"Small mountain bush bamboo" stone arch age examination

The stone arch of "Small Mountain Congzhu" stands in the North Gate Model Lane of Quanzhou Old Town, that is, in the Third Hospital of Quanzhou City. Qing Daoguang's "Chronicle of Jinjiang County" listed it as "Songfang"; in January 1983, the People's Government of Quanzhou City (Xiaoshi) announced it as the second batch of municipal cultural relics protection units under the name of "Zhu Xi Xiaoshan CongZhufang", and the age was defined as "Southern Song Dynasty". This stele is closely related to the Southern Song Dynasty theoretician and great educator Zhu Xi, but is it "Song Fang"? A correct judgment should be made on this issue in order to accurately display the cultural relics value of this stone arch, so as not to spread false rumors.

"Small mountain bush bamboo" stone arch, south to north, is made of granite rock, belongs to the cupola type, for two pillars and one room, 3.70 meters high, 3.75 meters wide, quite simple and generous. The upper end of its two pillars is decorated with a gourd-shaped roof, and between the two pillars there are only two horizontal frames of foreheads, and in the middle of the two foreheads is embedded a rectangular brilliant rock version (stone plaque): the front yin carved Zhu Xi handwriting "Small Mountain Congzhu Bamboo" four traditional characters, banner type, word diameter 27×25 cm, the fall of the "Obscure Weng Book" three lines of traditional chinese small characters, yin carved vertical row; the back of the yin carved Xu Zhilin inscription of the letter "Self-Made Record", but unfortunately the handwriting has been blurred.

Both the Xingxi Qingqianlong", "Quanzhou Fuzhi" and Daoguang's "Jinjiang County Chronicle", both record Xu Zhilin's "Self-Memoirs" in the entry introducing the Xiaoshan Congzhu Academy, which provides reliable information for studying the origin of the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" stone arch and judging its construction age. Reproduced below:

In the northeast of the county, there is a high fu land, and the qi is single-handed, and the name of Wenling is really here. Song Hui Guowen Gong Zhu Fuzi, planting bamboo jianting lecture in it, self-titled "small mountain bush bamboo", Gu Sheng also. Over time, repair the que people. During the Ming Dynasty, Chen Gongyao was sentenced to reconstruct The Pavilion, renamed it "Guohua", and engraved the remains of Confucius to worship him. Later, it was destroyed by soldiers, the base site was used as a residential house, the stone forehead was not in the pawns, and the statue was broken into three, and the wall of the Five Sages Shrine was placed, and the blasphemy of the ancestors was not very soft! Years Jia Chengyu sentenced to be a county, visited the relics of the master, Wu Zi Fanggao in order to give the calendar, with the province to see, the grass is thick, a few can not be judged, although the rafters and gravel are gone. Stealing from himself, Rui Yaxingfu, only one year old to support the money, in the autumn of The Dragon Material of Yi hai and through the beginning. To recover the poor stone, the tibetans who went to Tibet knew that they could not hide, but they had to return to their old things, and in order to follow the old site, they bowed their fingers and pointed them out, although they were cold and hot. The pavilion was completed, and the stone carvings of the Master were moved on the wall of the Five Sages Ancestral Hall, and the craftsmen were summoned to make up for the resignation and worship in the pavilion. In the autumn of his own death, the recommended person of the Spring Shi's dengxiang was several times in the past. Another year, Yu Sifei's construction of another lecture hall was not enough for The Love of Guangfu Zi Youqi, but to open up and build it idly to the Prince of Titai, Yu Tingzuo, and read the years. Those who are famous for their "sincerity and righteousness" also have the origin of the heart of the Master. Behind the pavilion, there are six books in front and behind, which are the places where the disciples can practice and travel, and the forehead is called "Zhan Zi". On the right bank, a small pavilion with hexagons is built, and the remnants of the inspection are simplified, the forehead is called "honorific character", the front and back are surrounded by columns, and the forest jade drops are green and the steps. Outside the ancestral gate, there is still a vertical table in the thoroughfare, so that people know what to do.

Judging from Xu Zhilin's records, the appearance of this "small mountain bush bamboo" stone arch is closely related to the Southern Song Dynasty theoretician and great educator Zhu Xi who once "planted bamboo and built a pavilion to give a lecture" in this place. Probably under the influence of Qing Daoguang's Jinjiang County Chronicle, which listed this workshop as "Song Fang", the neighbors had several different views on the relationship between the pavilion and the fang.

