The Tongdian notes the clouds: "Huang, neutralizing beauty, Huang Chengtiande, the most prosperous and pure beauty, so the honorable color is overflowing." "Yellow is the exclusive color advocated by the emperors of successive dynasties, and has become a symbol of power and honor. In terms of yellow glazed porcelain, it is the royal porcelain of the royal family, and the management of yellow glazed porcelain was more stringent in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Yellow-glazed porcelain is a manifestation of royal dignity, monopolized by the court and strictly forbidden to be used by the people. According to the Records of Emperor Ming Yingzong, in the eleventh year of orthodoxy (1446), it was ordered: "It is forbidden for the Capital of Raozhou in Jiangxi Province to privately make yellow, purple, red, green, blue, and white blue and white porcelain... The first offender, Ling Chi, was executed, and by virtue of his family assets, Ding Nan served as a border guard in the army, and those who knew but did not tell him were seated. "The first of these is yellow-glazed porcelain. The Code is both clear and severe. It is explained that since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the glazed porcelain of the color land has been determined by the royal family in the form of a code of law as royal porcelain, especially yellow glazed porcelain, which has become the custom of various dynasties.
In the seventh year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1742), in order to save money, the emperor had a decree that the foot goods fired by the Royal Kiln Factory did not have to be sent to Beijing, that is, they were disposed of at a price change at this place. However, Tang Ying thought it was inappropriate, and in the eighth year of Qianlong, he played "Please set the difference in the price of secondary color porcelain, and use Du Min kiln to take the risk of indiscriminate folding": "Only the state is equal to wei, serving the seal, and customizing... As for the yellow vessel and the five-clawed dragon, there is no one to pretend to be a tool, and it seems that the price is not set at the secondary color, causing the kiln households in this place to forge trespasses and customize in order to disorderly customization..." And the Qianlong Emperor's edict was: "The yellow vessel is to be carried out as requested." Five-clawed dragons, often outside, are still bargained according to the original price. It can be seen that the emperor attaches more importance to yellow glaze ware than to the five-clawed dragon pattern. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong, the "Tang Ying Concerto Fold" in the "Qing Palace Archives" recorded: "On July 7, 21, Qianlong, Tang Ying opened an inventory of 11,79 secondary color yellow instruments and 164 secondary color sacrifice vessels and submitted them to the Guangdong Reserve Department for investigation and collection. This shows that by the middle of the Qianlong period, the Qing government's management of yellow glazed porcelain was more stringent, and it was strictly forbidden for yellow glazed porcelain to flow into the people, and even if it was a defective product, it was necessary to strictly deal with it.
Folk do not have yellow glaze porcelain, in addition to the above strict regulations, there is another important reason is that the formula and firing process of the Ming and Qing yellow glaze porcelain glaze belong to the secret recipe of the Royal Kiln Factory is strictly controlled, and the folk cannot master the process and formula of yellow glaze porcelain.
The uses of yellow-glazed porcelain in Qing Dynasty official kilns include: used as a ceremonial vessel for court sacrifices; dietary utensils for the daily life of emperors, concubines and others; religious supplies; and court furnishings.
Qing Palace yellow glaze porcelain for life
The Qing Dynasty stipulated that the yellow glazed dragon pattern inside and outside was used by the emperor. Emperors, empresses, and empresses use yellow glaze ware inside and out; imperial concubines use outer yellow and inner white ware; noble concubines use yellow and green dragon ware; concubines use blue ground yellow dragon ware; nobles use green land purple dragon ware; often use green field red dragon ware; promise to use various colored porcelain, and the prince and Fujin use various colors of porcelain. Crown Prince Fujin uses all kinds of porcelain of all colors regardless of grade, and harem people can use it. In terms of quantity, the higher the level, the more quota the quantity. The empress dowager and the empress each have more than 1,000 pieces. The imperial concubines possess more than a hundred pieces, and the concubines, concubines, and nobles have less than a hundred pieces, and there are even fewer, more than 30 pieces.
