For Li Yan's evaluation, for more than three hundred years, sometimes he looked at him as disobedience, sometimes praised as a hero; sometimes he was silent, and sometimes he was famous. Those who scold are charged with blame, and those who praise are indiscriminately added high hats, and the situation is different, and they have experienced a repeated process. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, historians have made a fair evaluation of Li Zhen, that is, affirming the progressive side of his thinking, and pointing out the limitations of his times and class. Unexpectedly, when the "Gang of Four" was running rampant, they pointed out the so-called "Confucian dispute," borrowed Li Zhen, an ancient person, as a tool for his usurpation of the party and seized power to create public opinion, and put the laurel of the "Legalist" on Li Zhen's head, praising Li Zhen too much, and damaging Li Zhen's image. After smashing the "Gang of Four", people became disgusted with Li Zhen, which is also inappropriate. Li Zhen himself is not guilty, and the crime is in the "Gang of Four" innuendo historiography.
Li Guangdi, a fellow villager in Quanzhou who was a fellow villager in Quanzhou in the early Qing Dynasty, once said: "Fuquan is located on the coast, and it is the end of the Kyushu customs, but the false Zhai (that is, Cai Qing) is interpreted by the scriptures, Jinquan (that is, Fu Xiaqi) and Jinjiang (that is, Li Tingji) are used to control the industry, and Li Zhen is discussed horizontally, and the whole world is calm and calm" (The Complete Works of Rongcun, vol. 14, "Rebuilding the Quanzhou Fu Xueji"). Is it not strange that this orthodox theorist Li Guangdi actually regarded Li Zhen's "cross-cutting" as a glory in Quanzhou's academic history? I think that in Li Yan's thought, there are common points that Li Guangdi can accept, so he is willing to praise them, and there are differences that Li Guangdi cannot accept, so he uses the pejorative term "horizontal discussion". It is not surprising that Li Zhen's thought carries some old theoretical views, such as the idea that books mixed with these craps, even if they are signed by Li Zhen, are not The works of Li Shi. This view is still metaphysical.
Who is the author of the Commentary on the Outline of History? Or think it was written by Li Zhen. Or think that someone copied other people's things and entrusted the name li zhen. Some people also say that Yao Shunmu's book "Outline of History" was transformed into Li Zhen's work. In my opinion, there are many books that are pseudo-entrusted to Li Shi, but the "Commentary on the Outline of History" cannot be copied from Yao Shunmu, and the "Commentary on the History Program" is basically the work of Li Zhen.
I will not judge the author of a book on the sole basis of the context of thought, because a person's thoughts can be different in the early and late stages, and some people are getting more and more progressive, and some people are retreating more and more. It is more convincing to judge the author of a book from the version of the book, the source stream, and the inherently immovable evidence. Of course, the ideological context can also be referred to.
At present, the Quanzhou Municipal Cultural Management Committee collects the "Commentary on the Outline of History" of the 1613 Xiayi Pavilion schoolbook of the Wanli Dynasty, signed as Li Zhen's Commentary. In addition, the Shanghai Municipal Library also contains fragments of the Decal Ugly Edition, as well as a copy of Mao Qintang of Jiayin (1614). This means that if it is a forgery, the lower limit of the forgery book should be before 1613. The thirty-six volumes of Yao Shunmu's "Outline of History", which are now hidden in the library of Peking University, were printed in the thirty-eighth year of the Wanli Calendar (1610). It then provides an upper limit for pseudo-trusts, which must not exceed 1610. In other words, if the "Historical Outline" was copied into the "Commentary on the Historical Outline", it could only be in the three years from 1610 to 1613.
