□ Zheng Xuefu
Folk legend goes: "On the second of February, the dragon looks up, and on the third of March, Xuanyuan is born." March 3 is the birthday of the Yellow Emperor, the progenitor of the Chinese nation. March 3 is called "Shangwei Festival", which was set as the first day of the third month of the lunar calendar before the Han Dynasty, and later fixed on the third day of the first month of March. The resulting folk activities such as the sacrifice of Gao Yu, the Yu Yu Yu, the Meandering Water Stream, and the Spring Festival in the Suburbs have been derived.
In ancient times, on the third day of the third lunar month of the lunar calendar, the main activity was the sacrifice of Gao Yu. Gao Is the god of managing marriage and fertility, and because it is offered to the suburbs, it is also known as "Suburban Piety". "禖" is "medium", which has the meaning of matchmaking and adult beauty, so the Shangwei Festival is also a courtship festival and a childbirth festival. Therefore, Shangwei Festival is also a Valentine's Day for young men and women to talk about love. Because the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar is in full bloom, also known as the "Peach Blossom Festival", the ancient Han girls reached the age of 15 and held the coming-of-age ceremony on this day, that is, the "Zhen Ceremony", so the third of March is also known as the "Daughter's Day".
The "Zheng Feng Qin Huan" in the Book of Poetry says: "Qin and Huan, Fang Zhuoxi; Soldier and Woman, Fang Bingrui Xi." Female Guan Hu? The priest knows both. And looking? Beyond the water, it is fun. Vista and the female, Yiqi, sneered at each other and gave them peony medicine. "This folk song shows us a custom painting of the ancient March Three in a cheerful and fresh language, and we seem to see the Yangchun March, the Qinhe River and the Qinhe River are clear to the bottom, and the blue water is trickling down. On the riverside, a group of young men and women dressed in beautiful spring costumes and holding fragrant orchids danced and sang happily, chasing and playing with each other. This is the cheerful scene of the earliest Valentine's Day in ancient mainland China described in the Book of Poetry.
Hunan university students dressed in Hanfu to welcome the Shangwei Festival (data map)
The Zhou Li records: "In the middle of the spring month, the men and women of the Meeting were ordered. So when the time came, the runner couldn't help it. "Even in ancient times, when men and women were not intimate, when the festival came, young boys and girls met together. In the ancient history of the mainland, especially during the Han and Tang dynasties, there were many stories of young men and women traveling to youth. On the first day of March in the spring of 139 BC, the prosperous Han Wudi Emperor Liu Che was on his way back to the palace to worship his ancestors, and stopped by to visit the Princess of Pingyang, and happened to meet the dignified and beautiful Singer Wei Zifu. Wei Zifu Was full of autumn waves and had a love pulse, and Emperor Wu of Han fell in love at first sight, so he brought him into the palace, and the two fell in love with each other for 50 years.
The Tang Dynasty poet Cui Hujinshi and the first queen, around the third day of March, traveled alone in the south of the capital in the spring around the third day of March, and met Lady Dai because of thirst to find water to drink. Cui Hu saw that she was gorgeous and charming, so he teased her with words, and Lady Yan smiled and bowed her head. Cui Hu saw that it was late in the day and had to return in fear. After returning, Cui Hu was deeply missed day and night, and the next year, on the festival of Shangwei, he went straight to the south of the city to find her. Unexpectedly, the door was locked, and Cui Hu was very disappointed, and with chagrin, he inscribed a poem on the left door: "Last year, in this door today, people's faces were peach blossoms. People don't know where to go, and peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. ”
After a few days, Cui Hu went to the south of the city to search, met Dai Niang's father, Fang knew that Dai Niang had been in a trance since she met herself last year, if there was something wrong, a few days ago when she read this poem on the door, she was even more ill, and she did not go to a coma after tea and dinner. After hearing this, Cui Hu rushed to the bed of Lady Dainiang to cry and complain, and the sentences came from the bottom of her heart, which was deeply moving, and Lady Dai woke up on the spot.
As far back as the Zhou Dynasty, there was also the custom of the Three Rivers In March, the imperial court designated a full-time witch to take charge of the matter. The Zhou Li says, "When a witch is in her hands, she removes the bath." Removal refers to the three days of March to the water's edge to abstain from bathing to get rid of ominousness; bathing is to apply aromatic herbs (or smoke the body) and wash the body with a soup bath. The Analects says: "Those who are in the twilight of spring, the spring clothes are complete, the crowns are five or six, the boys are six or seven, the bath is Yi, the wind is like dancing, and the song returns." It means bathing in yi water together, blowing the wind on the dance platform (the place where Lu Guo asks for rain), and then singing songs to go home.
In the Han Dynasty, March 3 was established as a festival, and on that day, officials and people went to the water's edge to wash themselves. Not only is it popular among the people, but even the imperial concubines also go to the water to remove scales and remove ominousness. The Book of Later Han and Etiquette says: "It is the moon that rises, and the officials and the people are all clean (clean) on the east flowing water, and they are washed and removed, and the dirt and fester are removed, and the daqi (clean) is the big one."