The History of the Imperial Palace (vol. 17) contains the following record:
The empress dowager "two hundred and fifty yellow porcelain plates, one hundred porcelain plates of various colors; forty-five yellow porcelain plates, fifty porcelain of various colors; one hundred yellow porcelain bowls, fifty porcelain bowls of various colors." ”
The Queen's "yellow porcelain plates are two hundred and twenty, and the porcelain plates of various colors are eighty; the yellow porcelain plates are forty, and the porcelain plates of various colors are fifty; the yellow porcelain bowls are one hundred, and the porcelain bowls of various colors are fifty. ”
Imperial Concubine "White Li Yellow Porcelain Plate Four, Various Colored Porcelain Plates Forty; White Li Yellow Porcelain Plate Forty, Various Colored Porcelain Plates Fifteen; White Li Yellow Porcelain Bowl Four, Various ColorEd Porcelain Bowl Fifty." ”
Noble Concubine"Yellow Ground Green Dragon Porcelain Plate Four, Various Colored Porcelain Plates Thirty; Yellow Ground Green Dragon Porcelain Plate Four, Various Colored Porcelain Plates Ten; Yellow Ground Green Dragon Porcelain Bowl Four, Various Colored Porcelain Bowl Fifty. ”
Concubine "Blue Earth Yellow Dragon Porcelain Plate Two, Colorful Porcelain Plate Eighteen; Blue Ground Yellow Dragon Porcelain Plate Four, Various Colored Porcelain Plate Six; Blue Ground Yellow Dragon Porcelain Bowl Four, Various ColorEd Porcelain Bowl Forty. ”
Nobleman "Greenland Purple Dragon Porcelain Plate Two, Various Colored Porcelain Plates Ten; Greenland Purple Dragon Porcelain Plate Two, Various Colored Porcelain Plates Four; Greenland Purple Dragon Porcelain Bowl Four, Various Colored Porcelain Bowl Eighteen. ”
It is often in the "green red dragon porcelain plate two, various color porcelain plates eight; colorful red dragon porcelain plate two, various color porcelain plates four, colorful red dragon porcelain bowl four, various color porcelain bowl ten." ”
These passages of literature clearly illustrate the rigor of the qing palace hierarchy, and it can be seen that the glaze color, ornamentation, and quantity are all distributed according to rank. The following are some of the yellow-glazed porcelain from the imperial palace collection in Shenyang.
▌ Qingqianlong yellow glazed dragon pattern bowl
Qingqianlong yellow glazed dragon pattern bowl Height 6.7 cm, caliber 14.5 cm, foot diameter 6.6 cm. Skimming, deep abdomen, circle feet. The inside and outside of the bowl are glazed with yellow glaze, and the dragon play bead pattern is secretly engraved at the center of the plate; the outer wall is decorated with a dark carving of the dragon and cloud pattern; and the near foot is secretly carved with a circumferential sumire pattern. The bottom book "Qianlong Year of the Great Qing Dynasty" six-character blue and white seal book. The bowl shall be for the emperor's royal use.
▌ Qing Kangxi blue ground yellow dragon pattern plate
Qing Kangxi blue ground yellow dragon pattern plate height 4.1 cm, caliber 25 cm, foot diameter 16 cm. Skimming, curved shallow abdomen, flat bottom, circle foot. The plate is painted along the white edge, the inner wall is painted with two dragon play bead ornaments, interspersed with flames and flowing cloud ornaments; the yellow circle of the pan heart is painted with a standing dragon play bead pattern, and the dragon body is decorated with flame patterns and flowing cloud patterns; the outer wall of the plate is the same as the inner wall, and there is a week of whiskers near the foot; the bottom of the plate is a white glaze floor, and there are six characters and three lines of the blue seal book "Great Qing Kangxi Year System" in the center. The plate is an old collection of the Qing Palace, with a dignified shape, smooth glaze, exquisite and delicate ornaments, and its quiet color reflects the nobility and purity of the royal utensils of the Kangxi period. This item was used by concubines.
▌ Qing Kangxi yellow glazed chrysanthemum petal plate
Qing Kangxi yellow glazed chrysanthemum petal plate height 4.2 cm, caliber 15.8 cm, foot diameter 6.7 cm. The handicap is lace-shaped along the outer edge, the disc wall is petal-shaped, the bottom of the disc is a small circle of feet, and the foot circle is exposed. The walls of the disc are thin and the workmanship is exquisite. The heart of the plate is lightly engraved with dark patterns, which are cloud dragon patterns, and are engraved with the four characters of "Wan, Shou, Wu and Xinjiang" arranged in a cross shape. The surface and exterior of the plate are applied with a dark yellow glaze, the glaze is slightly thinner and the color is lighter; the bottom of the plate is a white glaze floor, with a blue and white double circle pattern, and the inner letter "Great Qing Kangxi Year System" six-character double line model. The plate is an old artifact of the Qing Palace, which is a typical chrysanthemum petal plate style.
