to Southeast Asia (the main motivation at first was the Dutch authorities who established and ruled Indonesia to recruit workers in South China), on a huge scale.
Crossing the Guandong, walking through the West Exit, and going to Nanyang are all the history of poor people fighting for their fate and struggling to start a business, and it is a memory intertwined with hardship and hardship, blood, sweat and tears. These three huge waves of immigration had a huge and far-reaching impact on the formation of modern China.
Jiayuguan Great Wall