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Through "the present in history", the future can be seen from the past, and the future can be changed from the present.
Today is February 2, 2022, and on this day in 1913, the grand central terminal of new York, the world's largest railway station, was officially opened. New York Central Railway Station covers an area of 49 acres, the main staircase in the waiting hall is in the style of the Paris Opera, the vault of the hall was drawn by the French artist Paul Helleu based on a medieval manuscript to draw the zodiac 12th house map, a total of more than 2500 stars, the position of the stars is marked by the lights, a power supply is full of brilliance. Looking back at February 2 in computer history, what key events occurred on that day?
February 2, 1935: Humanity is convicted in court for the first time using a lie detector
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On February 2, 1935, the co-inventors of the lie detector used the lie detector for the first time to convict prisoners in court. Many social criminal justice systems have long assumed that they can spot liars based on several physiological responses to questioning; increased blood pressure and heart rate, dry mouth, sweating — all signs suggesting the possibility of guilt in the person being questioned. Since all of these factors exist in the person who feels anxious, why does the person being asked feel anxious unless he is lying? Polygraphs measure and record these reactions, but of course, polygraphs are not foolproof, they are easily defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect way to assess authenticity.
In 1906, the cardiologist James Mackenzie first invented the Mackenzie-lewis Polygraph; the American William Moulton Marston, who used blood pressure to check German prisoners of war, later abandoned the plan. Marston wrote his second paper on blood pressure and mental state in 1915, when he completed his undergraduate studies. Marston then entered Harvard Law School and republished his early works in 1917. In 1938, he published the book Lie Detector Test, which documented the principles and use of lie detectors.
In 1921, John Augustus Larson of the University of California invented a device for recording blood pressure and breathing, and applied it for the first time to law enforcement under the leadership of August Vollmer, the nation's famous police chief. Subsequently, the American inventor Leonarde Keeler did further research on the device. On February 2, 1935, Leonarde Keeler, co-inventor of the Keeler lie detector, tested his invention on two suspects in Portage, Wisconsin. The results of these tests were admitted as evidence in court, and both suspects were convicted of assault. Subsequently, Keeler improved the device in 1939 to make it portable; his instrument was subsequently purchased by the FBI as a prototype for a modern lie detector.
Source: Wikipedia
February 2, 1952: Ralph Merkle, inventor of public key cryptography and cryptographic hashing, is born
Ralph C. Merkle was born on February 2, 1952, a computer scientist, one of the inventors of public-key cryptography, and the inventor of cryptography; more recently, Merkel studied cryonics and was a board member of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, a cryonic tissue. Merkel is the nephew of baseball star Fred Merkel, the son of Theodore Charles Merkel, the head of the Pluto Program, and the brother of historical writer Judith Merkel Riley. Merkel is married to Carol Shaw, and his wife is a video game designer known for her 1982 Atari 2600 game River Raid.
Source: Wikipedia
As an undergraduate, Merkel designed the Merkel Puzzle during her class assignments, a scheme for communicating through insecure channels that is now considered an early case of public-key cryptography. He co-invented the Merkle-Hellman backpack cipher system, invented the cryptographic hashing method (now known as the Merkle-Damgård structure, which determined the security of the scheme based on two articles published 10 years later), and invented the Merkle tree. The Merkle-Damgård structure is at the heart of many hashing algorithms. At Xerox PARC (Xerox Paloato Center), Merkel designed Khufu and Khafre block ciphers, as well as Snefru hash functions.
Merkel has been Elxsi's compiler development manager since 1980. In 1988, he became a research scientist at Xerox PARC. In 1999, he became Zyvex's nanotechnology theorist. In 2003, he became a Distinguished Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he headed the Georgia Institute of Technology's Center for Information Security. In 2006, he returned to the San Francisco Bay Area as a Senior Fellow at IMM, a faculty member at Singularity University, and a board member of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation. Finally, in 2010, he was awarded the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal for his outstanding contribution to the invention of public key cryptography.
February 2, 1996: Amelio succeeds Spindler as CEO of Apple
In 1985, the high cost of Apple products and the power struggle between executives raised questions. Co-founder Wozniak amicably quit Apple, while another founder, Steve Jobs, resigned to start NeXT and took some Apple employees with him. On February 2, 1996, Gil Amelio was named CEO of Apple Computer Corp., succeeding Michael Spindler, whose management of the company over the past three years had led to layoffs of 1,300 employees and severe financial losses. Amelio stayed in that position for about a year and a half before leaving, until co-founder Steve Jobs took over and led Apple back to profitability with the iMac and G3 machines.
In December 1979, several Apple employees, including Jobs and human-machine interface expert Jeff Ruskin, visited Xerox PARC to watch a demonstration of Xerox's Alto computer, the world's first computer to use a GUI (graphical user interface). Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facility in exchange for the option to buy 100,000 shares at the pre-IPO price for $10 each. Immediately after the demonstration, Jobs was convinced that all future computers would use the GUI and began developing a GUI for Apple Lisa, named after Jobs's daughter.
However, the Lisa division was immediately plagued by infighting and pushed Jobs away from the project in 1982. Launched in 1983, Lisa became the first personal computer with a GUI to be sold to the public, but failed commercially due to its high price and limited software name. Angered by the evicted team, Jobs took over the company's Macintosh division. Wozniak and Jeff Ruskin had conceived of the Macintosh as a low-cost computer with a text-based interface similar to the Apple II, but a plane crash in 1981 forced Woz to withdraw from the project (september 3 column: Woz's amnesia). In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh, which initially sold well, but began to decline sharply after the first three months.
In early 1985, the decline in Macintosh sales triggered a power struggle between Steve Jobs and CEO John Sculley; before that, Jobs famously used the phrase "Do you want to sell a lifetime of sugar water, or do you want to change the world with me?" "Poached Sculley from Pepsi. Subsequently, with the unanimous support of Apple's board of directors, Sculley decided to remove Jobs from the position of head of the Macintosh department. Jobs resigned from Apple in September 1985 and founded NeXT with several Apple employees; close friend Wozniak quit his active job at Apple in early 1985, but despite his grievances, he remained officially employed by Apple and continues to work for the company as a representative today.
After Jobs and Woz left, Sculley worked to improve the Macintosh in 1985 and introduced the first affordable PostScript laser printer, the LaserWriter. However, Apple's desktop software at the time was inferior to other brands led by Adobe, causing Apple to quickly lose its dominance in the desktop publishing market, and in Christmas 1989, it ushered in the first sales decline in the company's history, resulting in a 20% decline in Apple's stock price. Successive failures tarnished Apple's reputation, and in 1993 Sculley was replaced by Michael Spundler as CEO. In 1996, Amelio succeeded Spündler as CEO, and amério was hired for his reputation as a corporate reviver, making profound changes, including massive layoffs and cost cuts, until Jobs returned.
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