01
The Greek philosophers said, "Some people are born after death." ”
On August 23, 1900, a disturbing heart that stirred the world and itself stopped beating. He had been complaining all his life because no one could understand his thoughts. Until his death, his doctrines and shocking remarks, such as "revaluing all values" and "God is dead", quietly arose, "a ghost wandered not only in Europe, but also across the ocean in Asia and ancient China, and still has no soul to stay, wandering in the long river of centuries." "The world's praise and denigration of him rose and fell with the waves of war and politics. He said: "Great men become great men because they are misunderstood." In the eyes of the Nazis, he was a militarist and anti-Semite; in the eyes of liberals, he was an individualist; in the eyes of those who clung to tradition, he was a destroyer who advocated smashing all idols and traditions with a hammer; in the eyes of devout religious people, he was a dangerous deviant; the existential master Heidegger said that he was the last metaphysician, and that traditional metaphysics ended with him.
He was the famous German philosopher Nietzsche.
In 1889, in the streets of Turin, Italy, a horse-drawn carriage sped down the street, and the coachman on the carriage was angrily whipping the old horse pulling the cart. Suddenly, a middle-aged man jumped out of the street, and before the coachman could restrain the horse, he saw the middle-aged man wrapping his arms tightly around the old horse, and tears fell like rain. After some hysteria, he fell.
People know he's the one who shouts "God is dead!" "The philosopher Nietzsche, after being taken to the hospital, although his life was saved, but since then he has lost his mind, God is still there, but he went crazy first.
Nietzsche was born in 1844 in a small town in Saxony. When Nietzsche was very young, his father died of milaquoria. Then, only a few months later, my two-year-old brother died again. The death of relatives one after another makes this naturally sensitive child prematurely appreciate the dark side of life and feel the ruthlessness of death. The year after his father's death, his mother took him to his grandmother's house. His mother's family was also aristocratic, and he grew up in an aristocratic family of all women, consisting of his grandmother, mother, and sister.
He was confident of his Polish matriarchal aristocratic blood, but he never forgot his father, whose figure had long been engraved in his memory, and he hoped to follow his father's example as a priest. He became so withdrawn from being so delicate and sensitive that he was pampered by the religious women of his home, and Nietzsche once described his childhood this way: "All the sunshine that belonged to the childhood of other children could not shine on me, and I had learned to think maturely prematurely." Supposedly he should have had a closeness to women, but he seemed to be very abnormal, he was particularly sensitive to women, inferior and shy, and this dislike of women made him often denigrate women in later writings.
02
Nietzsche had two important people in his life: Schopenhauer and Wagner, but both of them walked with him through the course of life from the initial acquaintance to the final renunciation.
In 1865, while visiting an old book stall, Nietzsche found a book: Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Appearance. In this book, Ben Hua, the master of voluntarism, believes that the world is like a coin, with two levels, surface and lower, and if we look at it superficially, the world we live in is an "appearance world", and if we look at its "innermost essence", it is a "thing in itself", it is a "world of will". The will is the thing itself of the world, and life, the visible world, and phenomena are nothing more than mirrors of the will. For man, man's behavior is governed by the will to survive, and where there is a will, there is a desire, and where there is a desire, there is disappointment, and suffering arises. Schopenhauer summed it up pessimistically: "Suffering is essential to life, all life is suffering, and every life history is a history of suffering." When Nietzsche met Schopenhauer, and melancholy met pessimism, a new philosophical path was finally opened.
Although Nietzsche's philosophical path was on Schopenhauer's shoulders, he had his own philosophical ideas. He was adamantly opposed to the pessimistic style of Schopenhauer's view of death. In view of the shortness of life, the pain, and the eventual death of a person, Schopenhauer asserted that life is useless, and went on to advocate desirelessness and selflessness, deny and oppose individual life, and even issued the lament that "life is a transaction that is not worth the loss.". But Nietzsche refused to be a pessimist, he loved life, he praised life, he wanted to be the "desperate feeler and defender" of life. He is not blindly optimistic about ignoring the suffering of life and the idea that there must be a death in life, because he has a deep feeling and clear understanding of the misery of life and death.