Before the "Outline of History" was written, there were already books such as the "Outline of History", and Yao Shunmu said: "If you read less of the "Outline of History", you will see that its writings are voluminous ..., so you forget about the solid and ugly, and greatly delete it, so as to show the comers, the name is "The Outline of History" ("Lai'en Tang Collection" Volume II). It can be seen that Yao's "Outline of History" was originally deleted based on the "Outline of History." Yao was born in 1543, Li Zhen was born in 1527, Yao Shao Li was 16 years old, was a member of the later generation, Yao read the "Shi Gang" when he was a teenager, he did not specify how old "Shao" was, gu sixteen to twenty years old, then Li was already in Gongcheng, Henan Province, and moved to Nanjing Guozi Doctorate, initially became famous. According to the preface to Wu Congxian's Commentary on the Outline of History, this manuscript was originally obtained from Suzhou, and the two were analyzed together, and in the Jiangnan area, the "Outline of History" should have already been circulated. Yao was a native of Wucheng, Zhejiang (i.e., Wuxing County near Hangzhou), and his "Less-Read" Shi Gang was certainly not a "Historical Outline", and it is unknown what kind of book it was. However, it cannot be ruled out that it may also include the manuscript of Li Zhen's "Commentary on the Outline of History." Books such as the Outline of History are by their nature a concise general history textbook, not an esoteric treatise. As a textbook that everyone can see, this article is copied from each other, the commentaries are different, and it is not suspected of plagiarism. Moreover, ancient books were not necessarily written first, and the printing conditions were difficult at that time, and the rich people may write books later and publish them first, and those who have no money may write books in front and print them later. Judging from Yao's sentence of "less reading of the "Outline of History" and Wu Congxian's sentence of "the manuscript is obtained from Wumen", compared with the birth and fame of Li and Yao, and then in connection with the nature of books such as the "Outline of History", it is judged to be plagiarism on the grounds that the main text is similar and a small number of criticisms are the same, and it is said that It is a pseudo-entrustment of Li Zhen to copy Yao Shunmu. The person who pretended to be Wu Congxian may have participated in the book, and this statement does not dare to agree.
Li Zhen is a native of Quanzhou, the Quanzhou dialect belongs to the Minnan language family, some characters and words have their own characteristics, different from Mandarin, it is not easy for outsiders to learn Minnan. Although locals learn Mandarin, they will still reveal the characteristics of the Southern Fujian dialect in their writing, which is not easy to conceal. I believe that Li Yan is "the rural pronunciation has not changed", although his literary language is extremely quaint, but as soon as he writes an almost vernacular style, the syntax and vocabulary of the Southern Fujian dialect cannot help but be revealed. For example, Li Zhen's alias "Zhuo Wu", sometimes written as "Du Wu", is confused by people who do not speak the southern Fujian dialect. He specially explained the matter by writing: "The number of the layman is not one, and the number one of the Zhuo Wu is the number one." Zhuo is not the same, the layman calls himself Yue Zhuo, and the person who is recorded in the classics is Yue Du, although the people of his hometown are also known as Zhuo Zhuo or Yan Zhuo, and they are not the same. Ju Shi Yue: Zhuo and Duwu Tuyin Yiye, the people of the hometown do not distinguish between them and call them two names" ("Book Burning", vol. 3, "Zhuo Wu's Theory"). Minnan is still homophonous with Du, while Mandarin is different, and outsiders are not easy to distinguish, which is a linguistic difference. Taking the grammar of the "Commentary on the Outline of History" as a look, there are many Southern Fujian dialects revealed, which are now listed in detail below:
(1) "Great Knowledge" (1975 Zhonghua Bookstore lead-letter edition of the "Commentary on the Outline of History", vol. II, p. 16. The following is only the number of volumes and pages), according to the Quanzhou dialect often uses the word "big have" as a word, such as "big rich" and so on, the use of the word "have" still has to work hard to modify this local usage that is not in line with Mandarin.
(2) "The Stakes of this Book" (vol. III, p. 81). According to the Quanzhou language, the term "stakes" is used to praise the method, ability, effect and weight. This book is very useful for this book.
(3) "The Middle Father's Death" (vol. 4, 84). According to the Quanzhou language, begging for death is the meaning of seeking one's own death or asking for trouble.
(4) "Song Qi" (vol. 5, p. 110). The doubtful spring language "Song" should be read in the flat voice and interpreted as a village contempt. "Song Qi" seems to be the meaning of "earthy earth" in Quanzhou dialect.
(5) "Crooked Man", "Crooked Emperor", "Crooked Prince" (vol. VI, p. 151). According to "oblique", the spring language is said to be crooked, and the character is not correct is also called crooked. It seems to be different from Mandarin.
(6) "A man of integrity" and "a means" (vols. VIII, 177, 190, and another 10 and 250). According to the Quan language, the use of the word "have" is not much different from that in Mandarin, and the word "have" is often added before verbs, nouns, and adjectives.
