Xuzhou City, as the birthplace of the two Han cultures, unearthed a large number of relics of the Han Dynasty; Xuzhou was an important feudal state of the Han Dynasty at that time - the capital of the State of Chu, on the mountains around the city, buried the kings of Chu; these tombs of the Kings of Chu have high research value, especially the large number of lacquerware unearthed is breathtaking; although the lacquer on the surface of these lacquerware has decayed and fallen off, but the various shapes can be described as dazzling; experts have not only seen the life scene of King Xu Hanchu by studying these lacquerware remnants. He also saw the world behind him; he couldn't help but sigh: the nobles of the Chu Kings and Nobles were so "ritualistic" after they were born! What's going on? Let's take a look!
Many modern people live to pursue a "sense of ceremony"; life in ancient times, especially in aristocratic families, the sense of ceremony is very strong; for example, ordinary daily meals, how to sit, how to move chopsticks, what to say, there are rules; to explain in the professional terminology of archaeology, "ritual" refers to a meaningful social behavior activity, in order to form mutual emotional concern, and form a specific social structure relationship; for example, xuzhou Han tomb unearthed lacquer pottery, lacquer coffin, lacquer building, lacquer eyebrow pencil, lacquer crown, lacquer bag and other lacquer art forms, They can "echo" specific "ritual situations" in the social sphere of Xu Han:
First of all, the first ritual situation is "Xu Han lacquer pottery"; faience lacquerware has been unearthed very little in the country; from March to April 2004, a number of exquisite painted pottery lacquerware were excavated in the Western Han Tomb in Jingbian County, Yulin District, Northern Shaanxi, including lacquered pottery; Ding is a symbol of hierarchy and power, the pre-Qin bronze Ding system flourished, but in the Western Han Dynasty, the bronze Ding culture of "instruments with Tibetan rituals" gradually declined; in 2005, a lacquered pottery ding was excavated from the No. 5 Han Tomb on Tuji Mountain in the northern suburbs of Xuzhou, which was far more exquisite than the Yulin Western Han Tomb. Its decorative techniques mimic lacquered woodware, which is a combination of pottery and lacquerware craftsmanship.
The second ceremonial scene: "Xu Han lacquer coffin".
Lacquer coffin is a shrunken building, it is a reflection of the underworld space under the Yellow Spring, but also can illuminate the universe and life experience of the deceased; in the Xuzhou Han tomb, most of them are lacquered wooden coffins, although wooden lacquer coffins are difficult to preserve, but obvious paint marks can be seen when excavating.
According to the Book of Later Han (Part 2), "Princes, princesses, and nobles are all."
Camphor coffin
, Dong Zhu, Cloud Qi Painting. "The camphor coffin refers to a coffin made of camphor wood, which is very precious; "Dongzhu" means to use cinnabar to paint in the tomb; "cloud painting" is the creation of cloud gas carved on the top of cinnabar, and the role is to ascend the immortal; there is also a question, do black lacquer and Kanhou lacquer both refer to the color of the paint? What paint color does Kanhou paint refer to?
According to the Tongdian( Tongdian ), " After the Han Dynasty , the princes and princes , and the camphor coffins were painted black. Below 2,000 stones in the middle, Kanhou lacquer. Emphasis is placed on the ornate coffins: "Loaded with covers, dragon heads and tails, huabu walls,
Meticulous
Last week, before and after the intersection, the clouds painted draperies. There is also a distinction of rank, which is very strict: "There are more than two thousand stones in the middle...
Duke
above...... Below Sengoku... Below the yellow silk... "officials of each rank" are like their concubines, wives, and wives. "
From this description, it can be seen that the coffin of the Han Dynasty is not just as simple as the coffin, it has many complex accessories, which requires an adhesive to glue all the ornaments and the coffin together, and the Kanhou lacquer has the use of glue, that is, to replace the glue with the paint; there is an idiom "like glue like lacquer", which means that the lacquer and glue are the same, with strong stickiness; according to the "General Code", "Kanhou" is "箜"
Yikes
", an ancient musical instrument; Kanhou lacquer means the special craft of gluing an ornament with a coffin with a lacquer, as if it were lacquer
Shōgun
So Kanhou lacquer refers to a kind of lacquer art that has a certain level of talent to enjoy.
According to research, the burial of the Han Dynasty
mourning
The hierarchy is very strict, and the coffin and lacquer are divided into camphor coffin zhu lacquer, camphor coffin black lacquer, camphor coffin Kanhou lacquer, Zi coffin, wooden coffin, tung coffin, small coffin, silk cloth bag, etc. according to the status of the tomb owner, the dignity and inferiority of the rank, and the wealth of the property, so that the glory and wealth of the present world and the religious ideas embodied in it will never be extinguished under the Yellow Spring and can be continued.
[References: Xu Han Lacquerware, Later Han Dynasty Etiquette (Part 2), General Classics]