In 1868, at the age of 24, Nietzsche met the 54-year-old music master Wagner, and the two met at the same time. Wagner was already a world-renowned musician at that time, he created a musical form that combines romantic fantasies, religious ideas, and national concepts- musical drama, and he used music to interpret Schopenhauer's philosophy, giving musical ideology and philosophical meaning. Nietzsche was ecstatic when he met Wagner, and he wrote: "I have found a man, he has touched me, he is a genius. Wagner also admired this thoughtful young man. During the years of their friendship, Nietzsche published his first philosophical work, The Birth of Tragedy.
The theme of "The Birth of Tragedy" is that modern people have been far from the fundamentals of life, and it is the hungry curiosity that exposes the poverty of the inner world of modern people.
If he wanted to save this era, Nietzsche felt that there was only cultural revival, and the greatest hope of cultural revival was the music of his friend Wagner. He prophesied that the tragic spirit of ancient Greece would be regenerated in Wagner's operas. Although he was regarded as a genius by the world, he did not expect to part ways with Wagner, who was held up by him.
Nietzsche opposed Christianity, for whom philosophical contemplation is life, and life is philosophical contemplation. He created a strange philosophy with very different forms and presented his philosophical ideas. His philosophy has no system, much less reasoning, but only a direct perception of the pain and joy of life, existence and death. He was also an extreme anti-rationalist, making the most thorough critique of any rational philosophy. Europeans believe in God, and the value of life is pinned on God, although there has been a boiling enlightenment, but because there is no new faith, in the end people still only believe in God. But he, a European with glasses and a withered tree, said that he was the murderer of God, that God deserved to be killed, that Christian ethics restrained the human heart, that man's instincts were suppressed, and that to set man free, he had to kill God. Wagner, on the other hand, became more and more interested in religious rituals, and his ideas gradually became dominated by Christianity. After watching the opera The Ring of the Nibelungen, Nietzsche expressed strong disappointment, and the friendship between the two had to be declared over.
03
Nietzsche often compares life to a woman, a woman who is both gentle and feminine, but she is also untamed, both promised and resisted, that is, close and distant, so it is particularly attractive. She will make you suffer, but you are willing to suffer for her, maybe she makes you hate, but the reason why it does is because you love her.
In Nietzsche's life, in the 4 love experiences in which he was rejected in his lifetime, only one woman made him feel this feeling of love. The woman's name was Salome.
Salome is a famous woman in the history of European culture, she is talented and beautiful, her melancholy temperament has just matched Nietzsche's, and she understands his ideas. After the meeting, Nietzsche stumbled under Salome's pomegranate skirt, liking, loving, and infatuating. But this literary young woman admired niece only for Nietzsche's talent, but not for himself. His hongyan affection was exchanged for salome's refusal on the other side.
In love, Nietzsche is always humble like a beggar, although his first 3 loves were also rejected, but not as deep as this time, the 4th time was rejected, and after the last rejection, he was completely discouraged, extremely desperate, almost wanted to commit suicide. Fortunately, he did not think about the way to die at that time, so he saw through the red dust and began his career as a backpacker, walking the cape. This last love is different from the previous love, bringing Nietzsche not only grief, but also gains: a well-known photo and a world-famous "Zarathustra Says So".
This somewhat comical photograph was proposed by Nietzsche in honor of him and Salome and one of her suitors, the German thinker Paul Rie, who was also a friend of Nietzsche himself. Nietzsche was a director in the studio: he had Salome kneel on a prop-up cart and hold aloft a branch as a whip, and he and Paul Lee stood in front of the car and tied their arms with a hemp rope. In this way, Nietzsche and Paul Lee became the horses pulling the cart, and Salome whipped them forward with a whip. He laughed and exclaimed, "There is no better gesture than this to indicate the current relationship between the three of us." The shutter of "Tom" left a precious photo of the three people, and also left a warning from Nietzsche: "Are you going to the woman?" Don't forget to bring a whip! ”
The great masterpiece "What Zarathustra Says" is nietzsche's pinnacle, which announces the arrival of the superman through the mouth of Zarathustra, sweeps away the spiritual servility cultivated by the thousand years of Christian teaching, and predicts a great future for mankind.
