Flipping through some history textbooks, it seems that the earliest dynasty that appeared was the "Xia Dynasty".
However, people's views on whether this Xia Dynasty really existed were very different.
These arguments also come from speculation and interpretation of relevant historical material, on the basis of which many questions need to be answered.
For the "Xia Dynasty", there is a faction that believes that the existence of the Xia Dynasty is a big doubt, they believe that the records of the "Xia Dynasty" are all in the "heirloom documents", and there is a lack of substantive evidence in archaeology;
Other schools believe that there are many documents about the "Xia Dynasty", so the Xia Dynasty is likely to exist, and the views of domestic scholars are basically the same.
With the gradual deciphering of bamboo from the Warring States period by Tsinghua University, the mystery of the century-old inheritance of oracle bones has been slowly solved.
A thousand years of bamboo Jane meets a hundred years of Tsinghua
According to the division of the existence of the Xia Dynasty, both sides are looking for evidence of the other, especially the evidence that supports the existence of the Xia Dynasty, and are looking for the earliest possible evidence to prove their point of view.
In the history of mankind, no country or nation has been able to gain self-confidence by excavating traditional culture, and the source of this cultural self-confidence lies in excavating the essence of traditional culture, being able to contribute to world culture, and being recognized and respected by other countries.
In the decades of reform and opening up, China has made a series of remarkable achievements in the economic, cultural and social fields.
Archaeologists and researchers are also working to restore the historical truth as much as possible.
As one of the world's four major ancient civilizations, China has a high historical status.
If the ancient Egyptians used papyrus paper and ancient Babylon used clay tablet books, then China used oracle bones, bronze inscriptions and silk manuscripts, which were the "codes" of China's ancient civilization.
In July 2008, shortly after the summer vacation of Tsinghua Garden, a group of very distinguished "guests" came, they were 2500 precious bamboo janes.
Experts at Tsinghua University were still thrilled to see bamboo strips stripped of plastic wrap.
These bamboo janes were later known as "Tsinghua Janes".
Technically, experts at Tsinghua University should also have summer vacations, but when Zhu Jian sneaked in, the experts couldn't wait to see the story, plus Zhu Jian was too fragile to withstand the test, so it was urgent to clean and protect them.
For the next three months, everyone was not idle and devoted themselves to emergency cleaning.
At this stage, it is believed that they belong to the "Chu Jian" of the middle and late Warring States period, which is very similar to the "Warring States Chu Jian" collected by the Shanghai Museum.
In October of the same year, experts from Peking University, Fudan University, Sun Yat-sen University and other related fields gathered together to have a heated discussion on this batch of bamboo Jane.
The bamboo jane of the Warring States period is an extremely precious cultural relic, and its content is also the core of the traditional culture of the mainland, which is an extremely rare and important discovery that will have an important impact on many disciplines.
To this end, Tsinghua University also held a special press conference to release the news of "Tsinghua Jane" about 300 BC.
After the preliminary work is completed, the preliminary work task is arduous, and it is necessary to comprehensively interpret the 2500 "Tsinghua Jane".
According to preliminary statistics, there may be more than 65 articles in Tsinghua Jane because the content is very important.
At the team's pace of finishing, it would take about 15 years to complete.
On the occasion of the 98th anniversary of the founding of Tsinghua University, the Center for Research and Protection of Excavated Documents of Tsinghua University was established, with Li Xueqin as the director.
He also took the opportunity to share the preliminary results of the experts, which attracted the wide attention of scholars from all walks of life.
In 2017, Tsinghua Jane's calculus was the earliest decimal calculation tool discovered in human history, and the Guinness Book of World Records confirmed this claim.
The discovery of the Arithmetic Table surprised the mathematical community, and Professor Dao, former director of the International Society for the History of Mathematics, said this week: "This is an important discovery. ”
The content of bamboo jane is very rich, only the relevant personnel can truly appreciate the hardships of sorting out bamboo jane, with the continuous deepening of research, the number of bamboo jane publications is also increasing.
But many people are very concerned about the relationship between the Xia Dynasty.
In the Bamboo Jane of the Tibetan Warring States of Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University deciphered a passage called "Thick Father".
The figures involved are Yu, Qi, Gao Tao, Kong Jia, etc., and from this point of view, it is very valuable to study the history of the Xia Dynasty.
The ideas and language in the Thick Father are basically the same as those in the Western Zhou Jinwen Shang Shu.
According to these professors, these were most likely written according to the legends of the Western Zhou Xia Dynasty, in line with the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.
Running through it is the dialogue between the "King" and the "Thick Father", which traces the history of the Xia Dynasty through the language of "Wang".
Wang Ruo began by saying, "Thick Father; Yan Yu... Succession, Healthy Man, Chabon. ”
After deciphering, they also raised the authenticity of the Xia Dynasty to a new level.
The work involves the historical legends of the Xia Dynasty, especially the relationship between Xia Yu and Xia Qi, which is also very important from the perspective of historical research.
Because many scholars have questioned the authenticity of the Xia Dynasty, if you consider this academic background, then Kai is also a mythical figure.
However, according to the simple written record in the "Thick Father", it is clear that Hu and The King of Qi became the two Xia kings who succeeded to the throne.
Nowadays, it is also widely believed that the Xia culture is the Erlitou culture, and the Erlitou culture is also the earliest bronze culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, which may also represent the original "culture" entering the "civilization" stage and becoming an ancient country.
But this ancient state is different from the modern state, it is a tribal state, and the city is not only a symbol of civilization, but also an element that creates civilization.
As for why the Xia Dynasty was not discovered, in the final analysis, there is no way to record it, and if there is a clear record of the same era, it is not so complicated.
