Ming dynasty
Imperial Tombs
The Ming Dynasty claimed the title of emperor from the beginning of Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368, until Li Zicheng invaded Beijing in 1644, and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself. Sixteen emperors, totaling 276 years. However, there are more than 16 imperial tombs in the Ming Dynasty, a total of 19.
The Ming Dynasty imperial tombs we are familiar with are 14, distributed in Beijing and Nanjing.
▲ Zhu Yuanzhang portrait town building
I. Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming Xiaoling Tomb
Nanjing Ming Xiao Mausoleum, the joint burial mausoleum of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma, known as the "First Tomb of the Ming and Qing Dynasties". It has mobilized 100,000 military industries and took 25 years to complete.
Xiaoling is located at the southern foot of the Purple Mountain, Dulongfu Play Everest, laying the foundation for the tombs of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties for more than 500 years, and the emperors of later generations have adjusted according to the specifications of this mausoleum.
▲Floor plan of Ming Xiaoling Tomb
The name was not because of Zhu Yuanzhang, but because Empress Ma's courtesy name was "Empress Xiaoci Gao", which was derived from the word "filial piety".
After Taizu's death, he also set up a highly effective Xiaoling Wei to protect the imperial tomb until the fall of the Ming Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty, it became a famous wine country and produced many famous wines.
▲Ming Xiaoling
The Thirteen Tombs of the 2nd and 13th Emperors
The Ming Tombs are located in the foothills of Tianshou Mountain in Changping District, Beijing. Because the Yongle Emperor Zhu Di removed Zhu Yunjiao from the throne and moved the capital to Beijing, most of the future Ming Emperors were buried in Beijing.
In more than 230 years, thirteen emperor tombs, seven concubine tombs, and a eunuch tomb were built in the foothills of Tianshou Mountain.
Here are buried the third to sixth, eighth to sixteenth emperors of the Ming Dynasty, a total of thirteen emperors.
▲Floor plan of the Ming Tombs
Among the thirteen tombs that have been opened at present are changling, zhaoling, dingling and shenlu.
Changling is the joint burial tomb of Zhu Di and Empress Xu;
Zhaoling is the joint burial mausoleum of the twelfth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Muzong Zhu Zaituo, and three empresses. The historical ZhaoLing tombs have been repeatedly destroyed and opened after restoration.
▲Dingling
Dingling is the mausoleum of the Thirteenth Emperor Zhu Yijun, the Wanli Emperor. He was also buried with two of his empresses: Empress Xiaoduanxian and Empress Xiaojing.
Dingling is also the only tomb that has been excavated in the current Thirteen Tombs, but the excavation effect is very poor, becoming a major accident, and a large number of silk fabrics unearthed are rapidly weathered, and the mausoleum has been greatly damaged. It is also because of this incident that the state later issued regulations not to take the initiative to excavate the imperial tombs.
Speaking of this, there is a question, the Ming Tombs plus the Thirteen Tombs, a total of fourteen emperors, but the Qing Dynasty has a total of sixteen emperors, why is the number not matched?
▲Dingling tomb excavated
3. Jingtai Mausoleum of Emperor Zhu Qiyu of the Ming Dynasty
More special are the two emperors:
One was the second emperor, Zhu Yunjiao, whose whereabouts are unknown after the Yongle Emperor Zhu Di invaded the city of Nanjing, to this day;
The other is the seventh emperor, Emperor Zhu Qiyu of the Ming Dynasty, who was buried in the Jingtai Mausoleum at the northern foot of Yuquan Mountain in Beijing's Haidian District.
▲Jingtai Mausoleum
Zhu Qiyu was the second son of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming, Zhu Zhanji, who originally passed the throne to his eldest son, Zhu Qizhen, that is, Emperor Xuanzong of Ming. Zhu Qizhen personally marched and attacked the Mongol Wallachians, resulting in the change of Tumu Fort, and the soldiers were defeated and captured.
The country could not be left without a monarch for a day, and Empress Sun joined forces with Yu Qian, a military attendant, to support Zhu Qizhen's second brother Zhu Qiyu the Prince of Qi to ascend the throne and become emperor, winning the victory in the defense of Beijing.