Nietzsche used Zoroastrian Zarathustra to propagate his ideas, the most famous of which were "God is dead," "strong will," and "eternal reincarnation."
Nietzsche actually killed God in order to bring out his "superhuman philosophy" and pursue superman instead of worship of God. Superman is a view of life that constantly transcends the self, that is, "The great thing about man is that he is a bridge rather than an end." "Nietzsche's superman was a hero in the tragedy of ancient Greece, a hero of thorns and thorns, a spirit of death that millions of people have longed for, not the heroic worship of Napoleon and Caesar as later understood.
And if a person wants to become a superman and enter the eternal reproduction of such a state of life, the spirit needs to undergo 3 deformations: first into a camel, then into a lion, and finally into a naked child. The camel embodies a spirit of bearing weights; the lion embodies a spirit of freedom; and the naked child embodies a spirit of creation. The lion is a spirit of negation for the camel, so it dares to despise authority, and the naked child embodies a spirit of affirmation, a subject of eternal recurrence.
What Nietzsche ultimately wanted to say was: "God is dead" and we are to "revalue everything." He appealed to the human heart and will, trying to use the "spiritual revolution" to relieve the general crisis. The popular explanation is that if you read Nietzsche's book before you want to commit suicide, he will tell you: "Life is a tragedy of the gorgeous Aeschylus, and strong will is life force!" Fight, power! Superman is the meaning of the earth! "Then you will give up suicide as if you were empowered, and continue to be Superman like Ultraman wearing underwear."
His people, like his philosophy, are known and accepted only after suffering and death. He was a collection of contradictions: he grew up in a circle of women but hated women; he became a professor at the University of Basel at the age of 24, but he hated scholars; he lived a lonely life but longed for friendship; he attacked everything decadent and was suspicious of himself; his greatest works were written after suffering and suffering; he lived a lifetime of suffering, stomach disease, and neurasthenia, but he was still able to put forward a superhuman philosophy and love life. All this he endured was like his famous saying, "All decisive things are born in adversity." ”
In 1900, 11 years after his madness, Nietzsche closed his eyes forever. After his death, this ghost wandered over Europe, bringing an unprecedented shock to Western culture. After him, people will no longer present themselves as "rational" animals and "moral" animals as they once did, and the vanity, vulgarity, hypocrisy, and mediocrity of man will be ruthlessly peeled off by Nietzsche, leaving people with no place to look at themselves.
Why read a good book, that is what human beings dig out in the sand, higher than you, will improve you.
Read Nietzsche and you will feel this way.
His words, like lightning piercing through the clouds, strike directly at the essence. A casual sentence can solve the confusion you have been pondering for many years.
What is the guarantee of freedom? It's about not being ashamed of yourself anymore.
Yes, all the spiritual difficulties, but do not know how to let go of themselves.
You have to figure out the script of your life—not a sequel to your parents, not a prequel to your children, and not a story from your friends. When it comes to life, you might as well be bold and take risks, because you always have to lose it.
You are responsible for your life, and you can boldly do what you want to do!
Reading Nietzsche's books is like a genius flooding the light, the pearl leads the way, my generation of ordinary children, between the world, to get one or two high views, it is enough to be happy in life!
If you also want to have a chance to dialogue with the wise, wash yourself, elevate yourself, and sincerely recommend this set of Nietzsche's works translated by Zhou Guoping——
Nietzsche's Collected Works (set of 5 volumes)
Nietzsche did not consider Western philosophy
What has always been sought is truth.
He certainly creates,
Affirm eternal reincarnation,
Definitely blood-written words.
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