I. In June 1984, the cultural relics protection monument erected by the people's government of Quanzhou City (Xiaoshi) reads: "Zhu Xi, a famous theologian of the Southern Song Dynasty, advocated the style of study in the southern Fujian region for several years in shaoxing twenty-one years (1151 AD) as the master of Quanzhou Tong'an, and for a time he was like a cloud, and was known as the 'Qingyuan Bei Sect'. Later generations sihui, that is, in addition to his 'planting bamboo pavilion to teach in it', zhu Xi carved stone squares in hand-written writings to remember. According to this monument, the "Xiaoshan Cong bamboo" stone arch was built on the site of Zhu Xi's "planting bamboo pavilion to teach in it" (that is, the "Xiaoshan Cong Bamboo" pavilion) as a memorial. As for when it will be built, there is no specific statement. According to the Quanzhou Municipal People's Government in 1983, when the Quanzhou Municipal People's Government announced the factory as a municipal cultural relics protection unit, its age was defined as "Southern Song Dynasty", and they also believed that this workshop was built during the Southern Song Dynasty.

Second, the "Quanzhou Cultural Relics Handbook" compiled by the Quanzhou Municipal Cultural Relics Management Committee introduces the "Zhuxi Xiaoshan Cong Bamboo Fang" day: "Xiaoshan Cong Bamboo is the place where the Song Zhu Wen gong planted bamboo to build pavilions and lecture on them. 'Hou Yuan, Ming Jia Jingjian (1522-1566), generally sentenced Chen Yaodian to rebuild, renamed 'Guohua Pavilion', and stood in the pavilion with the statue of Zhu Zi; he also built lecture halls and book houses on the left side of the pavilion and the back of the pavilion, and Xu Zilin rebuilt a 'small mountain bush bamboo' stone square table in the forty years of the former Kangxi Dynasty (1701). The existing stone arch of "Xiaoshan Congzhu" mentioned in the manual was rebuilt by Xu Zhilin of Quanzhou Tongju in the 40th year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1701), and was erected in front of the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" Pavilion (renamed "Guohua Pavilion") rebuilt by Chen Yaodian of Quanzhou Tongju during the Ming Jiajing Period. In this view, the manual also believes that the "Small Mountain Cong Bamboo" stone arch was originally built by Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty, and is integrated with the "Xiao Shan Cong Bamboo" pavilion.

Third, Professor Chen Yundun of Huaqiao University wrote in the "Quanzhou Famous Plaque Catalogue" written before his death: "The four characters are Zhu Xi's handwriting, close to the book, the diameter of the characters is more than seven inches, originally hung in the lecture hall of the 'Xiaoshan Academy', and later moved to be a small stone square, the height of the square is only one foot and three feet, standing in the south of the 'Guohua Pavilion' in the northeast of Quanzhou Capital City, and the calligraphy is solemn and ancient. The Fu Zhi said: In the forty years of the Kangxi Dynasty, the stone was not in the army, and it was moved to the residence, and the officials who were poor and questioned still had to be returned, and they were erected in order to find the old site. Therefore, this amount is indeed the original inscription. According to Professor Chen Yundun, the four characters of Zhu Xi's book "Xiaoshan Congzhu" should have been carved on a wooden plaque and hung in the lecture hall of "Xiaoshan Academy", and later moved to build a stone plaque to build a workshop in the south of the Guohua Pavilion, and after the stone arch fell, the stone plaque was lost, and after the stone plaque was found in the forty years of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1710), the stone plaque was rebuilt on the old site. The lecture hall he said of "Xiaoshan Academy" should refer to the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" pavilion built by Zhu Xi, not to the lecture hall built by Xu Zhilin in the thirty-ninth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1700), that is, the "Chengzheng Hall", otherwise this stone plaque would not be considered to be "original carving".

Judging from Xu Zhilin's "Self-Memoirs" contained in Qianlong's "Chronicle of Quanzhou Prefecture" and Daoguang's "Chronicle of Jinjiang County", the above several statements about the stone arch of "small mountains and bamboo" are not entirely correct and are different from historical facts. For the avoidance of further elaboration, this article will not distinguish them one by one, but will only focus on the following two problems, and the other problems will be solved.

First, the current "small mountain bush bamboo" stone arch is not rebuilt, but built separately. Xu Zhilin's "Self-Memoirs" clearly describes that the "Little Mountain Cong bamboo" pavilion and the "XiaoShan Cong Bamboo" stone arch are two different buildings. He said: During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi built a pavilion of "small mountains and bamboos" that "lasted for a long time", Ming Jiajingjian and Quanzhou Tongju Chen Yaodian "reconstructed the Pavilion", renamed it "Guohua", and later "restored to the destruction of the soldiers, and the base site was encroached upon as a residential house"; after he became the General Judge of Quanzhou in the thirty-third year (1694), he "rui Yaxingfu, only one year old to pay the money", in Kangxi Yihai, that is, in the thirty-fourth year (1695), he built another "Chengzheng" lecture hall in Tingzuo, built it in the forty-fourth year (1701), and built the "Zhan Zi" book house behind the pavilion On the right, a "jingzi" pavilion was built on the right side, and outside the door of the Wuxian Ancestral Hall, "the table was still erected in the tongqu, so that people could know what to do." That is to say, Quanzhou Tongju Xu Zhilin rebuilt the "Guohua" pavilion, that is, the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" pavilion, in the thirty-fourth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1695), and built another "Xiaoshan Cong Bamboo" stone arch in the forty years of the Kangxi Dynasty (1701), and the location of the pavilion and the fang was different and did not become one. Therefore, the "Little Mountain Bamboo" pavilion and the "Little Mountain Bamboo" stone arch are by no means the same building. At present, the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" pavilion rebuilt by Xu Zhilin has become a historical relic, and what has been preserved is the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" stone arch built by Xu Zhilin.

