Song Jin mural tomb in Empress Village, Lu County, Shanxi
World of Cultural Relics, 2015.01, Zhao Peiqing
Abstract: The tombs of the imitation wood structure brick chamber dome in the Song and Jin dynasties have been found in the eastern region of Shanxi over the years, but it is not common to have murals and accurate chronology. Xu Ping mural tomb in Empress Village, Luxian County, the imitation wood structure part is made of regular construction, and the bucket shape system is unique and hierarchical, reflecting the early architectural style. The content of the murals and the inscriptions with clear chronology provide a detailed basis for the study of folk culture in the Song and Jin dynasties.
On October 25, 2013, a brick chamber tomb was broken in the maintenance and operation area of yangmei group's first mine when building a distribution room in the ventilation area. The Yangquan Municipal Administration of Cultural Relics and the Luxian Cultural Relics Management Office jointly carried out a clean-up.
1. Burial location and shape
The tomb is located in The Tomb of the Queen Ofe, Jia Village, Lu county, Lu County, Shanxi, 13 kilometers from the county seat (Picture 1). The tomb sits south facing north, the burial chamber is an octagonal single room, imitation wood structure double copy five paving as a bucket, stacked dome dome brick tomb.
The tomb consists of a tomb passage, a tomb door, and a burial chamber, and the length of the tomb passage is unknown (Figure 2). The tomb door is 1.29 meters high, 0.71 wide and 0.55 meters thick, and is a brick arch gate, and the sealed door is a brick stack with six layers of sealing (Figure 3). The burial chamber is 2.66 meters long from north to south, 2.6 meters wide from east to west, and the total height is 3.25 meters. The burial chamber is octagonal in plan, with a concave coffin bed, 0.35 meters high, paved with 0.34 meters × 0.34 meters square bricks. The walls of the tomb are made of tiles staggered and flat. Each corner of the imitation wood building structure is made of vertical bricks as a pillar bearing the fang, and the upper pole bucket sits double copy and four paving as a bucket. Then there are the rafters and tiles. The bricks at the top of the tomb are stacked on top of the bricks, gradually adducted, and finally covered with strips of bricks (Fig. 4). The green bricks used are slightly the same size, 36 long, 16 wide and 0.6 cm thick.
There are 4 bones on the coffin bed, of which 2 are better preserved, the other 1 is more decayed, and one is cremated, but only the limbs are cremated, and there is no trace of fire on the head. There are very few burial items, 1 piece of copper noodles and 1 piece of copper earrings are produced at the skull on the south side, and 11 pieces of coal fine stone belts are found on the waist of the adjacent skeleton. On the east wall of the tomb door, next to the burial chamber, there is the inscription "Diary of April 18, 18th of the Eighth Year of Dading", and on the west side of the tomb door there is the inscription "□ On April 18, 18th of the eighth year of Dading, wang Zhongzheng of the white-faced Wusha Village, □ Zhongkou □ Li" and "Lu County Tongying Huanghou Village □□□ Family Mouth Burial, Burial Of Xu Pingkou Brother Xu Wang" (Figure 5).
2. Tomb murals
Inside the tomb, there are painted drawings and frescoes on the top of the tomb wall and the chess and chess eyes. The painted and frescoed paintings are devoid of canes, and a layer of white mortar is painted directly on the brick tomb wall, and then patterns and inscriptions are painted on the white layer. The drawing technique uses lines of varying thicknesses to outline and fill in with various mineral pigments. There is no more obvious smudging level, mainly red, black, blue, brown, green and other colors. Due to the influence of water infestation and environmental humidity in the early years of the burial chamber, some of the frescoes have been crisp and alkaline, and the skin has fallen off. But it is not easy to maintain this level.
The pictorial meaning of the entire burial chamber is divided into two parts according to the structure of the burial chamber. The above dome is part of the tile, depicting the celestial star chart, and below it is another part, showing some scenes of the owner's life before his death (Fig. 6).
The frescoes on the dome of the tomb are based in black and gray, on which are painted numerous stars, the moon, and the sun. The sun is in the east and the moon is in the west, and the seven stars are connected together with a white connection, indicating the position of the big dipper constellation.
Except for the tomb door, which has no frescoes, there are frescoes on all seven sides of the burial chamber. The fresco is trimmed with maroon lines in two corner columns as a unit, forming a separate picture of 1.1 m x 0.94 m. The first wall of the west side of the tomb door: the picture is divided into three levels, on which are painted 10 cm wide light blue draped flat mantle. There is an ink book inscription on the upper part. Below are two black cats, one crouched on its front legs, its tail coiled, glaring at the front, and one lying prostrate, following behind (Figure VII.