Qing Palace yellow glaze ceremonial porcelain
Ancient China has always had a tradition of respecting heaven and respecting ancestors, and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, this tradition was more standardized and institutionalized. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict to replace the traditional bronze ceremonial vessels with official kiln porcelain for various court ceremonies and sacrifice activities. Since then, with the continuous emergence of various colored porcelain, the court has become more and more strict about the different colors of porcelain used in sacrifices.
In the 10th year (1653) of the Reign of the Qing Dynasty, Zu Shunzhi said: "The state ceremony, the first heavy sacrifice, every day of fasting must pick up the body and mind, dedication and respect, do not let go." It can be seen that at that time, the royal family regarded sacrifice as a major national event. The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" records that the Qing "in the early days of the Ming Dynasty, the altar and temple offerings followed the ancient system, but the utensils were made of porcelain... Where pottery must distinguish colors..." indicates that the early Qing Dynasty sacrifices followed the old Ming system, only the utensils were changed to porcelain, and distinguished according to color.
Yellow glazed porcelain as an artifact of the Qing Palace ceremony, the relevant provisions are also recorded in the Qianlong Thirteenth Year of the Imperial Ceremonial Vessel Schema: "The Temple of Heaven is in the right place of Deng, Gui, Bean, Zun, Jue, And Qigu Altar, with cyan porcelain; the temple of the earth is in place, gui, bean, bean, zun, jue, cup, and the altar of the goddess is honored with yellow porcelain; the altar of asahi, the、、、 temple of heaven, the temple of heaven, beans, zun, red porcelain; the temple of the moon, the temple of the moon, the temple of the 、、、, beans, zun, with the moon white porcelain; the xiannong altar, the altar of the heavenly gods, beans, zun White porcelain is used for the main hall of the Tai Nian Temple, and the 、、、 is used for the main hall of the Tai Nian Temple..."
▌ Qingqianlong yellow glazed deer head zun
Qingqianlong yellow glazed deer head height 28.5 cm, caliber 19 cm, abdominal diameter 29 cm, foot diameter 19 cm. The shape of the whole apparatus is in the shape of a water tank, the bottom is a wide circle foot, the circle foot is exposed, and the left and right sides of the shoulder are decorated with a round carved deer head, with upright ears, round eyes, slightly open mouth corners, and a lively look. The double deer ears decorated by this statue make the whole instrument look very vivid. The surface of the utensils is coated with yellow glaze, the enamel is thick, and the glaze color is uniform. The center of the bottom of the statue is engraved with the six-character double-line square paragraph of the Yin seal book "Qianlong Year of the Great Qing Dynasty".
This statue is a sacrificial vessel, and its shape is basically the same as the orthodox shape of the temple of the earth in the "Imperial Ceremonial Instrument Schema" compiled by Qianlong Thirteen Years, indicating that this instrument belongs to the qing dynasty earth altar or the sheji altar of the orthopedic altar.
Qing Palace yellow glaze religious porcelain
The Qing emperors revered Tibetan Buddhism and gave preferential treatment to the Dalai Lama, mainly for political reasons. The Qing Emperor did not hesitate to build many lama temples throughout the country for the residence of the Great Living Buddha, in order to show the court's reverence for Tibetan Buddhism and enhance the prestige of the Qing Emperor among the leaders of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Qing Palace Buddhist Hall houses a large collection of Tibetan Buddhist artworks, all of which are sacred objects enshrined in Tibetan Buddhism. The Qing Emperor spent a lot of manpower and material resources and ordered the palace office to manufacture Buddhist objects. Not only that, the Qing Emperor also ordered the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory to imitate a large number of Buddhist hall offerings.
▌ Qingdao light pastel yellow treasure flower "Buddha Daily Ming" bowl
Qingdao Light Pastel Yellow Earth Treasure Flower "Buddha Everyday Ming" Bowl Height 8 cm, caliber 16 cm, foot diameter 7.3 cm. The bowl is a white vessel, the outer wall is painted on the bright yellow glaze floor symbolizing the treasure flower pattern of the Pure Land of Buddhism, the scarlet tall flower buds, red and blue petals, pink and blue florets, light green branches and dark green leaves, the ornamentation is solemn and noble; there are 4 blue circles between the flowers and vines, and the inside of the open light is a pink brocade, which is divided into blue color "Buddha", "Day", "Chang" and "Ming" 4 big characters, its words are simple, and its meaning is unconventional. The bottom of the bowl is a yellow glazed plain surface, and at the bottom there is a blue and white seal book "Great Qing Dao LightYear System" six characters and three lines square. This bowl is an old relic of the Qing Palace, judging from the ornaments and inscriptions, as a pre-Buddhist offering vessel used by the royal family.
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