As deciphering progresses, more mysteries are uncovered
In the process of sorting out Tsinghua Jane, almost every problem will encounter various difficulties.
As far as the text is concerned, there are a lot of questions about ancient words and usage, and the content is very extensive.
In addition to the simple historical content, it is also interspersed with astronomy, prescriptions, calendars, etc., so sometimes it seems impossible in the process of collation.
Each piece of bamboo needs to be fully interpreted for this valuable information, so there are many problems that cannot be solved immediately and require long-term research.
For more than a decade, tsinghua university's research and collation team has also formed a pattern of combining old, middle and young, which not only requires profound academic knowledge, but also a flexible mind, which has also been widely praised.
At the press conference, Huang Dekuan said:
"Tsinghua Jian is also gradually entering the stage of integration, and the team will overcome difficulties to ensure that the progress of publishing one volume per year can be announced to the public as soon as possible."
In addition, Tsinghua Jane is already an important cultural relic of the country, coupled with its own vulnerability, it is now impossible to take out and share.
Li Xueqin also said:
"The most important thing in archaeological finds is not how many gold and silver treasures have been found, but how many gold and silver treasures have been found, but how these discoveries can change the way we think about a historical period or a people."
The Xia Dynasty is also very important to the Chinese people, and everyone hopes to find an accurate answer from this simple sentence.
Unfortunately, at the end of 20192, Mr. Li Xueqin passed away, and he spent too much effort for Tsinghua Jane in the last decade of his academic career.
Huang Dekuan, director of the Research and Conservation Center for Excavated Cultural Relics at Tsinghua University, said: "It is a great blessing for us to know Tsinghua Jane. ”
It is reassuring to see that over the years, more and more strong evidence has been uncovered, some of which has also unraveled the mystery of Oracle.
For example, there is a clear record in the Yin Xuan, this simple article records the story of Yi Yin seeing that the Xia Dynasty was about to end and preparing to go to Shang Tang.
Among them, "Yin Yin Tian defeated Xiyi Xia" is Yi Yin's expression that heaven will destroy the Xia Dynasty, and one of the "Bo Zhongyi" refers to the ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty located in the north of the present-day Shang Dynasty.
The evidence is very close, but experts at Tsinghua University need to confirm that Xiyi is indeed the same thing as Xiyixia recorded in later literature, and as a precaution, more conclusive evidence is needed.
In the oracle bone records, the Shang Dynasty people's view of time is very primitive.
They recorded the symbols of each day, but this chronological approach went round and round, with one covering the last, after which it was rarely mentioned.
There are also some merchants for historical reasons, aimless, lack of historical conception.
There are also many records of the Xia Dynasty in the literature, and there are still many questions that need to be examined.
In a sense, the Xia Dynasty itself was a great power, and the Shang and Zhou were all vassal states.
Due to the cruel rule of the last emperor of the Xia Dynasty, the vassal state of Shang Zhou began a crusade against The Xia Dynasty, which contributed to the demise of the Xia Dynasty.
Afterwards, the Shang king was still restless and often paid tribute to the "Xiyi".
There is a sentence in the Zuo Zhuan, "The great affairs of the country are in the worship and rong", which means that in the pre-Qin period, sacrifice and war were also major events, and the prayers at the time of sacrifice were recorded as important documents.
Xiyi, also known as the Xia Dynasty at the time, added a lot of strong evidence to the existence of the Xia Dynasty.
It is understood that the only text that can be referred to at present is also the history of the dynasties, and archaeologists use the Erlitou site as a symbol and symbol of Xia, and it is also a transition between Xia and Shang.
In this sense, the Xia Dynasty did exist in Chinese history.
The deciphering process of this bamboo jane also adds a lot of new evidence and further increases the authenticity.
However, the process of Tsinghua University's deciphering of the Qinghua Jian was not as simple as the search for the Xia Dynasty, but was of great significance to the historical study of the entire pre-Qin period.
Among the more than a hundred bamboo tablets, there are nine ancient books, many of which are known for the first time.
In particular, the excavation of the Yin Yu means that two thousand years have passed, and the real Shang Shu has reappeared.
The Book of Shang itself has a very important position in the Six Classics, it is a compilation of various historical documents of the Xia, Shang, and Three Dynasties, and is one of the important bases for the study of ancient history.
According to current research, Tsinghua Jian found many, even unprecedented, in the Book of Shang.
In addition to the Book of Shang, a Brief History of Tsinghua and the Bamboo Book Chronicle have similar records.
From the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Warring States period, there were many historical events that were not recorded in the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period or in the "Records of History", and some scholars dared to point out:
The rearrangement of the Shang Shu and the Brief History of Tsinghua is likely to rewrite the ancient history of China.
These Qinghua Janes, which are also the traditional classics before the Qin King burned the books, were previously unearthed in the Hundred Sons and Hundreds of Families, which is the first time, and the significance of Qinghua Jane is undoubtedly a major discovery.
Especially during the Xia Dynasty, there was no unified script, not even the word "Xia Dynasty", which made it almost impossible to judge from the tombs.
For a long time, most of the Xia Dynasty was buried in the dust of the years, hearing and witnessing but unable to do anything, which made many people sigh.
Farmland and pastures of the former dynasties were often transported for direct use, and thousands of years of natural causes have made many traces more difficult to find.
Times are progressing, life goes on, and many things will disappear.
Thankfully, this "Brief History of Tsinghua" is largely able to solve some mysteries, or at least confirm the emergence of a number one culture that takes time to test.
For more than a decade, Tsinghua University has continuously deciphered the problems of civilization, believing that with the "Tsinghua speed" to hand over a satisfactory answer sheet, so that the rich traditional culture can return to its true color.