Southwest Wall Inscription; The young Man Xu Jing, his wife Zhang Shikou □, and gave birth to three sons. Da Lang Xu Ping, wife Zhang, Hou, hao. Jiro was killed. Sanlang Xu wang.
Jiro Nobu, Tsumatake, Iku futako, Nine Court, Nozomu. A female insect.
Sanlang Xu Zhongzheng, wife of the Kang clan, gave birth to three sons, four □ and revived and blessed. Wulang Xu Zhonghou, wife Hao Shi, daughters Yang Jiao, Fan Jiao, Yue Jiao. ...
In April of the eighth year of Dading, three tombs were built inside. The three ancestors are buried together in one cave. Buried flat in a cave. Brother Saburo was buried in one cave. Wang Zhong (Zheng), a masonry craftsman in Usha Village, □□□□ within four days.
West Wall: "Woman Opening the Door" (Figure 8), 10 cm light blue double-layered draped flat mantle. The middle is outlined with a black edge to outline the door frame, two vermilion doors are half open, and the door is represented by four neatly arranged black dots on the door. In the middle stands a woman peeking out, her right body hidden behind the door, her face and left body exposed outside the door, and her left hand supporting the door. Full face, round face, high bun. She wears a kaftan with a slanted collar and a long skirt underneath.
Northwest Wall: "Figure 9, 10 cm light blue draped flat curtain, there is a woman wearing a long robe and long skirt, exposed cloud head shoes, high bun, plump face, and kind expression. Holding a tuan fan in his left hand and placing his right hand on his chest, he strolled leisurely and looked particularly dashing.
North Wall: "Kaifang Feast" (Picture 1 O), which is the most important part of the tomb mural, depicting the scene of the tomb owner and his wife sitting and drinking. Hanging light blue draped flat curtain, hanging curtain inside, rolled up with flowers on both sides, hanging in the middle of the outer circle and inner square money pendant, sagging three streamers. In the middle of the painting is a rectangular wooden table outlined with ink lines and filled with pale yellow colors, and the front of the table is covered by a table curtain. There are 7 pieces of various fruits and wine utensils on the table, and there are two pairs of chopsticks on the edge of the table. The man has a wide face, a goatee on his chin, a soap scarf wrapped around his head, a round collar robe, and his hands are sitting on the right side of the table with his hands in his sleeves. The hostess has a round face, willow eyebrows and thin eyes, and her hair is tied to the top of her head in a high bun with a headband. Wearing a pair of collared shawls, lined with a low-necked jacket, red ribbon hanging from the chest, sitting on the left side, the chairs are high back with chair cushions without armrests. The male and female servants stand at the table, their heads wrapped in soap scarves, wearing a round-necked robe and a short coat, with their hands in the sleeves, standing on the right side. The maid has her hair tied high in a bun, wears a long skirt, holds a food plate in her hand, and stands on the left side.
Northeast Wall: "ShangJiu Tu" (Figure 11). The light blue drapes are flat and slow, and two maids follow each other to pass the wine for the tomb owner. The former maid's high hair is tied with a headband, her face is plump, she wears a long skirt to the end, a two-handed tray, and 4 tall wine glasses on the plate. The rear maid's hair bun is slightly different from the former maid's, with a long face, slightly taller than the former maid, wearing a long skirt to the end, holding a wine jug in one hand, and a protective shape in the other. East Wall: "Kitchen Attendant Diagram" (Fig. 12). The upper-sagging light blue draped flat curtain, the right side of the picture has a table outlined with ink lines and filled with gray and black color countertops. There is a tooth plate under the table. Two legs of the table outlined with ink lines and filled with yellow color are exposed. On the table are placed two stacks of bowls with their mouths facing downwards. There are also two spoons, one facing upwards and one buttoned downwards, and the one that is buckled is also decorated with a wooden pattern. At the table stood a maid. She wears a long skirt with a high bun, the only difference is that her hair is exposed to her ears and she also has oval earrings. On the left side, an ink line outlines a stove, a circular fire outlet, and a barrel flue. The stove top is also painted with five sections of a steamer with a lid, each with a symmetrical handle.
Southeast Wall: "Figure of a Woman Picking a Lamp" (Figure 13). Sagging light blue draped flat mantle. On the right side, brick carving and painting techniques are used, and a brick carved lamp handle is set below, and the flame of the lamp is outlined in maroon on the top. A woman stands next to her, her hands flat, her right hand holding a thin strip in the shape of a lamp.
3. Excavated relics
In the process of cleaning, 13 pieces of belt plates were found on the second bone of the coffin bed. A piece of copper was produced at the top of the head of the third corpse bone. 1 copper earring next to the skull. Tomb entrance white glazed porcelain cup (remnant) 1 piece.