(7) "Liu Qing is a man" (vol. IX, p. 223). According to the spring language, "it is a person" and "not a person" are often used to praise and disparage. It is people who mean good people, not people who mean bad people.
(8) "Good goods" (vol. 10, pages 255, and "good goods" are also mentioned repeatedly on pages 600 and 612). According to the spring language, good goods mean good people, and "bad goods" means bad people.
(9) "You cannot say a thousand words, otherwise the mother guesses, and the emperor himself speaks" (vol. 10, p. 267). According to the interpretation of the spring language, it is right, and it is not right.
(10) "It is this pernicious affair" (vol. XI, p. 311). According to the spring language, "this" means "these".
(11) "Zhu Qi", "Wu Qi", "Great Divine Qi" (vol. XII, p. 319...). ）。 According to the spring language, "qi" is of great use, and is often used to summarize the meaning of a certain character. "Zhu Qi" means that its person has the smell of Zhu Xi, and "Wu Qi" means that its person has the smell of Wu Kou. "Divine Qi" is a normal solution to the nerves, and the nerves are very abnormal and are called "Great Divine Qi".
(12) "Oh, oh, wonderful!" (vol. XX, p. 579). The writings are interpreted in pairs, and the word "holding" is used in the spring language and the colloquial language that responds to people.
(13) "Naturally so be so" (vols. XX, 580), "so is nature" (vol. XXII, 599). According to the natural or natural language of the spring language, both are taken for granted, and generally appear in the colloquial language.
(14) "Gone" (vol. XXII, p. 605). Make pairs of understanding.
(15) "There is a head of excitement, there is a head of prosperity" (vol. XXIII, p. 629). According to the spring language, it is interesting and energetic to understand.
(16) "Interesting People" (vol. XXV, p. 687). That is, this person is very interesting.
(17) "The Text of the True Scriptures" (vol. 31, 867). Press the "realistic" spring language as a very similar solution.
(18) "Smooth, unobstructed" (vol. XXXII, p. 899). According to the spring language, it is comfortable, happy, and satisfied, and the usage is extremely common, which is a rougher word.
(19) "Just use this class" (vol. XXXIII, p. 909). Use the meaning of the right to use.
(20) "Ran Wang, Huang Yi Tai Heng Yi" (vol. 33, p. 916). Vicious solutions.
The above preliminary found twenty examples of French words with Hokkien in the "Commentary on the Outline of History", such as detailed search for many more. Re-examining the "Chu Tan Collection" that is recognized by the public as li zhen, there are also many Hokkien languages, with a few examples: (1) "This woman is suspicious of her husband, too eyeless" (vols. 1, 7). The word "dislike" is still very common. (2) "Ruined" (vols. 3, 37) is a disgrace and does not grow. (3) "The Great Insight" (books II, 23 and IV and 52).
Therefore, it is proved from the language pigment of the Minnan dialect in the "Commentary on the Outline of History" that the author is a Minnan person. If it is a false trust, then its pretender should be a Minnan who was alive in 1613.
There are two authors of the "Commentary on the Outline of History", the first is the Qing Daoguang edition of the "Fujian Tongzhi" volume seventy-two; "Li Yan's "Commentary on the History of the Outline" thirty-three volumes. The second is the Republic of China edition of the "Chronicle of Macheng County", volume 10 of the "Old and The Old and the Old": "(Li Yan) The books he compiled in Longhu are "Chutan", "Historical Outline", "Collection of Books", "Book Burning", "Record of Cause and Effect", etc., and there are no less than hundreds of manual records and comments. The book also states that this information comes from the Kangxi Old Chronicle, which is an important indication, because the Kangxi period was only nearly a hundred years after the time of Li Zhen's time in Macheng, so it is credible. The "Outline of History" was written by Li Shi in Macheng, li went to Macheng in the twelfth year of the Wanli Calendar (1584), and left Macheng in the twenty-second year of the Wanli Calendar (1594), ten years before and after. If the last 1594 year was written as the "Commentary on the Outline of History", it would be 16 years earlier than yao Shunmu's "Outline of History" printed in the thirty-eighth year of the Wanli Calendar (1610), Li Shunmu's chief Yao Shunmu was 16 years old, and the "Commentary on the Outline of History" was written more than ten years earlier, Yao may have copied Li, and Li could never have copied Yao. However, some people do not examine it in detail, but only rely on the preface and some similarities between this article. It was illogical to conclude that Li had copied Yao.