Chengdu Wangjianglou Park Stream Cup Pool
In the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Shangwei Festival gradually evolved into a festival for the royal nobility, public secretaries and ministers, and literati to feast on the water (called Qushui Feast). The "Chronicle of the Jingchu Years" says: "The soldiers and people went out of the swamp of the river and the pond to drink from the flowing cup of curved water." This is also to pray for disaster avoidance, celebration and entertainment. From this, a custom that has been passed down through the ages, the elegant thing of the literati and inker poetry and wine singing - qushui flowing. The people sat at the edge of the winding water, placed the wine on the flowing water, let it drift down the river, and stopped in front of whom, whoever drank the wine from the cup and wrote a poem.
The most famous Qushui Liudang in history was held in Lanting in the ninth year of the Jin Dynasty Emperor Yonghe. On the third day of the first month of March in the ninth year of Yonghe (353), "the sky is clear, the wind is favorable and chang", hui ji neishi, the right general Wang Xizhi and his relatives, the famous politician Xie An of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the high-ranking officials and celebrities, a total of 42 people, after holding a ceremony of repairing the zen sacrifice in The Lanting Qingxi of HuijiShanyin, they also "thought that they were flowing with ququ water, and sat second", drinking and composing poems, and their happiness was harmonious. According to historical records, in this game, 11 people each composed two poems, 15 people each became a poem, 16 people could not write a poem, and each was fined three times. Wang Xizhi collected everyone's poems, used silkworm cocoon paper and rat whisker pens as a preface, wrote the world-famous "Orchid Pavilion Collection Sequence" by wine, described the flow of water in the Shangwei Festival, and expressed the inner feelings caused by this. The Song Dynasty poet Hong Shi had a quote from "Man Jiang Hong": "The time when the qushui flows is good, and the Maolin repairs the bamboo pond Taiyong."
After the Song Dynasty, the custom of the March Shangwei Festival gradually declined, but the custom of qushui flowing water was still passed down. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many liubei pavilions in the capital city of Beijing. The Qianlong Emperor has a poem: "Baishi Qingquan with pycnogenol, quliu paste pan golden lotus." The place where he went to find joy every year was Jin Yonghe at that time. ”
Wu Zimu of the Song Dynasty wrote in the Records of Dreams: "On the third day of March, the anniversary of the Shangwei ... The Tang Dynasty gave a feast to qujiang, pouring out the capital to drink and walk on the green. "During the Tang Dynasty, the Shangwei Festival was very lively and prosperous, and men, women and children in Chang'an City dressed in costumes came to the Qujiang River to feast and drink, and go on an outing. Dignitaries and dignitaries bottled a pot of wine syrup, and the color of the pot was turned on the embankment. Sheng song painting boat, feasting on the river, fresh car healthy horse, shoulder to shoulder to hit the hub.
The late Tang Dynasty poet Xu Tang described in his poem "The Third Day of March in Qujiang" the scene of the Manchu shishu falling out of the city and scrambling: "The Manchu kingdom appreciates the fangchen, and the hooves return to the wheel." The good flowers are all folded, and tomorrow is afraid that there will be no spring. Birds avoid clouds, and fish fly away from the waves. How to be this verse, to be alone and sorrowful. Du Fu's "Li Ren Xing" also wrote: "On March 3, the weather was new, and there were many beautiful people on the water's edge of Chang'an. The state is far from beautiful and true, and the texture is delicate and even. Embroidered robes illuminate the late spring, and the golden peacock and silver unicorn. ”
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang carried out a large-scale expansion of the Qujiang River, building the Ziyun Tower, the Caixia Pavilion, the Linshui Pavilion, the Water Hall, the Mountain Tower, the Penglai Mountain, the Liangtang And other buildings, and built a sandwich city from daming palace to Furong Garden via Xingqing Palace. On this day, the emperor gave a feast to his courtiers at Qujiang pond, shared the ascetic rituals of the prayers, and also set up "money meetings" on the platforms of the Caixia Pavilion, Ziyun Pavilion, Chengtianmen and other pavilions, where the palace ladies threw away money, and the hundred officials of the shishu rushed to grab it, laughing and making noise, and the atmosphere was warm. Bai Juyi's "Banquet of Thanking Grace for Qujiang on The Third of March" depicts in detail the grand situation of the imperial banquet of Qujiangchi. Wang Wei's poem "The Three Days of March Qujiang Waiter Feast Should Be Made" says: "Ten thousand multiplications of relatives and sacrifices, a thousand officials rejoice in Yuyu tour." From the Upper Garden, The Prayer flows to the middle. ”
The two sections of Qingming and Shangwei are too close together, and sometimes the dates even coincide. In the Song Dynasty, due to the reverence for science, the subsequent literature did not see the record of the love of men and women on the Shangwei Festival, and customs such as walking in youth were incorporated into the Qingming Festival, and the Shangwei Festival gradually faded out of people's sight. However, in the southwest Of the Yi, Zhuang and other ethnic minority areas, there are still the customs of meeting three men and women in March, such as catching songs, setting up a song shed, holding a song party, singing between men and women, throwing hydrangea balls, talking about love and other activities.