(1) Coal fine stone belt and other 11 pieces。 Plain surface, the front is better polished, the back side has grooves, and the side has small holes. Among them, there are two peach-shaped shoes, 5.5 cm long and 4 cm wide. The square row is 8 blocks with a side length of 5.5 cm. 1 piece of thallium tail, 7 cm long and 5.5 cm wide (Fig. 14).
(2) 1 piece of copper plutonium, in the shape of "L", the flat head is bent by 2.5 cm, and there is a pattern. The angled forks are two, with a circular diameter of 0.3 cm and a length of 15 cm (Fig. 15.
(3) 1 piece of copper earrings, one end is thick and the other is thin, bent and folded, approximately oval, such as the shape of the English letter "q", 2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide (Figure 16).
(4) White glazed porcelain cup (remnant), small flip edge, shallow curved abdomen, digging foot over the shoulder. A white glaze is applied inside and out of the vessel, and the glaze is slightly yellowed. The white tire is delicate and firm. There is a shinching ring inside the vessel. The caliber is 18.8 cm, the foot diameter is 5.5 cm, and the height is 4 cm (Figure 17).
IV. Conclusion
(1) The age of the tomb
The ink book "Diary of April 18, 18th of the Eighth Year of Dading" found in the tomb passage and inscription should be recorded at the time of the construction of the tomb or burial. The Dateing era name was owned only by Emperor Jin Shizong in Chinese history, and it can be concluded that the tomb date is the eighth year of Jin Dading, that is, 1168 AD.
(2) Significance
This tomb is of great value to our study of the folk culture of the time. From the perspective of the political environment, around the eighth year of Dading (1168), the Jin Dynasty was still in a period of alternating between the old and the new. The contradictions and conflicts between the old and new cultures are intertwined, and the traditional practice is retained in the shape and style of the tomb. Domes and brick painted imitation wood structures should be typical architectural features of the Northern Song Dynasty. The brick columns, fangs, fighting chess, eaves, etc. carved in the tomb are completely modeled on the realistic wooden architectural style, and fully reflect the house and living room of the deceased before his death. In particular, the two black cats in the mural are relatively rare, and the painter has invested great emotion and carefully designed, which should have some special folk significance.
The Jin Shi Zhi 24 Yu Fu Xia records: "The clothes of a gentleman are called virtue, so the one who prepares virtue has his literary preparation." The princes and the commoners of the ancients each had a certain system, and those who did not dare to cross each other did not dare to cross each other. "In the Jin Dynasty, it was strictly forbidden for Jurchens to wear Han costumes, and the violators were eighty, which shows that the costumes of the Jin Dynasty had a clear hierarchy. Civilians are provided with narrow sleeves and coiled ties. The woman wears a skirt with a collared collar, front and back, and more than five inches behind. It was only after the sixth year of Emperor Mingchang of Zhangzong (1195) that the general system of clothes was more clearly defined. The costumes of men and women in the murals should be worn daily in the homes of low-level Han rich gentry, fully retaining the style of clothing in the past Northern Song Dynasty.
On the wall of the tomb is inscribed "April 18, 1988", "Lu County Tongying Huanghou Village". It can be seen that the Empress Village of Lujia Village in Luxian County should be Tongying Huanghou Village in the Song Dynasty. Ming Jiajing's edition of "LuXian Zhi Jianzhi" contains: Empress Village. The Qianlong edition of the Qing Dynasty", "Rebuilding the Chronicle of Lu County", contains: Huanghou Village belongs to the three capitals of Zhaoxian. Zhao Xian Gu Yue Tong Ying. The Qing Guangxu edition of the "LuXian Zhi Jianzhi" says: Huanghou Village belongs to the three capitals of Zhaoxian, and the Zhaoxian ancient Dongying. None of the three chronicles are unified. During the Republic of China period, it was renamed Empress Village to the present.
The tables, chairs, steamers, bucket bowls, and lamps in the tomb murals have obvious Han cultural characteristics, fully retaining the characteristics of the Northern Song Dynasty tomb murals, the layout structure is reasonable, the tomb wall and the tomb roof are closely linked, and the seven-sided mural picture is relatively independent and intrinsically linked, which fully reflects the various activity scenes and good wishes in the life of the tomb owner. The mural adopts a completely realistic style, with exquisite penmanship, simple lines, directly outlined with ink lines, soft filling, warm and elegant. It is the earliest frescoed tomb found in the area.
A white-glazed porcelain plate was excavated from the tomb, and the shape was made of wheels, and the blank marks can be clearly seen. The glaze is thin and uniform, and the glaze is free of tear marks. The glaze is grass and wood glaze, and the glaze is yellowed. It is a typical artifact of the Luxian porcelain kiln. This excavation provides an important physical basis for studying the firing time of the porcelain kiln slope kiln.