Second, the stone plaque (character version) on the stone archway of "Small Mountain Congzhu" is not "original carving". According to Xu Zhilin's "Self-Memoirs", Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty "planted bamboo to build a pavilion" and inscribed himself with the four characters of "small mountain bush bamboo", but did not specify whether it was carved on a stone plaque or on a wooden plaque. Whether it is a stone plaque or a wooden plaque, it is decorated in the "small mountain cluster bamboo" pavilion. When Chen Yaodian was sentenced to rebuild the pavilion in Mingjiajingjian Quanzhou, although it was renamed "Guohua", the plaque inscribed by Zhu Xi "Small Mountain Bush Bamboo" is still decorated on this pavilion, and its form is unknown, but it is certain that the plaque on the Sishi Pavilion is a stone plaque. If the plaque was a wooden plaque from the Southern Song Dynasty to a stone plaque at that time, it could not be called "original carving", but could only be called imitation carving; if the stone plaque of the Southern Song Dynasty was still used at that time, of course, it was called "original carving". Later, the pavilion was "destroyed by soldiers, the base site was used as a residential house, and the stone was not destroyed by the soldiers." By the thirty-fourth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1695), when Quanzhou Tongju Xu Zhilin rebuilt the pavilion again, he found the hidden stone plaque on this side, "following the old site and erecting it", that is, erecting a pillar at the entrance of the pavilion according to the original place, which is still integrated with the pavilion. Therefore, if the stone plaque is the "original carving", it should be on the side of the "small mountain bush bamboo" pavilion (guohua pavilion), rather than on the side of the existing stone arch, which should be imitated according to the former. Because the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" stone arch was built six years after the reconstruction of Xu Zhilin's "Xiaoshan Congzhu" pavilion, that is, in the fortieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1701) in order to "know the etiquette", it was built separately in the thoroughfare outside the door of the Wuxian Ancestral Hall, and the stone plaque of the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" pavilion was not moved to the "Xiaoshan Congzhu" stone arch at that time. Therefore, this square stone plaque in the stone arch of "Xiaoshan Congzhu" was re-engraved in the forty years of Kangxi (1701); if it is the "original carving" of the "Xiaoshan Cong bamboo" pavilion, Xu Zhilin will not engrave his "Self-Made Record" on the back, otherwise he will suffer from the suspicion of blasphemy against the sages.

All in all, the "Xiaoshan Cong Bamboo" stone arch was built in the 40th year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1701), it was not rebuilt, but was built separately outside the "Xiaoshan Cong Bamboo Pavilion"; in addition, the stone plaque (character version) of the Zhu Xi inscription embedded in this square was not engraved during the Southern Song Dynasty and cannot be called "original carving". It should have been re-engraved again in the forty years of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1701), and it is a thing of the early Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the existing "small mountain bush bamboo" stone arch should be defined in the Qing Dynasty, not the Southern Song Dynasty. In order to return the truth of its history, I recently participated in the compilation of the "Atlas of Cultural Relics of Fujian Province", and have listed this stone arch as a Qing Dynasty building, but nevertheless, because it is the only building preserved in Quanzhou city that is closely related to the Southern Song Dynasty dali scholar and great educator Zhu Xi, it still has a high cultural relics value.

exegesis:

Qing Daoguang's "Chronicle of Jinjiang County" volume 12 "Chronicle of Ancient Monuments".

Quanzhou Cultural Relics Handbook compiled by Quanzhou Municipal Cultural Relics Administration Committee, "List of Cultural Relics Protection Units at All Levels in Quanzhou City", p. 183.

QingQianlong's "Chronicle of Quanzhou Prefecture" volume 13 "School One", Daoguang "Jinjiang County Chronicle" volume 14 "School History".

This monument still stands next to the stone arch of "Small Mountain Bush Bamboo".

Quanzhou Cultural Relics Handbook compiled by Quanzhou Municipal Cultural Relics Administration Committee, p. 116.

Chen Yundun is the author of "Quanzhou Famous Plaque", published by The Forbidden City, published in December 1995.

(Originally published in Quanzhou Wenbo, No. 10)

This article is selected from the Quanzhou Historical and Cultural Center series "Zheng Huanzhang Literature and History Manuscripts"

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