In addition to Li Zhen's commentary, the "Commentary on the Outline of History" is also signed "New Capital Ningye Wu Congxian Consulting First.". Wu Congxian, a native of Shexian County, Anhui Province, had some relations with Li Zhen, and his book "Small Window Ziji Miscellaneous Works" once mentioned that "Li Zhuowu casually sharpened his teeth and ignored the heavens and the earth." "It seems that I have heard Lee's speech. In addition, in the first volume of the "Li Wenling Outer Chronicles" that records the mourning articles of friends and students after Li Zhen's death, there is a "Li Bald Weng Zan", which is Wu Congxian's work. Therefore, the relationship between Wu and Li can be confirmed. In volume FOUR of the Little Window Self-Chronicle, there are two letters written by Wu to his teacher Zhang Binwang, mentioning the matter of participating in the "Commentary on the Outline of History": "The world will be like this, and the pen and ink seem to be discarded. However, there is no one to kiss outside the pen and ink, barely sitting in the small window, green felt life, if the "Outline of History", if the "Ji", if "We Mink", if the "Anthology", are boring and entrusted, my teacher one to cut it. "Refer to the history books and die for Zhuo Weng." Some people think that this information is Wu Congxian's falsification evidence, but in fact it is not. Wu explicitly wrote in the "Commentary on the Outline of History" that he should "refer to the revision" with Li Zhen's manuscript, and of course "refer to the correct history book." After the reference was completed, he also sent it to King Zhang Bin to "cut it with one hand", and compiled these two letters into his collection "Small Window Self-Discipline" for public publication. The word "boring and entrusted" is the meaning of sustenance, not the meaning of false trust, and the reader must be cautious. It is not only "reference", but also participates in some of their own opinions, which is not convenient to be regarded as a false trust, and can only be said to be inappropriate. That Zhang Bin Wang also had contacts with the people of Quanzhou, Qing Ru Xian Zen Master (1605-1678) "Thin Song Collection" Volume IV, "Gift Luo Cansheng Shu" Yun: "Mr. Luo Shangru of Wuxiang (referring to Hui'an County, Quanzhou Province), Wanli With Mao's Kui Min Province, Wen Ming Chi Hai Nei, Han Qiuzhong, Zhang Bin Wang, and Song Yugao, all heard of each other and asked for friendship. "Luo Shangru raised a man in mid-1591, later in the era of Li Zhen, who was also a native of Quanzhou Province, and King Zhang Bin was friends with him. Then, if Wu Congxian belonged to the works of Li Xian, he automatically informed Zhang Binwang of the secret, and Zhang had contacts with the people of Quanzhou, and was not afraid of leaking the wind, which the counterfeiters would not do.
According to the "Commentary on the Outline of History" published in 1613, and with the Quanzhou dialect, it is inferred that if there is a forgery, the counterfeiter should be a Quanzhou person, Wu Congxian is not a Quanzhou person, Anhui dialect and Quanzhou dialect are far apart, the use will not be so mature, he can not first learn Quanzhou dialect in order to falsify. Therefore, Wu may "participate" in some opinions, but he is not a person who is a hypocrite. Yao Shunmu is a native of Zhejiang, and the Dialect of Zhejiang and the Dialect of Quanzhou are also very different, and it is impossible to write articles in the dialect pigment of Quanzhou, such as saying that the "Commentary" copied the "Essentials", then these dozens of regulations are by no means copied, but by the people of Quanzhou. The "Outline of History" is a kind of popular book of a general history nature, and the practical tone of narrative history is similar, and it cannot be regarded as plagiarism, which is normal. Popular history books can be seen by everyone, so why bother to narrate the same historical facts and record what people have already sorted out?
The "Commentary on the Outline of History" is not important in Li Yan's works, and the "Outline of History" is also a cold book, which should not have been painstakingly examined. However, national academic newspapers and periodicals such as "Cultural Relics" and "Guangming Daily" have published articles saying that the "Commentary" is a copy of the "Essentials", which seems to be contrary to the facts, and in the spirit of seeking truth from facts, it is precisely in the spirit of seeking truth from facts.
(Published in Quanzhou Literature and History, No. 5, 1981)
This article is selected from the Quanzhou Historical and Cultural Center series "Chen Sidong Literature and History Manuscripts"
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