▲The change of the civil fort
Later, Zhu Qizhen was released back to Beijing and lived in the Nangong Palace, and he was naturally unhappy to see his brother of the Forbidden City in the Spring Wind. Later, he launched a change to seize the door, and then took the throne back, deposed Zhu Qiyu as the king of Jiao, killed Yu Qian and a number of loyal heroes, and Daming also began to go downhill.
After Zhu Qiyu died of illness, Zhu Qizhen did not recognize his throne, so he was not buried in the Ming Tombs (the name "Ming Tombs" was not available at that time), but let him be buried in the mausoleum of Wang Ye, that is, the Jingtai Tomb.
▲Portrait of Zhu Qiyu
IV. The Ming Ancestral Mausoleum and the Ming Emperor's Mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang's Elders
The Ming Dynasty also had several special emperors who were posthumously honored and later upgraded the mausoleum to an imperial mausoleum.
The first is the Ming Ancestral Mausoleum. After Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he posthumously named his elders emperor. Their names are more comical: Gaozu Zhu Bailiu, great-grandfather Zhu Sijiu, grandfather Zhu Chuyi. These three emperors were buried in Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, in the Ming Ancestral Mausoleum on the west bank of Hongze Lake in Xuyi County, of which Zhu Bailiu and Zhu Sijiu were clothed tombs, and Zhu Chuyi was the actual burial place.
▲Ming Ancestral Mausoleum
The second is the Ming Emperor's Mausoleum. Zhu Yuanzhang's father, Zhu Wusi, was buried in the Tomb of the Ming Emperor, seven kilometers south of the city of Fengyang County, Anhui Province.
▲Ming Emperor Mausoleum
5. Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest son Zhu Biaoming Dongling
The reason why Zhu Yuanzhang passed the throne to his eldest grandson was because the crown prince (who was also the eldest son) Zhu Biao died young.
Zhu Biao was a generous man, full of poetry, extremely loving and protective of his brothers, and quite authoritative among Zhu Yuanzhang's sons. If he had inherited the throne, it is likely that there would have been no Battle of Jingnan by Zhu Di.
▲The kings of the major clans in the early Ming Dynasty
After Zhu Biao's death, Zhu Yuanzhang buried him in the Ming Tombs, which are on the east side of the Ming Tombs. Later, after Emperor Jianwen ascended the throne, he posthumously honored his father Zhu Biao as Emperor Xingzong of Ming. The Ming Tombs were also upgraded to imperial tombs.
▲Schematic diagram of the Battle of Jingnan
6. The apparent mausoleum of Jiajing's father
Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Houzhao, an emperor of the Ming Dynasty who was a giant power, immersed himself in the sound and color of dogs and horses all day, and died soon after. Because he had no sons, he passed the throne to his younger brother Zhu Houxi, the Jiajing Emperor.
After the Jiajing Emperor ascended the throne, he posthumously honored his father Zhu Youqi as Emperor Gongrui and promoted the original royal tomb to an obvious mausoleum of the imperial tomb.
Like Zhu Biao, the reason why Zhu Youbi lived in the imperial tomb was because of his son's light.
▲Obvious mausoleum
In summary, the official academic circles recognize that the ming dynasty really reigned sixteen emperors. Together with the four emperors posthumously by Zhu Yuanzhang (Gaozu, great-grandfather, grandfather and father), one posthumously by the Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunjiao (father), and one (father) posthumously by the Jiajing Emperor Zhu Youjiao, there were a total of twenty-two emperors of the Ming Dynasty.
In addition to the whereabouts of the Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunjiao, the other twenty-one emperors were buried in the Ming Tombs, the Thirteen Tombs, the Jingtai Tombs, the Ming Ancestral Tombs, the Ming Emperor's Mausoleum, the Ming Dongling Tombs, and the Ming Tombs, a total of nineteen mausoleums. Among them, Zhu Yuanzhang's high ancestors, great-grandfathers, and grandfathers were all buried in the Ming Ancestral Mausoleum.
Leng Han
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